Fuel Cells最新文献_第5页

Resolution of Trigger Finger with Electroacupuncture. 用电针治疗扳机指

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1089/acu.2023.0032

Louis A Kazal, Semran Themer

Background: Trigger finger (TF; a type of stenosing tenosynovitis) is common, affecting the flexor tendons of the hand, often causing significant pain and functional impairment. Treatment can include splinting, corticosteroid injection, or surgical release. There is little published research on the role of electroacupuncture (EA) for treating TF.

Case: After more than 1 year of pain and triggering, a 58 year-old male had locking of his left, fourth ring finger requiring painful manual reduction. EA was performed with 4-6 needles in a rectangular pattern along the radial and ulnar aspects of the A1 pulley of the fourth digit, with 10 Hz delivered in a daisy-chain formation for 45 minutes. Nodule size, frequency of triggering and locking, and severity of pain were assessed before and after 4 treatments over ∼1.5 months.

Results: This patient's frequency of locking and severity of pain decreased significantly by 50% after his first treatment. Additional clinically significant reductions of locking, pain, and nodule-size were evident after each treatment along with substantial functional gains between visits. After his fourth treatment, he reported 100% resolution of his symptoms with no further pain or triggering. Throughout this time, he continued his usual activities.

Conclusions: EA alone directed at the A1 pulley may be an effective treatment modality for patients with TF. The authors hypothesize that EA may reduce pain enabling a return to normal function and compression of the nodule, thus eliminating triggering. Further research evaluating the efficacy of EA for TF may help substantiate these results.

背景：扳机指（TF；狭窄性腱鞘炎的一种）很常见，影响手部的屈肌腱，通常会引起明显的疼痛和功能障碍。治疗方法包括夹板固定、注射皮质类固醇或手术松解。关于电针（EA）在治疗 TF 方面的作用，已发表的研究很少：一名 58 岁男性的左手第四节无名指在经历了 1 年多的疼痛和触发后出现了锁定，需要进行痛苦的手动缩指术。采用 4-6 根针沿第四指 A1 滑轮的桡侧和尺侧呈矩形刺入，以 10 Hz 的菊花链形式刺入，持续 45 分钟。在 1.5 个月的时间里，对治疗前后 4 次的结节大小、触发和锁定频率以及疼痛严重程度进行了评估：结果：该患者在第一次治疗后，锁定的频率和疼痛的严重程度明显降低了 50%。每次治疗后，患者的锁定、疼痛和结节大小都有明显的临床减轻，而且在两次就诊之间，患者的功能也有很大改善。第四次治疗后，他的症状得到了 100% 的缓解，不再有疼痛或诱发症状。在此期间，他继续从事他的日常活动：结论：单独针对 A1 滑轮的 EA 可能是治疗 TF 患者的有效方法。作者推测，EA 可减轻疼痛，使患者恢复正常功能并压迫结节，从而消除诱发因素。进一步评估 EA 对 TF 的疗效的研究可能有助于证实这些结果。

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引用次数: 0

Development and full system testing of novel co-impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 anodes for commercial combined heat and power units 商用热电联产装置新型共浸渍La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3阳极的开发和全系统测试

IF 2.8 4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300033

Robert Price, Holger Bausinger, Gino Longo, Ueli Weissen, Mark Cassidy, Jan G. Grolig, Andreas Mai, John T. S. Irvine

Over the past decade, the University of St Andrews and HEXIS AG have engaged in a highly successful collaborative project aiming to develop and upscale La_0.20Sr_0.25Ca_0.45TiO₃ (LSCT_A-) anode “backbone” microstructures, impregnated with Ce_0.80Gd_0.20O_1.90 (CG20) and metallic electrocatalysts, providing direct benefits in terms of performance and stability over the current state-of-the-art (SoA) Ni-based cermet solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes.

在过去的十年里，圣安德鲁斯大学和HEXIS AG进行了一个非常成功的合作项目，旨在开发和升级La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 (LSCTA-)阳极“主”微结构，浸透Ce0.80Gd0.20O1.90 (CG20)和金属电催化剂，在性能和稳定性方面比目前最先进的(SoA)镍基金属陶瓷固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)阳极有直接的好处。

引用次数: 0

Stainless steel bipolar plates with rectangular micro channels by additive manufacturing: Effect channel width on fuel cell performance 采用增材制造的矩形微通道不锈钢双极板:通道宽度对燃料电池性能的影响

IF 2.8 4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300100

Chul Kyu Jin, Jae Hyun Kim, Bong-Seop Lee, Sung Hwan Bae

Stainless steel bipolar plates (BPs) fabricated using innovative additive manufacturing techniques can improve fuel cell performance and reduce costs. A high current density can be obtained using a low-cost membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with low platinum (Pt) loading at the anode, along with BPs with rectangular micro channels. Three types of BPs of serpentine flow field are designed after varying the width of the rectangular channel. Two types of MEAs are used. First is 0.12 mg cm⁻² Pt loading at anode, and the second is 0.50 mg cm⁻². Wherein MEA with Pt loading at 0.12 mg cm⁻² is used, a high current density is obtained as the channel width decreases. The BP with 300 µm channels has a current density of 1.205 A cm⁻², which is higher by 31.4% than that of BP with 500 µm channels and higher by 70.2% than that of the BP with 940 µm channels. However, when the MEA with Pt loading at 0.50 mg cm⁻² is applied to the test, the opposite results are obtained: As the channel width becomes narrow, the current density decreases. In the long-term operation, a similar trend in the current density as that of the short-term operation is observed.

采用创新的增材制造技术制造的不锈钢双极板(bp)可以提高燃料电池的性能并降低成本。高电流密度可以通过低成本的膜电极组件(MEA)获得，该组件在阳极处具有低铂(Pt)负载，以及具有矩形微通道的bp。通过改变矩形通道的宽度，设计了三种蛇形流场的bp。使用了两种类型的多边环境协定。第一个是在阳极上装载0.12 mg cm−2铂，第二个是0.50 mg cm−2铂。其中，使用Pt负载为0.12 mg cm−2的MEA，随着通道宽度的减小，获得高电流密度。300µm通道的BP电流密度为1.205 a cm−2，比500µm通道的BP高31.4%，比940µm通道的BP高70.2%。然而，当负载Pt为0.50 mg cm−2的MEA用于测试时，得到了相反的结果:随着通道宽度变窄，电流密度减小。在长期运行中，观察到电流密度的变化趋势与短期运行时相似。

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引用次数: 0

Demonstration and scale‐up of high‐temperature electrolysis systems 高温电解系统的示范和规模化

4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300059

Konstantin Schwarze, Thomas Geißler, Michael Nimtz, Robert Blumentritt

Abstract High‐temperature electrolysis (HTE) is a key to link the electricity sector with other industries and to evolve the electricity transition into a full energy transition. After years of development, HTE is now on the threshold to reach market readiness. The present work shows the latest achievements of Sunfire's development based on the results of the project GrInHy2.0 demonstrating hydrogen production (solid oxide electrolysis cell [SOEC]) in an industrial environment and the project SynLink demonstrating co‐electrolysis (Co‐SOEC) for renewable synthesis gas production. The GrInHy2.0 system is a 720 kW AC electrolyzer operating in the iron‐and‐steel works Salzgitter (Germany). It is now in operation for approx. 14,500 h and achieved a mean degradation rate below 23 mOhm cm 2 kh −1 and an electrical efficiency of up to 84% LHV . It also proved that HTE now reached industrial‐relevant availability of over 90%. While the HTE system in Salzgitter consists of eight modules, a single module was tested in co‐electrolysis mode within the project SynLink. It demonstrated synthesis gas generation via Co‐SOEC with a flexible H 2 /CO ratio between 1 and 4. The work provides insight into how HTE will play a major role in the near future to efficiently produce renewable feedstock for an economy with a drastically reduced carbon footprint.

高温电解(HTE)是连接电力部门与其他行业并将电力转型演变为全面能源转型的关键。经过多年的发展，HTE现在即将进入市场。目前的工作展示了Sunfire基于项目GrInHy2.0的最新发展成果，该项目展示了工业环境下的制氢(固体氧化物电解电池[SOEC])，以及项目SynLink展示了用于可再生合成气生产的co - electrolysis (co - SOEC)。grynhy2.0系统是在Salzgitter(德国)钢铁工厂运行的720千瓦交流电解槽。目前，它的运行时间约为。平均降解率低于23 mOhm cm 2 kh−1，电效率高达84% LHV。它还证明，HTE现在达到了90%以上的工业相关可用性。Salzgitter的HTE系统由8个模块组成，其中一个模块在SynLink项目中以共电解模式进行了测试。它证明了Co - SOEC产生合成气，h2 / Co比值在1到4之间。这项工作让我们了解了HTE将如何在不久的将来发挥重要作用，为大幅减少碳足迹的经济高效生产可再生原料。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructural changes in nickel‐ceria fuel electrodes at elevated temperature 镍-铈燃料电极在高温下的微观结构变化

4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300057

Yanting Liu, Florian Wankmüller, Tibor Peter Lehnert, Martin Juckel, Norbert H. Menzler, André Weber

Abstract Durability testing of low temperature solid oxide cells is challenging as degradation phenomena related to microstructural changes like nickel‐agglomeration are slow. In the present study, a nickel/gadolinia doped ceria (GDC) fuel electrode with a porous GDC‐interlayer towards the zirconia electrolyte was investigated. The electrode, designed for operating temperatures of 600°C, was tested at an elevated temperature of 900°C for up to 1100 h to accelerate aging. Contrary to every expectation, the electrodes showed continuous improvement in electrochemical performance. Impedance spectroscopy, the distribution of relaxation times analysis, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were applied to correlate electrochemical and microstructural changes. Structural analysis showed a significant Ni agglomeration accompanied by a decrease in triple phase boundary density. Furthermore, a minor particle growth in the GDC‐phase decreased the volume‐specific double phase boundary GDC/pore. Considering these microstructural changes, the decrease in active reaction sites should have increased the polarization resistance, but a decrease of about 32% was observed. The discrepancy between polarization resistance improvement and microstructural degradation might be attributed to an activation of the GDC‐surfaces in the electrode and the porous GDC‐interlayer.

低温固体氧化物电池的耐久性测试具有挑战性，因为与镍团聚等微观结构变化相关的降解现象是缓慢的。在本研究中，研究了一种具有多孔GDC -中间层的镍/钆掺杂二氧化锆(GDC)燃料电极。设计工作温度为600°C的电极在900°C的高温下进行了长达1100 h的测试，以加速老化。与所有人的预期相反，电极的电化学性能不断提高。采用阻抗谱、弛豫时间分布分析、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法分析了电化学和微观结构的变化。结构分析表明，合金中存在明显的镍团聚现象，并伴有三相边界密度的降低。此外，GDC相中的微小颗粒生长降低了双相边界GDC/孔隙的体积比。考虑到这些微观结构的变化，活性反应位点的减少应该会增加极化电阻，但观察到的极化电阻下降了约32%。极化电阻改善和微观结构退化之间的差异可能归因于电极和多孔GDC -中间层中GDC -表面的活化。

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引用次数: 0

Impedance analysis of electrolyte processes in a solid oxide cell 固体氧化物电池中电解质过程的阻抗分析

4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300035

Felix Kullmann, Cedric Grosselindemann, Luis Salamon, Franz‐Martin Fuchs, André Weber

Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the distribution of relaxation times are powerful tools to study polarization processes in solid oxide cells (SOC). Commonly the measured polarization resistance is solely attributed to polarization phenomena in the electrodes whereas the electrolyte is assumed to act as purely ohmic series resistance. In this study an electrolyte supported SOC is investigated by impedance spectroscopy from the nominal operating temperature range of 700–900°C down to temperatures as low as 350°C. At such low temperatures the dielectric polarization of the electrolyte is shifted into the accessible frequency range, providing access to additional processes which are deconvoluted and quantified. It is discussed to which extent the additional layers like gadolinia doped ceria diffusion barrier and electrode layers influence the electrolyte processes as grain and grain boundary.

电化学阻抗谱和弛豫时间分布是研究固体氧化物电池(SOC)极化过程的有力工具。通常测量的极化电阻仅归因于电极中的极化现象，而假定电解液作为纯欧姆串联电阻。在这项研究中，通过阻抗谱研究了电解质支持的SOC，其标称工作温度范围为700-900°C，温度低至350°C。在如此低的温度下，电解质的介电极化被转移到可访问的频率范围内，从而提供了对反卷积和量化的附加过程的访问。讨论了钆掺杂二氧化铈扩散阻挡层和电极层等附加层对晶界和晶界电解质过程的影响程度。

引用次数: 0

Benchmark study of performances and durability between different stack technologies for high temperature electrolysis 高温电解不同堆叠技术性能和耐久性的基准研究

4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300028

Jerome Aicart, Alexander Surrey, Lucas Champelovier, Kilian Henault, Chistian Geipel, Oliver Posdziech, Julie Mougin

Abstract In the current landscape of high temperature electrolysis, mainly two solid oxide cell (SOC) technologies are being used: electrolyte‐supported and cathode‐supported SOCs. The geometrical differences, namely the thickness of the electrolyte, can lead to vastly different operating temperatures. Since most phenomena affecting performance and durability remain thermally activated, comparing stack technologies can be a difficult endeavor at best. While the most visible goal of the European project MultiPLHY consists of Sunfire GmbH building the first multi‐megawatt solid oxide electrolyzer, a work package is being dedicated to stack testing in a laboratory environment. A harmonized protocol was first elaborated to allow comparing different stack technologies. It includes the recording of performance maps, several galvanostatic steps in thermoneutral conditions, as well as load point and thermal cycles. Subsequently, Sunfire operated a pile‐up of two 30‐cell electrolyte‐supported stacks for over 8200 h, while a 25‐cell cathode‐supported stack was tested at CEA for 6800 h. The present article aims at presenting the findings gathered during the implementation of the protocol. This benchmark study puts forward performance maps as well as voltage and stack temperature profiles over time, and discusses some of the difficulties inherent to long‐term testing.

在目前的高温电解领域，主要有两种固体氧化物电池(SOC)技术被使用:电解质支持的和阴极支持的SOC。几何上的差异，即电解质的厚度，会导致工作温度的巨大差异。由于影响性能和耐久性的大多数现象都是热激活的，所以比较堆栈技术充其量是一件困难的事情。虽然欧洲项目MultiPLHY最明显的目标是Sunfire GmbH建造第一个多兆瓦固体氧化物电解槽，但一个工作包正在致力于在实验室环境中进行堆栈测试。为了比较不同的堆栈技术，首先制定了一个统一的协议。它包括性能图的记录，热中性条件下的几个恒流步骤，以及负载点和热循环。随后，Sunfire在CEA测试了两个30电池电解质支撑的电池堆，测试时间超过8200小时，而一个25电池阴极支撑的电池堆测试时间为6800小时。本文旨在介绍在实施该方案期间收集的发现。本基准研究提出了性能图以及电压和堆栈温度随时间的变化曲线，并讨论了长期测试固有的一些困难。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to identify and quantify degradation in commercial solid oxide electrolysis stacks 探索电化学阻抗谱来识别和量化商业固体氧化物电解堆的降解

4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300023

Daniel B. Drasbæk, Peter Blennow, Thomas Heiredal‐Clausen, Jeppe Rass‐Hansen, Giovanni Perin, Jens V. T. Høgh, Anne Hauch

Abstract In this work, we present a case where electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on stack level enabled the identification of degradation and failure mechanisms in a 75‐cell solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) stack from Topsoe. In a blind test, a defective stack (stack not passing the quality control specifications) prone to degradation was investigated with EIS. The type of stack defects was not known a priori. The purpose of the stack EIS experiment was hence to serve as a proof‐of‐concept of using EIS on the stack level for identifying degradation mechanisms. An appropriate equivalent circuit model was applied and fitted to the experimentally obtained EIS data, which enabled the quantification of the different electrochemical contributions. We hereby identified which electrochemical contribution(s) to the overall stack resistance caused the stack to degrade. Furthermore, the data was plotted in a degradation space format, which further strengthened the identification of the cause of degradation. In this work, we are exploring and utilizing the potential of advanced EIS characterization and analysis; thereby successfully identifying some of the degradation and failure mechanisms taking place in the SOEC stack. This detailed type of degradation analysis has, to the best of my knowledge, not previously reported on the commercial stack level.

在这项工作中，我们提出了一个案例，其中电化学阻抗谱(EIS)在堆栈水平上能够识别Topsoe 75个电池固体氧化物电解电池(SOEC)堆栈的降解和失效机制。在盲测试中，利用EIS方法研究了一种易退化的缺陷堆栈(不符合质量控制规范的堆栈)。堆叠缺陷的类型不是先验的。因此，堆栈EIS实验的目的是作为在堆栈级别使用EIS来识别退化机制的概念证明。采用相应的等效电路模型对实验得到的EIS数据进行拟合，从而可以量化不同的电化学贡献。我们在此确定了对整个堆叠电阻的电化学贡献(s)导致堆叠退化。此外，将数据绘制成退化空间格式，进一步加强了对退化原因的识别。在这项工作中，我们正在探索和利用先进的环境影响评价和分析的潜力;从而成功地识别出在SOEC堆栈中发生的一些退化和失效机制。据我所知，这种详细类型的降级分析以前没有在商业堆栈级别上报道过。

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引用次数: 0

Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange coefficients measurements under high pressure: Comparative behavior of oxygen deficient versus over‐stoichiometric air electrode materials 高压下氧扩散和表面交换系数的测量:缺氧与超化学计量空气电极材料的比较行为

IF 2.8 4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300048

Jérôme Laurencin, J. Gamon, Aurélien Flura, Giuseppe Sdanghi, S. Fourcade, V. Vibhu, J. Bassat

Mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs) oxides are used as electrode materials for solid oxide cell (SOC) application, as they combine high electronic conductivity as well as high oxygen diffusivity and oxygen surface exchange coefficients. The ionic transport properties can be directly determined thanks to the isotopic exchange depth profiling (IEDP) method. To date, the reported measurements have been performed at ambient pressure and below. However, for a higher efficiency of hydrogen production at the system level, it is envisaged to operate the cell between 10 and 60 bar. To characterize the MIEC oxides properties in such conditions, an innovative setup able to operate up to a total pressure of 50 bar and 900°C has been developed. The main goal of this study was to compare the behavior of two types of reference materials: the oxygen deficient La‐Sr‐Fe‐Co perovskites, and the overstoichiometric lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd). Diffusion and surface exchange coefficients obtained under 6.3 bar of oxygen are measured and their evolution discussed in light of the change in oxygen stoichiometries. This analysis allows better understanding of the dependency of the surface exchange coefficient with the oxygen partial pressure.

混合离子电子导体(MIECs)氧化物具有高电子导电性、高氧扩散率和高氧表面交换系数，被用作固体氧化物电池(SOC)的电极材料。利用同位素交换深度谱法(IEDP)可以直接测定离子输运性质。迄今为止，报告的测量都是在环境压力及以下进行的。然而，为了在系统层面上提高制氢效率，设想在10到60巴之间运行电池。为了在这种条件下表征MIEC氧化物的性能，开发了一种能够在总压力为50 bar和900°C下工作的创新装置。本研究的主要目的是比较两种参考材料的行为:缺氧的La - Sr - Fe - Co钙钛矿和过量化学计量的镧系镍酸盐Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd)。测量了在6.3 bar氧气条件下得到的扩散系数和表面交换系数，并根据氧化学计量学的变化讨论了它们的演变。这种分析可以更好地理解表面交换系数与氧分压的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Pr‐ and Co‐substitution in rare earth nickelates: Application as SOEC air electrodes 稀土镍酸盐中的Pr和Co取代：用作SOEC空气电极

IF 2.8 4区工程技术 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Fuel Cells

Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/fuce.202300037

A. Egger, S. Eisbacher‐Lubensky, Kathrin Sampl, V. Subotić, C. Hochenauer, W. Sitte, E. Bucher

In this work, fundamental material properties of compounds in the system (La,Pr)2(Ni,Co)O4+δ as well as their performance as air electrodes in solid oxide electrolysis cells were investigated. Nickelates co‐doped with Pr and Co were characterized on a material basis by means of X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. Conductivity and conductivity relaxation measurements were performed in order to obtain the electronic conductivity as well as the chemical surface exchange coefficient and the chemical diffusion coefficient of oxygen as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. These parameters can be regarded as the most essential properties at the material level required to assess the suitability of mixed ionic‐electronic conducting ceramics for application as air electrode in solid oxide cells. The electrode performance of the materials was then tested on fuel electrode‐supported button cells at 800°C. The electrodes were applied by screen‐printing and the effect of varying the Pr‐content and Co‐content of the electrode powder was investigated. Cell tests were performed by means of current‐voltage measurements in electrolysis mode. While no significant impact of Pr‐doping on the investigated material properties was observed, the electrode performance of Pr‐containing materials was significantly better than for the Pr‐free compound, which has been discussed in detail.

本文研究了（La，Pr）2（Ni，Co）O4+δ体系中化合物的基本材料性质及其在固体氧化物电解槽中作为空气电极的性能。通过X射线衍射和热重分析，在材料基础上对Pr和co共掺杂的镍化物进行了表征。进行电导率和电导率弛豫测量，以获得作为温度和氧分压函数的电子电导率以及氧的化学表面交换系数和化学扩散系数。这些参数可以被视为评估混合离子-电子导电陶瓷在固体氧化物电池中用作空气电极的适用性所需的材料级别的最基本特性。然后在800°C下，在燃料电极支撑的纽扣电池上测试材料的电极性能。通过丝网印刷施加电极，并研究了电极粉末中Pr含量和Co含量变化的影响。电池测试是通过电解模式下的电流-电压测量进行的。虽然没有观察到Pr掺杂对所研究的材料性能的显著影响，但含Pr材料的电极性能明显优于无Pr化合物的电极性能，这一点已经进行了详细讨论。

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引用次数: 0