Fuel Cells最新文献

This research compares the performance of plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles (PFCEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) using MATLAB Simulink. The simulations were run for 1800 s using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC 3a), spanning a distance of 23 km, to assess important performance characteristics such as energy efficiency, consumption, emissions, and life cycle costs. The PFCEV architecture, which combines a medium-sized fuel cell and a sizable battery pack, has a strategic advantage because it requires fewer charging stations than BEVs and fewer hydrogen filling stations than FCEVs. The findings reveal that PFCEVs provide a unique combination of high efficiency, low emissions, rapid recharging, and greater driving range while requiring minimal hydrogen infrastructure. Compared to BEVs, PFCEVs minimize range anxiety while improving grid stability, and unlike FCEVs, they maximize hydrogen utilization via a complicated power management system. This study highlighted PFCEVs as a viable choice for sustainable mobility, serving as a valuable link between BEVs and FCEVs in the evolution of electric transportation. The findings indicate that PFCEVs have a good possibility of becoming a preferred vehicle technology, bridging the gap between battery and hydrogen-powered electric vehicles while addressing infrastructure and efficiency challenges.

Nowadays, green hydrogen technology is a pivotal innovation for reducing environmental pollution and combating global climate change. In the pursuit of sustainability, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered a promising solution for optimizing the utilization of green hydrogen and enhancing energy storage capabilities. This article presents a novel application of the mirage search optimization (MSO) algorithm for developing an accurate PEMFC model. Through a comprehensive study of four typical PEMFC stacks, the results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed MSO algorithm when compared to other optimizers in terms of accuracy and convergence speed. The optimization algorithms used for comparison with MSO include the grey wolf optimizer, whale optimization algorithm, chimpanzee optimization algorithm, and other optimizers from the literature. The enhancement in modeling accuracy by obtaining a better fitness value using MSO over other optimizers is up to 10.7% for NedStack PS6, 7.1% for Ballard Mark 5 kW, 31.5% for BCS 500 W, and 85.39% for Horizon H-500. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to validate the results obtained by MSO and to verify the accuracy of the developed model. Through comprehensive performance assessments, it can be confirmed that MSO is a promising algorithm for accurately estimating the parameters of PEMFC models, as it demonstrates high efficiency and robustness.

This study employs an integrated approach combining three-dimensional multiphase numerical simulations with experimental validation. A refined single-channel proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model, verified for grid independence, was developed. User-defined functions (UDFs) were implemented to accurately describe key processes, including electrochemical reactions, water phase change (liquid/ice), and transport phenomena. A systematic simulation analysis was conducted to elucidate the influence of operating temperature (50–70°C), anode/cathode inlet humidity (50–100% relative humidity), and gas diffusion layer (GDL) porosity (0.4–0.8) on cell output characteristics (polarization curves, power density) and internal mass transport dynamics. Concurrently, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) experiments were performed to deeply investigate the electrochemical performance degradation and microstructural evolution of electrodes with varying water contents under freeze–thaw cycling. The results demonstrate that elevating the operating temperature to 60–70°C significantly enhances cell performance, primarily attributable to increased membrane conductivity and optimized water management. A synergistic optimization effect was identified between reactant gas humidity and GDL porosity. At 60°C, a combination of 75% anode humidity and 100% cathode humidity achieved an optimal balance between output performance and operational stability. Increasing GDL porosity to 0.6–0.8 effectively enhanced reactant gas transport and liquid water removal, reducing current density decay during cold start (−10°C) by approximately 50% and significantly mitigating mass transport blockage and performance degradation caused by ice formation. Freeze–thaw cycling experiments further revealed that electrode water content is a critical factor determining its durability. Flooded conditions exacerbated structural damage from freezing, leading to persistent performance decay, whereas lower water content conditions effectively preserved electrode structural integrity and catalytic activity. This research elucidates the interactive mechanisms of water–thermal–mass transport under multiphysics coupling, providing a theoretical foundation and practical design guidelines for optimizing performance and enhancing the durability of PEMFCs under complex operating conditions.

The interconversion of chemical energy and electrical energy is a promising approach to alleviate the intermittency, fluctuation, and regionality of renewable energy. Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) directly convert the chemical energy in liquid fuel into electricity, although avoiding the storage and transportation problems of gaseous hydrogen, their development has long been limited by the low cell performance. The pH-disparate strategy, which uses alkaline liquid fuel as anode reductant and acidified hydrogen peroxide as the cathode oxidant, has been proposed to fundamentally improve the thermodynamic voltage and cell performance of DLFCs. Herein, the prospect and challenge of hydrogen peroxide in constructing high-performance pH-disparate DLFCs are reviewed and summarized. First, the reaction mechanisms of both hydrogen peroxide oxidation and reduction on different electrocatalysts were elucidated in this review, and then the thermodynamic properties, including pH dependent thermodynamic voltage, energy density, and capacity, of different types of pH-disparate DLFCs were described in detail. Finally, we summarized the impact of the system design and operating conditions on the cell performance of pH-disparate DLFCs. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference guidance for the practical application of hydrogen peroxide in DLFCs.

By overcoming low-temperature limitations, it paves the way for widespread commercialization of fuel cells, reinforcing their role in achieving sustainable energy systems and combating climate change. Therefore, this work systematically analyzes the reasons for the degradation of the fuel cell stack after low-temperature start-up operation with an effective area of 367 cm² and 170 cells. To investigate the root causes, systematic characterization of the catalyst layer (CL) and gas diffusion layer (GDL) was performed. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that Pt particles exhibited increased defects and particle size at three membrane electrode positions, particularly at the hydrogen inlet/outlet, where the (111) interplanar spacing expanded significantly. Raman spectroscopy detected carbon corrosion on both anode and cathode sides after cold start, with anode corrosion being more severe. GDL permeability decreased significantly post-cold start, especially at the hydrogen outlet. Cold-start-induced water redistribution promotes ice formation at CL/GDL interfaces, triggering localized reverse polarity. Reverse polarity accelerates carbon corrosion, destabilizing catalyst supports (Pt agglomeration) and GDL pore structure (carbon powder loss). This study elucidates the multiscale degradation mechanisms of membrane electrodes under cold-start conditions, providing critical insights for improving fuel cell low-temperature durability.

This research paper intends to present a detailed design of electric power system architecture of half- and full-span of an aircraft and the energy management system in aircraft EPS to operate fuel cells, battery stacks, and supercapacitors at appropriate times. A fuel cell of appropriate power rating is used as APU for the AC bus in the aircraft in conjunction with a supercapacitor. A battery stack is connected to the DC bus through a bidirectional DC to DC converter which acts as APU for the low-power high-priority DC loads with faster dynamic response and caters to the power needs of these loads under emergency conditions. The battery keeps getting charged from fuel cell under normal operating conditions. The system response is analyzed over a flight cycle with randomly changing load under normal and emergency conditions. The research is intended to use the best qualities of fuel cells, battery stack, and supercapacitors for the role of the APU in an aircraft. All three of them at proper power ratings are implemented and an energy management system is developed to use fuel cell for major loads, supercapacitor for sudden load changes, and battery stacks for minor load changes.

Industrial-scale solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) require a long operational lifespan to justify their high capital and installation costs while minimizing maintenance and downtime in industrial applications. Extending this lifespan requires a thorough investigation of their degradation mechanisms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely utilized to analyze SOFC degradation, with the distribution of relaxation times (DRTs) method applied alongside variations in gas flow rates at the anode and cathode, operating temperatures, and current densities. This approach helps identify the characteristic frequencies of gas concentration impedance, charge transfer impedance at both electrodes, and O²⁻ transport impedance. However, in industrial-scale SOFCs, due to overlapping time constants of gas conversion impedance and gas diffusion impedance, the DRT method struggles to differentiate between gas conversion and gas diffusion impedance within gas concentration impedance. Moreover, gas concentration impedance at the cathode can only be identified at low O₂ concentrations. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a gas concentration resistance fitting model for industrial-scale SOFCs under limited gas supply conditions. The proposed model effectively isolates gas concentration resistance while addressing the shortcomings of the DRT method. Furthermore, it simplifies testing procedures for industrial-scale SOFCs and provides valuable insights for durability analysis and performance optimization.

The reliability and efficiency of proton exchange membrane fuel cells largely depend on the performance of the air supply system, making high-control accuracy essential. First, the impact of control accuracy on the energy consumption and efficiency of the air compressor is analyzed. Subsequently, a fuel cell system model is established based on experimental data to enable rapid verification of control strategies. Finally, three decoupling control algorithms (feedforward decoupling, feedback decoupling, and diagonal matrix decoupling) are compared in detail. The results show that the diagonal matrix decoupling algorithm has higher stability and minimizes the coupling between pressure and flow. Experimental verification on the fuel cell system test bench further shows that the diagonal matrix decoupling algorithm can limit the flow and pressure fluctuations to less than 0.5 g/s and 0.5 kPa, respectively, and effectively prevent compressor surge during startup. This method provides theoretical guidance for achieving high-precision control of the air supply system of fuel cell vehicles.