The negative impacts of continuous cropping and long-term single crop planting on soil quality significantly restrict the high yield cultivation of perennial orchards. Intercropping can facilitate continuous cropping and improve the quality of the soil environment. However, it is still unclear whether the interplanting of faba bean in perennial orchards will increase the concentration of soil nutrients, change the composition of the soil microbial community, and increase the abundance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling microorganisms. We interplanted faba beans in a perennial pomegranate orchard, and used sequencing and qPCR technology to study the effects on soil microbial diversity and C and N cycling genes. The results indicated that the interplanting of faba bean significantly increased the total N concentration by 28.6%, total phosphorus(P) concentration by 73.0% and available P concentration by 103.4%. The composition and structure of the soil microbial community were significantly changed, and the bacteria significantly enriched were Gaiellales and Rhizobiales at the order level and Nitrosomonadaceae at the family level. The fungi significantly enriched were Pezizomycetes at the class level, Pezizales and Sordariales at the order level, Ascodesmidaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae at the family level, Cephaliophora, Parachaetomium, and Purpureocillium at the genus level, and Lilacinum, Lavendulum, Carinthiacum, Tropica, Chaetomium, and Delphinoides at the species level. The copy numbers of cbbL and nifH genes in soil were significantly increased by 79.9 and 168.5%, respectively. Changes in major nutrient elements explained 71.2% of the variance at the family level for bacteria and 46.0% of the variance at the family level for fungi. These results provided a scientific basis for the improvement of soil environmental quality and soil microorganisms by interplanting cash crops in perennial orchards.
{"title":"Responses of diversity and carbon and nitrogen cycling genes of soil microorganisms to pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)/faba bean (Vicia faba L.) intercropping","authors":"Degang Zhang, Dirui Zhu, Miao Wang, Xian Shi, Yongchuan Chen","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1295732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1295732","url":null,"abstract":"The negative impacts of continuous cropping and long-term single crop planting on soil quality significantly restrict the high yield cultivation of perennial orchards. Intercropping can facilitate continuous cropping and improve the quality of the soil environment. However, it is still unclear whether the interplanting of faba bean in perennial orchards will increase the concentration of soil nutrients, change the composition of the soil microbial community, and increase the abundance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling microorganisms. We interplanted faba beans in a perennial pomegranate orchard, and used sequencing and qPCR technology to study the effects on soil microbial diversity and C and N cycling genes. The results indicated that the interplanting of faba bean significantly increased the total N concentration by 28.6%, total phosphorus(P) concentration by 73.0% and available P concentration by 103.4%. The composition and structure of the soil microbial community were significantly changed, and the bacteria significantly enriched were Gaiellales and Rhizobiales at the order level and Nitrosomonadaceae at the family level. The fungi significantly enriched were Pezizomycetes at the class level, Pezizales and Sordariales at the order level, Ascodesmidaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae at the family level, Cephaliophora, Parachaetomium, and Purpureocillium at the genus level, and Lilacinum, Lavendulum, Carinthiacum, Tropica, Chaetomium, and Delphinoides at the species level. The copy numbers of cbbL and nifH genes in soil were significantly increased by 79.9 and 168.5%, respectively. Changes in major nutrient elements explained 71.2% of the variance at the family level for bacteria and 46.0% of the variance at the family level for fungi. These results provided a scientific basis for the improvement of soil environmental quality and soil microorganisms by interplanting cash crops in perennial orchards.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"21 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1270210
A. Benali, B. Aparício, Ana Gonçalves, Sandra Oliveira
In Portugal, the 2017 fire season was particularly extreme, leading to an unprecedented large number of fatalities, injured people, destruction of houses and infrastructures. These dramatic outcomes have contributed to raise awareness regarding the importance of ensuring the safety of people and assets from high intensity uncontrollable wildfires. It is crucial to identify the settlements at higher risk and the most suitable mitigation actions that can maximize the protection of people and assets.We developed a simple methodology that combines exposure and vulnerability to estimate wildfire risk at the local level. Exposure was estimated using a fire spread simulation approach that was used to determine the probability of (i) a wildfire generating firebrands that could affect a settlement and (ii) a high intensity wildfire occurring adjacent to a settlement. Exposure was estimated using two fuel scenarios created to represent the current year of 2023 (short-term scenario) and 2030, assuming that no fuel management nor large fires occur in the meantime (medium-term worst-case scenario). Vulnerability was determined by the (i) Index of Total Dependence (IDT), and (ii) evacuation difficulty. Exposure and vulnerability metrics were normalized in percentiles, distributed into quadrants and combined to provide six levels of wildfire risk. For each vulnerabilityexposure combination, we proposed a set of priority mitigation actions. The methodology was applied to three areas in Portugal where the risk estimates were analyzed and compared with the implementation rate of two risk mitigation programs already in place.Results showed that 8.7% of the settlements had “very high” wildfire risk and about 19.5% had “high” wildfire risk, potentially affecting 8,403 and 34,762 inhabitants, respectively. The spatial distribution of settlements at higher risk was very heterogeneous across the study areas and the total fraction ranged between 14% in Coimbra to 36% in Barlavento Algarvio. The overall implementation of mitigation programs in the study areas is very low, with only around 1% of the settlements in “very high” risk having any of the mitigation programs implemented. Conversely, our results also suggest that the implementation rate in settlements classified in lower risk classes is disproportionately high.The application of this risk analysis methodology can be used to assess the implementation status of mitigation actions, and contribute to tailor the actions that maximize the protection of people and assets according to the specific conditions found in each targeted area.
{"title":"Defining priorities for wildfire mitigation actions at the local scale: insights from a novel risk analysis method applied in Portugal","authors":"A. Benali, B. Aparício, Ana Gonçalves, Sandra Oliveira","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1270210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1270210","url":null,"abstract":"In Portugal, the 2017 fire season was particularly extreme, leading to an unprecedented large number of fatalities, injured people, destruction of houses and infrastructures. These dramatic outcomes have contributed to raise awareness regarding the importance of ensuring the safety of people and assets from high intensity uncontrollable wildfires. It is crucial to identify the settlements at higher risk and the most suitable mitigation actions that can maximize the protection of people and assets.We developed a simple methodology that combines exposure and vulnerability to estimate wildfire risk at the local level. Exposure was estimated using a fire spread simulation approach that was used to determine the probability of (i) a wildfire generating firebrands that could affect a settlement and (ii) a high intensity wildfire occurring adjacent to a settlement. Exposure was estimated using two fuel scenarios created to represent the current year of 2023 (short-term scenario) and 2030, assuming that no fuel management nor large fires occur in the meantime (medium-term worst-case scenario). Vulnerability was determined by the (i) Index of Total Dependence (IDT), and (ii) evacuation difficulty. Exposure and vulnerability metrics were normalized in percentiles, distributed into quadrants and combined to provide six levels of wildfire risk. For each vulnerabilityexposure combination, we proposed a set of priority mitigation actions. The methodology was applied to three areas in Portugal where the risk estimates were analyzed and compared with the implementation rate of two risk mitigation programs already in place.Results showed that 8.7% of the settlements had “very high” wildfire risk and about 19.5% had “high” wildfire risk, potentially affecting 8,403 and 34,762 inhabitants, respectively. The spatial distribution of settlements at higher risk was very heterogeneous across the study areas and the total fraction ranged between 14% in Coimbra to 36% in Barlavento Algarvio. The overall implementation of mitigation programs in the study areas is very low, with only around 1% of the settlements in “very high” risk having any of the mitigation programs implemented. Conversely, our results also suggest that the implementation rate in settlements classified in lower risk classes is disproportionately high.The application of this risk analysis methodology can be used to assess the implementation status of mitigation actions, and contribute to tailor the actions that maximize the protection of people and assets according to the specific conditions found in each targeted area.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"93 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1310381
Yiyi Li, Shidong Li, Guangshuai Zhao
The national botanic garden is not only a primary means of global ex situ conservation but also a key indicator of biodiversity conservation capacity in a country. To understand the contributions of national botanic gardens from around the world to plant diversity conservation, we generated a long time-series dataset to investigate the spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens and then explored their functional expansion from 1593 to 2023. The results showed that the development of national botanic gardens was driven by the development demands of human society and could be divided into three stages, i.e., the initial exploration stage of early botanic gardens (1593–1765), the colonial development stage of modern botanic gardens (1765–1945), and the rapid development stage of modern botanic gardens (1945–2023). The first national botanic garden was established in Western Europe, followed by other national botanic gardens being established in the rest of the world. The functions of national botanic gardens evolved from the collection of medicinal and plant resources to multiple purposes, including scientific research, plant diversity conservation, education, and dissemination of knowledge. Contemporary national botanical gardens have played a crucial role in plant diversity conservation and scientific research on the response and adaptation of plant diversity to global change. Future development and management of national botanic gardens will play a crucial role in achieving future targets of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, which meets the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens worldwide and their contributions to plant diversity conservation from 1593 to 2023","authors":"Yiyi Li, Shidong Li, Guangshuai Zhao","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1310381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1310381","url":null,"abstract":"The national botanic garden is not only a primary means of global ex situ conservation but also a key indicator of biodiversity conservation capacity in a country. To understand the contributions of national botanic gardens from around the world to plant diversity conservation, we generated a long time-series dataset to investigate the spatiotemporal development of national botanic gardens and then explored their functional expansion from 1593 to 2023. The results showed that the development of national botanic gardens was driven by the development demands of human society and could be divided into three stages, i.e., the initial exploration stage of early botanic gardens (1593–1765), the colonial development stage of modern botanic gardens (1765–1945), and the rapid development stage of modern botanic gardens (1945–2023). The first national botanic garden was established in Western Europe, followed by other national botanic gardens being established in the rest of the world. The functions of national botanic gardens evolved from the collection of medicinal and plant resources to multiple purposes, including scientific research, plant diversity conservation, education, and dissemination of knowledge. Contemporary national botanical gardens have played a crucial role in plant diversity conservation and scientific research on the response and adaptation of plant diversity to global change. Future development and management of national botanic gardens will play a crucial role in achieving future targets of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, which meets the UN Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139003021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1290922
T. C. Speckert, G. Wiesenberg
Afforestation has been the dominant land-use change in the Swiss Alps during the last decades which has not only the potential to increase soil organic carbon sequestration, but it has also the potential to alter soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics through the vegetation shift and change in organic matter (OM) input into soils. The effects of afforestation on SOM dynamics, however, are still not fully understood as specific sources of OM and modifications of soil processes influencing decomposition and preservation remain largely unknown on alpine to subalpine slopes. Within this study we aimed to identify the potential sources and the decomposition of OM in a subalpine afforestation chrono-sequence (0–130 years) with Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) on a former pasture by using a multi-proxy molecular marker approach. We observed that leaf-derived OM plays an essential role in the pasture areas, while root-derived OM only plays a minor role in pasture and forest areas. Needle-derived OM represents the dominant source of SOM with increasing forest age, while understory shrubs and moss also contribute to the OM input in younger forest stand ages. However, needle litter and buildup of organic layers and subsequently less input of fresh OM from organic horizons to mineral soil can result in increased OM decomposition in mineral soils rather than contributing to additional SOM stabilization in mineral soils. This was most pronounced in the oldest forest stand (130-year-old) in the investigated afforestation sequence, particularly in deeper soil horizons (10–45 cm). Thereby, our study provides new insights into SOM dynamics following afforestation, especially with respect to the long-term SOM sequestration potential of afforestation of subalpine pasture soils.
{"title":"Source or decomposition of soil organic matter: what is more important with increasing forest age in a subalpine setting?","authors":"T. C. Speckert, G. Wiesenberg","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1290922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1290922","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation has been the dominant land-use change in the Swiss Alps during the last decades which has not only the potential to increase soil organic carbon sequestration, but it has also the potential to alter soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics through the vegetation shift and change in organic matter (OM) input into soils. The effects of afforestation on SOM dynamics, however, are still not fully understood as specific sources of OM and modifications of soil processes influencing decomposition and preservation remain largely unknown on alpine to subalpine slopes. Within this study we aimed to identify the potential sources and the decomposition of OM in a subalpine afforestation chrono-sequence (0–130 years) with Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) on a former pasture by using a multi-proxy molecular marker approach. We observed that leaf-derived OM plays an essential role in the pasture areas, while root-derived OM only plays a minor role in pasture and forest areas. Needle-derived OM represents the dominant source of SOM with increasing forest age, while understory shrubs and moss also contribute to the OM input in younger forest stand ages. However, needle litter and buildup of organic layers and subsequently less input of fresh OM from organic horizons to mineral soil can result in increased OM decomposition in mineral soils rather than contributing to additional SOM stabilization in mineral soils. This was most pronounced in the oldest forest stand (130-year-old) in the investigated afforestation sequence, particularly in deeper soil horizons (10–45 cm). Thereby, our study provides new insights into SOM dynamics following afforestation, especially with respect to the long-term SOM sequestration potential of afforestation of subalpine pasture soils.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"45 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138588575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1249300
Qingchun Guo, Zhenfang He, Zhaosheng Wang
Atmospheric temperature affects the growth and development of plants and has an important impact on the sustainable development of forest ecological systems. Predicting atmospheric temperature is crucial for forest management planning.Artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning models such as gate recurrent unit (GRU), long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), CNN-GRU, and CNN-LSTM, were utilized to predict the change of monthly average and extreme atmospheric temperatures in Zhengzhou City. Average and extreme atmospheric temperature data from 1951 to 2022 were divided into training data sets (1951–2000) and prediction data sets (2001–2022), and 22 months of data were used as the model input to predict the average and extreme temperatures in the next month.The number of neurons in the hidden layer was 14. Six different learning algorithms, along with 13 various learning functions, were trained and compared. The ANN model and deep learning models were evaluated in terms of correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), and good results were obtained. Bayesian regularization (trainbr) in the ANN model was the best performing algorithm in predicting average, minimum and maximum atmospheric temperatures compared to other algorithms in terms of R (0.9952, 0.9899, and 0.9721), and showed the lowest error values for RMSE (0.9432, 1.4034, and 2.0505), and MAE (0.7204, 1.0787, and 1.6224). The CNN-LSTM model showed the best performance. This CNN-LSTM method had good generalization ability and could be used to forecast average and extreme atmospheric temperature in other areas. Future climate changes were projected using the CNN-LSTM model. The average atmospheric temperature, minimum atmospheric temperature, and maximum atmospheric temperature in 2030 were predicted to be 17.23 °C, −5.06 °C, and 42.44 °C, whereas those in 2040 were predicted to be 17.36 °C, −3.74 °C, and 42.68 °C, respectively. These results suggest that the climate is projected to continue warming in the future.
{"title":"Prediction of monthly average and extreme atmospheric temperatures in Zhengzhou based on artificial neural network and deep learning models","authors":"Qingchun Guo, Zhenfang He, Zhaosheng Wang","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1249300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1249300","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric temperature affects the growth and development of plants and has an important impact on the sustainable development of forest ecological systems. Predicting atmospheric temperature is crucial for forest management planning.Artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning models such as gate recurrent unit (GRU), long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), CNN-GRU, and CNN-LSTM, were utilized to predict the change of monthly average and extreme atmospheric temperatures in Zhengzhou City. Average and extreme atmospheric temperature data from 1951 to 2022 were divided into training data sets (1951–2000) and prediction data sets (2001–2022), and 22 months of data were used as the model input to predict the average and extreme temperatures in the next month.The number of neurons in the hidden layer was 14. Six different learning algorithms, along with 13 various learning functions, were trained and compared. The ANN model and deep learning models were evaluated in terms of correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), and good results were obtained. Bayesian regularization (trainbr) in the ANN model was the best performing algorithm in predicting average, minimum and maximum atmospheric temperatures compared to other algorithms in terms of R (0.9952, 0.9899, and 0.9721), and showed the lowest error values for RMSE (0.9432, 1.4034, and 2.0505), and MAE (0.7204, 1.0787, and 1.6224). The CNN-LSTM model showed the best performance. This CNN-LSTM method had good generalization ability and could be used to forecast average and extreme atmospheric temperature in other areas. Future climate changes were projected using the CNN-LSTM model. The average atmospheric temperature, minimum atmospheric temperature, and maximum atmospheric temperature in 2030 were predicted to be 17.23 °C, −5.06 °C, and 42.44 °C, whereas those in 2040 were predicted to be 17.36 °C, −3.74 °C, and 42.68 °C, respectively. These results suggest that the climate is projected to continue warming in the future.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"79 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1330489
Celso H. L. Silva-Junior, Camila Silva, Swanni T. Alvarado, T. Rosan, Polyanna C. Bispo
{"title":"Editorial: Remote sensing of environmental changes in the Neotropical region","authors":"Celso H. L. Silva-Junior, Camila Silva, Swanni T. Alvarado, T. Rosan, Polyanna C. Bispo","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1330489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1330489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"33 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1242218
Louis-Alexandre Giasson, É. Thiffault, Luc Lebel, J. Carle
Management of boreal forests can increase terrestrial carbon sinks and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. A case study was conducted in the boreal balsam fir forests of Quebec (Canada), a commercially important region for forestry, to identify optimal management and wood production solutions that contribute to reducing GHG emissions to the atmosphere. Scenarios were based on a steady level of harvest and silvicultural activities over time and a stable flow of wood products to markets. Scenarios included: increases and decreases in the volume of harvested timber; the transition of harvesting activities from clearcuts (the most common practice in the region) to partial cuts; and changes in the rate of natural regeneration (the usual mode of regeneration) vs. plantations. All scenarios provided a carbon sink regardless of the time frame. Compared with other scenarios, reducing harvest levels increased the forest carbon sink in the short (10 to 20 years) and medium (20 to 50 years) terms. Also, for a similar harvest level, the increased use of partial cutting and planting increased the forest carbon sink. In the long term (over 50 years), strategies with low harvesting levels resulted in lower ecosystem carbon sequestration, even though they still had the lowest cumulative emissions. Nevertheless, higher harvesting levels could not be justified because the long-term increase in the forest ecosystem carbon sink could not offset higher emissions from wood products, particularly from short-lived paper products. Sensitivity analyses showed that improving sawmill efficiency and thus increasing the proportion of long-lived products was an important factor that can greatly reduce emissions. On the other hand, transportation distances between forest stands and sawmills had a relatively marginal impact on the overall carbon balance of forest management and wood production scenarios.
{"title":"Carbon balance of forest management and wood production in the boreal forest of Quebec (Canada)","authors":"Louis-Alexandre Giasson, É. Thiffault, Luc Lebel, J. Carle","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1242218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1242218","url":null,"abstract":"Management of boreal forests can increase terrestrial carbon sinks and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. A case study was conducted in the boreal balsam fir forests of Quebec (Canada), a commercially important region for forestry, to identify optimal management and wood production solutions that contribute to reducing GHG emissions to the atmosphere. Scenarios were based on a steady level of harvest and silvicultural activities over time and a stable flow of wood products to markets. Scenarios included: increases and decreases in the volume of harvested timber; the transition of harvesting activities from clearcuts (the most common practice in the region) to partial cuts; and changes in the rate of natural regeneration (the usual mode of regeneration) vs. plantations. All scenarios provided a carbon sink regardless of the time frame. Compared with other scenarios, reducing harvest levels increased the forest carbon sink in the short (10 to 20 years) and medium (20 to 50 years) terms. Also, for a similar harvest level, the increased use of partial cutting and planting increased the forest carbon sink. In the long term (over 50 years), strategies with low harvesting levels resulted in lower ecosystem carbon sequestration, even though they still had the lowest cumulative emissions. Nevertheless, higher harvesting levels could not be justified because the long-term increase in the forest ecosystem carbon sink could not offset higher emissions from wood products, particularly from short-lived paper products. Sensitivity analyses showed that improving sawmill efficiency and thus increasing the proportion of long-lived products was an important factor that can greatly reduce emissions. On the other hand, transportation distances between forest stands and sawmills had a relatively marginal impact on the overall carbon balance of forest management and wood production scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1252462
R. Motta, M. Garbarino, R. Berretti, Alessia Bono, M. Čurović, V. Dukić, P. Nola
Species-rich mixed silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) forests dominated in the northern Apennines, but climate and, mainly, anthropogenic land use provoked a sharp silver fir decline approximately 5000 years bp. The conservation of the silver fir in this region was mainly due to the establishment of monastic orders that preserved and even planted silver fir for its spiritual and economic value. In 1993, the best silver fir stands were included in the Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (FCNP), Monte Falterona e Campigna, and have been submitted to low-intensive management or strict protection regardless of past land use and cultural history. In this study, we have (1) analyzed the current structure of three silver fir forests that have had different ownership histories and (2) compared the structure of the three Italian forests among them and with two old-growth forests from the Dinaric Alps as a reference of naturalness. The results show that the current structures of the three Italian forests are very different among them and are strictly related to past land use and, mainly, to monastic legacies. Even if the Italian forests have experienced decades of low-intensity management or strict protection, they are currently structurally very different from Dinaric old-growth forests. Developing an old-growth structure in these forests can be very slow and, in some ways, unpredictable. The results also highlight the importance of recognizing protected areas as cultural landscapes that host an important biocultural diversity. The current risk is that by applying almost exclusive biodiversity-centered management and setting difficult or impossible-to-achieve biodiversity goals, total diversity will decrease, and biocultural diversity, the greatest richness of most European parks, will be lost.
物种丰富的混合银冷杉(Abies alba Mill.)森林在亚平宁山脉北部占主导地位，但气候和主要是人为土地利用引起了大约5000年前银冷杉的急剧下降。这一地区对银杉的保护主要是由于修道院的建立，为了其精神和经济价值，他们保护甚至种植银杉。1993年，最好的银杉林被列入卡森蒂内西国家森林公园(FCNP)， Monte Falterona e Campigna，并已提交低集约化管理或严格保护，无论过去的土地使用和文化历史如何。在本研究中，我们(1)分析了三种拥有不同所有权历史的银杉林的现有结构，(2)比较了其中三种意大利森林的结构，并与来自迪纳尔阿尔卑斯山脉的两种原生林的自然度作为参考。结果表明，意大利三种森林目前的结构非常不同，并且与过去的土地利用密切相关，主要是与修道院遗产有关。尽管意大利森林经历了几十年的低强度管理或严格保护，但它们目前在结构上与第纳尔群岛的原始森林非常不同。在这些森林中形成一个古老的结构可能是非常缓慢的，而且在某些方面是不可预测的。研究结果还强调了将保护区视为承载重要生物文化多样性的文化景观的重要性。目前的风险是，通过采用几乎完全以生物多样性为中心的管理和设定难以或不可能实现的生物多样性目标，总多样性将减少，生物文化多样性将丧失，而生物文化多样性是大多数欧洲公园最丰富的东西。
{"title":"Monastic silviculture legacies and current old-growthness of silver fir (Abies alba) forests in the northern Apennines (Italy)","authors":"R. Motta, M. Garbarino, R. Berretti, Alessia Bono, M. Čurović, V. Dukić, P. Nola","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1252462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1252462","url":null,"abstract":"Species-rich mixed silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) forests dominated in the northern Apennines, but climate and, mainly, anthropogenic land use provoked a sharp silver fir decline approximately 5000 years bp. The conservation of the silver fir in this region was mainly due to the establishment of monastic orders that preserved and even planted silver fir for its spiritual and economic value. In 1993, the best silver fir stands were included in the Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (FCNP), Monte Falterona e Campigna, and have been submitted to low-intensive management or strict protection regardless of past land use and cultural history. In this study, we have (1) analyzed the current structure of three silver fir forests that have had different ownership histories and (2) compared the structure of the three Italian forests among them and with two old-growth forests from the Dinaric Alps as a reference of naturalness. The results show that the current structures of the three Italian forests are very different among them and are strictly related to past land use and, mainly, to monastic legacies. Even if the Italian forests have experienced decades of low-intensity management or strict protection, they are currently structurally very different from Dinaric old-growth forests. Developing an old-growth structure in these forests can be very slow and, in some ways, unpredictable. The results also highlight the importance of recognizing protected areas as cultural landscapes that host an important biocultural diversity. The current risk is that by applying almost exclusive biodiversity-centered management and setting difficult or impossible-to-achieve biodiversity goals, total diversity will decrease, and biocultural diversity, the greatest richness of most European parks, will be lost.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest functionality is generally considered a byproduct of forest diversity. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many researchers associate increasing multi-functionality with increasing diversity. Diversity, however, is an often-overused word that may describe a host of features, including the diversity of species, functional trait and structure. Furthermore, variable environmental features (such as topography) influence the interaction between forest plants and their function. Incorporating complex topography (like that associated with tropical and subtropical forests) into estimates of forest functionality is challenging and highly uncertain. In this paper, we applied structural equation models to disentangle the relative importance of topography and different components of what might be considered “plant diversity” to forest multifunctionality using repeated census of a 20-ha subtropical forest plot. We found that multifunctionality was principally influenced by structural diversity more so than either species composition or functional trait diversity. In our SEM model approach, we observed variations in topography could account for about 30% of variation in multifunctionality. Furthermore, variations in topography could indirectly influence forest multifunctionality by changing species composition, functional trait diversity, and structural diversity. Our work highlights the importance of topography and forest structure in regulating subtropical forest multifunctionality on the local scale. This suggests future subtropical forest management should focus on regulating forest structure. Namely, our results suggest land managers must take topography (and the complex interaction between topography and plant diversity) into account in order to build robust and multifunctional forests.
{"title":"Topography and structural diversity regulate ecosystem multifunctionality in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest","authors":"Jiaming Wang, Heming Liu, Qingsong Yang, Guochun Shen, Xuyang Zhu, Yue Xu, Xihua Wang","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1309660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1309660","url":null,"abstract":"Forest functionality is generally considered a byproduct of forest diversity. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many researchers associate increasing multi-functionality with increasing diversity. Diversity, however, is an often-overused word that may describe a host of features, including the diversity of species, functional trait and structure. Furthermore, variable environmental features (such as topography) influence the interaction between forest plants and their function. Incorporating complex topography (like that associated with tropical and subtropical forests) into estimates of forest functionality is challenging and highly uncertain. In this paper, we applied structural equation models to disentangle the relative importance of topography and different components of what might be considered “plant diversity” to forest multifunctionality using repeated census of a 20-ha subtropical forest plot. We found that multifunctionality was principally influenced by structural diversity more so than either species composition or functional trait diversity. In our SEM model approach, we observed variations in topography could account for about 30% of variation in multifunctionality. Furthermore, variations in topography could indirectly influence forest multifunctionality by changing species composition, functional trait diversity, and structural diversity. Our work highlights the importance of topography and forest structure in regulating subtropical forest multifunctionality on the local scale. This suggests future subtropical forest management should focus on regulating forest structure. Namely, our results suggest land managers must take topography (and the complex interaction between topography and plant diversity) into account in order to build robust and multifunctional forests.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"43 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reforestation is a potentially large-scale approach for removing CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby helping China achieve its goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. Although China has set ambitious national targets, the cost of mitigating climate change through reforestation has yet to be identified across space and time over the next 40 years. We construct spatially disaggregated marginal abatement cost curves for reforestation by modeling the effects of compensation for enhanced CO2 removals on reforestation. We project that carbon prices (compensation) of US$20 tCO2−1 and US$50 tCO2−1 would motivate land users in China to enhance reforestation by 3.35 Mha (2.65%) and 8.53 Mha (6.74%) respectively from 2020 to 2060 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (127 Mha). Carbon dioxide removals through reforestation between 2020 and 2060 in China would be enhanced by 0.0124 GtCO2/yr (1.7%) at US$20 tCO2−1 or 0.0315 GtCO2/yr (4.3%) at US$50 tCO2−1, relative to the BAU scenario (0.740 GtCO2/yr). The cost potential of carbon dioxide removal demonstrates significant spatial heterogeneity. The top 10 provinces (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang), which comprise 73.19% of low-cost abatement potential, should be identified as priority areas for reforestation. Our results confirm the vast potential for low-cost CO2 removal through reforestation to address China’s carbon neutrality challenges while underscoring that targeting reforestation to regions with the greatest potential for low-cost CO2 removal would significantly reduce the cost burden.
{"title":"Cost of mitigating climate change through reforestation in China","authors":"Xianghua Zhang, Jonah Busch, Yingli Huang, L. Fleskens, Huiyan Qin, Zhenhua Qiao","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1229216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1229216","url":null,"abstract":"Reforestation is a potentially large-scale approach for removing CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby helping China achieve its goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. Although China has set ambitious national targets, the cost of mitigating climate change through reforestation has yet to be identified across space and time over the next 40 years. We construct spatially disaggregated marginal abatement cost curves for reforestation by modeling the effects of compensation for enhanced CO2 removals on reforestation. We project that carbon prices (compensation) of US$20 tCO2−1 and US$50 tCO2−1 would motivate land users in China to enhance reforestation by 3.35 Mha (2.65%) and 8.53 Mha (6.74%) respectively from 2020 to 2060 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (127 Mha). Carbon dioxide removals through reforestation between 2020 and 2060 in China would be enhanced by 0.0124 GtCO2/yr (1.7%) at US$20 tCO2−1 or 0.0315 GtCO2/yr (4.3%) at US$50 tCO2−1, relative to the BAU scenario (0.740 GtCO2/yr). The cost potential of carbon dioxide removal demonstrates significant spatial heterogeneity. The top 10 provinces (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang), which comprise 73.19% of low-cost abatement potential, should be identified as priority areas for reforestation. Our results confirm the vast potential for low-cost CO2 removal through reforestation to address China’s carbon neutrality challenges while underscoring that targeting reforestation to regions with the greatest potential for low-cost CO2 removal would significantly reduce the cost burden.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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