Geographical Analysis最新文献

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Impacts of improved transport on regional market access 改善交通运输对区域市场准入的影响

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12413

M.E. O'Kelly

This article presents a pedagogic review and explanation of a core idea in location theory. Central to the analysis is the von Thünen model, a cornerstone of agricultural land use theory. The model is adapted to non‐uniform transport surfaces, enabling an exploration of how improved transport corridors, such as roads and canals, alter economic landscapes. The article explores the influence of enhanced transport corridors within agricultural growing regions and provides a conceptual framework for understanding the impacts of improved transport infrastructure. By examining incremental changes of varying effectiveness, we shed light on the multifaceted effects of these corridors. Using a spatial‐price equilibrium model, findings reveal and quantify how these improvements contribute to increased supply, price moderation, and cost reduction. Networks that provide full connectivity with large reductions in transport cost have the greatest effect, as might be expected, but there are subtle spatial zones displaying differential impacts.

本文对区位理论中的一个核心思想进行了教学回顾和解释。分析的核心是 von Thünen 模型，它是农业用地理论的基石。该模型适用于非均匀运输面，从而能够探索改进后的运输走廊（如公路和运河）如何改变经济景观。文章探讨了在农业种植区域内加强运输走廊的影响，并为理解改善运输基础设施的影响提供了一个概念框架。通过研究不同效果的增量变化，我们揭示了这些走廊的多方面影响。利用空间-价格平衡模型，研究结果揭示并量化了这些改善如何有助于增加供应、调节价格和降低成本。正如预期的那样，提供全面连接并大幅降低运输成本的网络具有最大的效果，但也有一些微妙的空间区域显示出不同的影响。

引用次数: 0

Testing Hypotheses When You Have More Than a Few* 在假设较多的情况下进行假设检验 *

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12412

Peter A. Rogerson

A common issue faced by spatial analysts is that of multiple testing. When hypotheses are tested at multiple points in time or space, care must often be taken to avoid results containing too many false positives. There are many ways to address this outcome, and these are reviewed in this article. We begin with a review of some of the basic, longstanding approaches to multiple testing. This is followed by a summary of the more recent objective of controlling the false discovery rate and the effects of spatial autocorrelation on it. The number of true null hypotheses is an important quantity, and some approaches to its estimation are reviewed. In the literature on spatial analysis, there have been several newer approaches to multiple testing, and these are also reviewed. These include some recent methods outside of the literature in geography, but they have potential applicability for many of the problems addressed by geographers, especially since they focus upon the discovery of clusters. The article includes an illustration and closes with some ideas for taking further steps in treating multiple hypotheses in the context of methods commonly used in geographical analysis.

空间分析人员面临的一个常见问题是多重测试。当假设在时间或空间的多个点上进行测试时，通常必须注意避免结果包含过多的假阳性。解决这一问题的方法有很多，本文将对这些方法进行综述。首先，我们回顾了一些基本的、历史悠久的多重测试方法。随后，我们总结了控制误发现率的最新目标以及空间自相关性对误发现率的影响。真实无效假设的数量是一个重要的量，本文回顾了对其进行估计的一些方法。在有关空间分析的文献中，有几种较新的多重检验方法，本文也对这些方法进行了综述。这些方法包括地理学文献之外的一些最新方法，但它们对地理学家解决的许多问题都有潜在的适用性，特别是因为它们侧重于发现聚类。文章包括一个插图，最后提出了在地理分析常用方法的背景下进一步处理多重假设的一些想法。

引用次数: 0

Beyond Auto‐Models: Self‐Correlated Sui‐Model Respecifications 超越自动模型：自相关隋模的重新定义

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12411

Daniel A. Griffith

This year is the 50th anniversary of Besag's classic auto‐models publication, a cornerstone in the development of modern‐day spatial statistics/econometrics. Besag struggled for nearly two decades to make his conceptualization collectively successful across a wide suite of random variables. But only his auto‐normal, and to a lesser degree his auto‐logistic/binomial, were workable. Others, like his auto‐Poisson, were effectively failures, whereas still others, such as potentials like an auto‐Weibull, defied even awkward mathematical incorporations of spatial lag terms. Besag circumvented this impediment by introducing an auto‐normal random effects components (within a Bayesian estimation context), building upon his single total success. This article describes an alternative approach, partly paralleling his reformulation while avoiding inserting spatial lag terms directly into probability density/mass functions, implanting spatial autocorrelation into cumulative distributions functions (CDFs), instead, via a spatially autocorrelated uniform distribution. The already existing probability integral transform and quantile function mathematical statistics theorems enable this mechanism to spatialize any random variable, with these new ones labeled sui‐models.

今年是贝萨格经典自动模型出版 50 周年，该模型是现代空间统计学/计量经济学发展的基石。贝萨格奋斗了近二十年，才使他的概念化在广泛的随机变量中取得了集体成功。但是，只有他的自正态分布以及在较小程度上的自逻辑/二项式分布是可行的。其他的随机变量，比如自变泊松（auto-Poisson），实际上是失败的；还有一些随机变量，比如自变韦布尔（auto-Weibull），甚至连空间滞后项的笨拙数学结合都无法实现。贝萨格通过引入自动正态随机效应成分（在贝叶斯估计的背景下）规避了这一障碍，并在其唯一一次成功的基础上更进一步。本文介绍了另一种方法，在部分程度上与贝萨格的重构相似，但避免在概率密度/质量函数中直接插入空间滞后项，而是通过空间自相关均匀分布将空间自相关植入累积分布函数（CDF）。已有的概率积分变换和量子函数数理统计定理使这一机制能够将任何随机变量空间化，这些新的随机变量被称为隋模型。

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引用次数: 0

The Multiple Gradual Maximal Covering Location Problem 多重渐进最大覆盖定位问题

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12410

Ashleigh N. Price, Kevin M. Curtin

This article describes a new spatial optimization model, the Multiple Gradual Maximal Covering Location Problem (MG‐MCLP). This model is useful when coverage from multiple facilities or sensors is necessary to consider a demand to be covered, and when the quality of that coverage varies with the number of located facilities within the service distance, and the distance from the demand itself. The motivating example for this model uses a coupled GIS and optimization framework to determine the optimal locations for acoustic sensors—typically used in police applications for gunshot detection—in Tuscaloosa, AL. The results identify the optimal facility locations for allocating multiple facilities, at different locations, to cover multiple demands and evaluate those optimal locations with distance‐decay. Solving the MG‐MCLP over a range of values allows for comparing the performance of varying numbers of available resources, which could be used by public safety operations to demonstrate the number of resources that would be required to meet policy goals. The results illustrate the flexibility in designing alternative spatial allocation strategies and provide a tractable covering model that is solved with standard linear programming and GIS software, which in turn can improve spatial data analysis across many operational contexts.

本文介绍了一种新的空间优化模型--多重渐进最大覆盖定位问题（MG-MCLP）。该模型适用于需要多个设施或传感器覆盖才能满足需求的情况，以及覆盖质量随服务距离内的设施数量和与需求本身的距离而变化的情况。该模型的激励示例使用了 GIS 和优化框架，以确定声学传感器的最佳位置--通常用于阿拉巴马州塔斯卡卢萨市的枪声探测警用应用。结果确定了在不同地点分配多个设施以满足多种需求的最佳设施位置，并对这些最佳位置进行了距离衰减评估。在一定数值范围内求解 MG-MCLP 可以比较不同数量可用资源的性能，公共安全业务部门可以用它来证明实现政策目标所需的资源数量。结果表明了设计替代空间分配策略的灵活性，并提供了一个可利用标准线性规划和地理信息系统软件求解的可控覆盖模型，这反过来又可以改进许多业务环境中的空间数据分析。

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引用次数: 0

Correction to “A hybrid approach for mass valuation of residential properties through geographic information systems and machine learning integration” 更正 "通过地理信息系统和机器学习集成实现住宅物业大规模估值的混合方法"

IF 3.3 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12409

The funding statement for this article was missing. The below funding statement has been added to the article:

“Funding for the research project was received from Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul Technical University under grant MDK-2021-43080.”

We apologize for this error.

Mete, M. O., & Yomralioglu, T. (2023) A hybrid approach for mass valuation of residential properties through geographic information systems and machine learning integration.Geographical Analysis, 55(4), 535-559.The funding statement for this article was missing.文章中已添加以下资金声明："研究项目的资金来自伊斯坦布尔技术大学科研项目协调组，资助金额为 MDK-2021-43080。"我们对此错误表示歉意。

引用次数: 0

Plausible Reasoning and Spatial‐Statistical Theory: A Critique of Recent Writings on “Spatial Confounding” 似是而非的推理与空间统计理论：对近期有关 "空间混杂 "的著作的批判

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12408

Connor Donegan

Statistical research on correlation with spatial data dates at least to Student's (W. S. Gosset's) 1914 paper on “the elimination of spurious correlation due to position in time and space.” Since 1968, much of this work has been organized around the concept of spatial autocorrelation (SA). A growing statistical literature is now organized around the concept of “spatial confounding” (SC) but is estranged from, and often at odds with, the SA literature and its history. The SC literature is producing new, sometimes flawed, statistical techniques such as Restricted Spatial Regression (RSR). This article brings the SC literature into conversation with the SA literature and provides a theoretically grounded review of the history of research on correlation with spatial data, explaining some of its implications for the the SC literature. The article builds upon principles of plausible inference to synthesize a guiding theoretical thread that runs throughout the SA literature. This leads to a concise theoretical critique of RSR and a clarification of the logic behind standard spatial‐statistical models.

关于空间数据相关性的统计研究至少可以追溯到学生（W. S. Gosset）于 1914 年发表的关于 "消除由于时间和空间位置造成的虚假相关性 "的论文。自 1968 年以来，这方面的大部分工作都是围绕空间自相关（SA）的概念展开的。现在，越来越多的统计文献围绕 "空间混杂"（SC）的概念展开，但这些文献与 SA 文献及其历史相去甚远，而且经常发生冲突。空间混杂 "文献正在产生新的，有时是有缺陷的统计技术，如受限空间回归（RSR）。本文将 SC 文献与 SA 文献结合起来，从理论上回顾了空间数据相关性研究的历史，并解释了其对 SC 文献的一些影响。文章以似是而非的推论原则为基础，综合了贯穿整个空间数据文献的指导性理论主线。这导致了对 RSR 的简明理论批评，并澄清了标准空间统计模型背后的逻辑。

引用次数: 0

Feasibility of Using Survey Data and Semi‐variogram Kriging to Obtain Bespoke Indices of Neighborhood Characteristics: A Simulation and a Case Study 使用调查数据和半变异图克里金法获得邻里特征定制指数的可行性：模拟与案例研究

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12401

Emily Finne, Odile Sauzet

Data on neighborhood characteristics are not typically collected in epidemiological studies. They are however useful, for example, in the study of small‐area health inequalities and may be available in social surveys. We propose to use kriging based on semi‐variogram models to predict values at nonobserved locations with the aim of obtaining indicators of neighborhood characteristics of epidemiological study participants. The spatial data available for kriging is usually sparse at small distance and therefore we perform a simulation study to assess the feasibility and usability of the method as well as a case study using data from the RECORD study. Apart from having enough observed data at small distances to the non‐observed locations, a good fitting semi‐variogram, a larger range and the absence of nugget effects for the semi‐variogram models are factors leading to a higher reliability. Recommendations on the required number of observations within the neighborhood range are given.

流行病学研究通常不会收集邻里特征数据。不过，这些数据在研究小区域健康不平等现象等方面很有用，而且在社会调查中也可以获得。我们建议使用基于半变量图模型的克里金法预测非观察地点的数值，目的是获得流行病学研究参与者的邻里特征指标。可用于克里金法的空间数据通常在小范围内比较稀少，因此我们进行了一项模拟研究，以评估该方法的可行性和可用性，并利用 RECORD 研究的数据进行了一项案例研究。除了在与非观测点距离较小的地方有足够的观测数据外，拟合良好的半变量图、较大的范围以及半变量图模型不存在金块效应都是导致较高可靠性的因素。本文就邻域范围内所需的观测数据数量提出了建议。

引用次数: 0

Uncovering Representation Bias in Large-scale Cellular Phone-based Data: A Case Study in North Carolina 在基于手机的大规模数据中发现代表性偏差：北卡罗来纳州案例研究

IF 3.3 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12399

Hanna V. Jardel, Paul L. Delamater

Large cellular phone-based mobility datasets are an important new data source for research on human movement. We investigate and illustrate bias in representation in a large mobility data set at the census block group, tract, and county levels. We paired American Community Survey (ACS) 2019 data with SafeGraph (SG) cell phone mobility data to elucidate potential bias in SG data by examining ACS estimated population against the number of devices in the SG data, stratifying by key sociodemographic variables such as income, percent Black population, percent of population over 55 years, percent of population 18–65 years, percent of people living in crowded living conditions, and urbanization level. We evaluated whether the bias varied over time by examining a 10-month period. This bias changes with key demographic characteristics and changes over time. Specifically, we see underrepresentation in areas that have the highest percentage of Black population at all aggregation levels. We also see underrepresentation at all levels in areas with the highest percentage of working age residents as well as areas with the lowest median incomes. Researchers should be cautious when using mobility datasets because of bias differential on key sociodemographic factors and collection time.

基于手机的大型移动数据集是人类移动研究的重要新数据源。我们调查并说明了大型移动数据集在普查街区组、片区和县一级的代表性偏差。我们将 2019 年美国社区调查（ACS）数据与 SafeGraph（SG）手机移动数据配对，通过将 ACS 估算人口与 SG 数据中的设备数量进行对比，并按照收入、黑人人口比例、55 岁以上人口比例、18-65 岁人口比例、拥挤居住条件人口比例和城市化水平等关键社会人口变量进行分层，来阐明 SG 数据中的潜在偏差。我们通过对 10 个月期间的研究，评估了偏差是否随时间而变化。这种偏差会随着主要人口特征的变化和时间的推移而变化。具体而言，我们发现在所有汇总水平上，黑人人口比例最高的地区代表性不足。我们还发现，在工作年龄居民比例最高的地区以及收入中位数最低的地区，所有层面的代表性都不足。研究人员在使用流动性数据集时应谨慎，因为关键社会人口因素和收集时间不同会造成偏差。

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引用次数: 0

How Good Is Open Bicycle Network Data? A Countrywide Case Study of Denmark 开放的自行车网络数据有多好？丹麦全国案例研究

IF 3.6 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12400

Ane Rahbek Vierø, Anastassia Vybornova, Michael Szell

Cycling is a key ingredient for a sustainability shift of Denmark's transportation system. To increase cycling rates, better bicycle infrastructure networks are required. Planning such networks requires high‐quality infrastructure data, yet the quality of bicycle infrastructure data is understudied. Here, we compare the two largest open data sets on dedicated bicycle infrastructure in Denmark, OpenStreetMap (OSM) and GeoDanmark, in a countrywide data quality assessment, asking whether the data are good enough for network‐based analysis of cycling conditions. We find that neither of the data sets is of sufficient quality, and that data conflation is necessary to obtain a more complete data set. Our analysis of the spatial variation of data quality suggests that rural areas are more prone to incomplete data. We demonstrate that the prevalent method of using infrastructure density as a proxy for data completeness is not suitable for bicycle infrastructure data, and that matching of corresponding features is thus necessary to assess data completeness. Based on our data quality assessment, we recommend strategic mapping efforts toward data completeness, consistent standards to support comparability between different data sources, and increased focus on data topology to ensure high‐quality bicycle network data.

自行车是丹麦交通系统实现可持续性转变的关键因素。要提高自行车骑行率，需要更好的自行车基础设施网络。规划这样的网络需要高质量的基础设施数据，然而对自行车基础设施数据质量的研究却不足。在此，我们对丹麦最大的两个自行车专用基础设施开放数据集 OpenStreetMap (OSM) 和 GeoDanmark 进行了全国范围的数据质量评估比较，询问这些数据是否足以用于基于网络的自行车状况分析。我们发现，这两个数据集的质量都不够好，要想获得更完整的数据集，必须进行数据合并。我们对数据质量空间差异的分析表明，农村地区更容易出现数据不完整的情况。我们证明，使用基础设施密度来替代数据完整性的普遍方法并不适用于自行车基础设施数据，因此需要匹配相应的特征来评估数据完整性。根据我们的数据质量评估，我们建议为实现数据完整性而开展战略性制图工作，制定一致的标准以支持不同数据源之间的可比性，并加强对数据拓扑结构的关注，以确保高质量的自行车网络数据。

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引用次数: 0

Development of a Variable Multimodal Balanced Floating Catchment Area Approach for Spatial Accessibility Assessment 开发用于空间可达性评估的可变多模式平衡浮动集水区方法

IF 3.3 3区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Analysis

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/gean.12398

Ouidad Benhlima, Fouad Riane, Jakob Puchinger, Hicham Bahi

Rapid urbanization and expansion, stemming from demographic growth and migration from rural areas to urban centers, have heavily strained cities in recent years. These circumstances have created an ever-growing need for equipment and essential services. On the other hand, previous research has shown that accessibility measurement is a powerful technique for assessing urban compactness. This assessment arises from the willingness of urban planners to develop transport services and land use across various cities globally. This paper addresses the computational problem of spatial accessibility, focusing on the influence of private cars versus public transport. We introduced a metric that enhances the Balanced Floating Catchment Area (BFCA) index. Our metric not only considers multiple transportation modes in the calculation of spatial accessibility but also takes into account variable catchment sizes. We applied our metric in a case study examining spatial accessibility to public hospitals in Casablanca. The results provide a geographic breakdown of each transportation mode, and the accessibility of different scenarios has been compared.

近年来，由于人口增长和农村人口向城市中心的迁移，城市化和扩张速度加快，给城市带来了巨大压力。在这种情况下，对设备和基本服务的需求与日俱增。另一方面，以往的研究表明，可达性测量是评估城市紧凑程度的有力技术。这种评估源于城市规划者在全球各个城市发展交通服务和土地利用的意愿。本文探讨了空间可达性的计算问题，重点关注私家车与公共交通的影响。我们引入了一种增强平衡浮动集水区（BFCA）指数的度量方法。我们的指标在计算空间可达性时不仅考虑了多种交通方式，还考虑了不同的集水区规模。我们在一项案例研究中应用了我们的指标，考察了卡萨布兰卡公立医院的空间可达性。研究结果提供了每种交通方式的地理细分，并对不同方案的可达性进行了比较。

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