Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968433
Karim Meddah, H. Chalangar, T. O. Bachir
Advances in semiconductor technologies bring to the market power electronic converters (PECs) switched at high frequencies, and make their real-time simulation and testing using a hardware-in-loop configuration difficult. Various approaches have been reported in the literature that demonstrate the feasibility of simulating high switching frequency (HSF) PECs in real-time, but require high-end devices. This paper demonstrates that low-cost FPGA platforms can be leveraged for the accurate real-time simulation of HSF of PEC. The proposed platforms make use of a solver that uses state variables from the previous time-point to determine the status of uncontrolled switches. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed using a battery charger test case. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method is latency- and resource-efficient, and achieves a time-step of 32 ns.
{"title":"Real-Time Simulation of a Fast Charger Using a Low-Cost FPGA Platform","authors":"Karim Meddah, H. Chalangar, T. O. Bachir","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968433","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in semiconductor technologies bring to the market power electronic converters (PECs) switched at high frequencies, and make their real-time simulation and testing using a hardware-in-loop configuration difficult. Various approaches have been reported in the literature that demonstrate the feasibility of simulating high switching frequency (HSF) PECs in real-time, but require high-end devices. This paper demonstrates that low-cost FPGA platforms can be leveraged for the accurate real-time simulation of HSF of PEC. The proposed platforms make use of a solver that uses state variables from the previous time-point to determine the status of uncontrolled switches. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed using a battery charger test case. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method is latency- and resource-efficient, and achieves a time-step of 32 ns.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131755436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969047
A. Mondal, A. Routray, Sreeraj Puravankara
Capacity estimation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries with adequate accuracy based on a small amount of charge-discharge cycling data are challenging. This is because the cycle data may not account for the considerable cell-to-cell variability that occurs during the aging process. Collecting long-term cycle data from numerous cells, on the other hand, is a costly and time-consuming operation in real-world applications. This article presents a semi-parametric Adaptive transfer learning method based on Gaussian process regression (AT-GPR) for assessing cell-level capacity despite only having access to a small dataset. It could be used to adapt transfer learning by automatically evaluating the similarity between the source and target tasks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed AT-GPR capacity estimation model may produce reliable prediction results, although the training data only accounts for 20% of the total dataset.
{"title":"On-line Capacity Estimation of Li-ion battery Using Semi-parametric Transfer Learning","authors":"A. Mondal, A. Routray, Sreeraj Puravankara","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969047","url":null,"abstract":"Capacity estimation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries with adequate accuracy based on a small amount of charge-discharge cycling data are challenging. This is because the cycle data may not account for the considerable cell-to-cell variability that occurs during the aging process. Collecting long-term cycle data from numerous cells, on the other hand, is a costly and time-consuming operation in real-world applications. This article presents a semi-parametric Adaptive transfer learning method based on Gaussian process regression (AT-GPR) for assessing cell-level capacity despite only having access to a small dataset. It could be used to adapt transfer learning by automatically evaluating the similarity between the source and target tasks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed AT-GPR capacity estimation model may produce reliable prediction results, although the training data only accounts for 20% of the total dataset.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131765757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968995
P. Meloni, A. Serpi
This paper presents two novel Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) configurations for medium-voltage distribution networks, which are achieved by replacing some capacitive cells of each MMC branch with Supercapacitors (SCs) and Battery Packs (BPs), respectively. The first configuration (MMC-SC) is able to exploit SC energy content by preserving MMC branch voltage capability, thus ensuring a suitable dynamic decoupling between grid and DC-link power demands. Steady-state decoupling can be achieved by the second configuration (MMC-BP), which can charge/discharge BP as needed. MMC-SC and MMC-BP functionality is guaranteed by a multi-stage control system architecture, which has been developed in order to ensure proper MMC energy, current and voltage management at any operating conditions. The effectiveness of both MMC-SC and MMC-BP is verified through simulation studies, which regard step-changing active and reactive grid power profiles.
{"title":"Integration of Energy Storage Systems within Modular Multilevel Converters for Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks","authors":"P. Meloni, A. Serpi","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents two novel Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) configurations for medium-voltage distribution networks, which are achieved by replacing some capacitive cells of each MMC branch with Supercapacitors (SCs) and Battery Packs (BPs), respectively. The first configuration (MMC-SC) is able to exploit SC energy content by preserving MMC branch voltage capability, thus ensuring a suitable dynamic decoupling between grid and DC-link power demands. Steady-state decoupling can be achieved by the second configuration (MMC-BP), which can charge/discharge BP as needed. MMC-SC and MMC-BP functionality is guaranteed by a multi-stage control system architecture, which has been developed in order to ensure proper MMC energy, current and voltage management at any operating conditions. The effectiveness of both MMC-SC and MMC-BP is verified through simulation studies, which regard step-changing active and reactive grid power profiles.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131844105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968682
Yuto Ikeda, D. Yashiro, K. Yubai, S. Komada
In order to reduce the weight of industrial and collaborative robots and also improve force control performance, the tip of the motor output shaft and reducer output shaft may be configured with low-rigidity mechanical parts. The problem with this, however, is that the mechanical resonance frequency decreases, and, as a result, vibration is more likely to occur during high-speed operation. To solve this problem, a method of suppressing vibration by feeding back the torsional torque of the low-rigidity mechanical parts, but this leads to excitation of vibration and steady deviation due to estimation error occur. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a torsional torque estimator with a backlash model that uses both motor angle and load angle through low-rigidity machine parts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through simulations and experiment.
{"title":"Design of a Torsion Torque Estimator that Includes a Backlash Model for a Load-Side Angle Control System that Consists of a Motor, a Reduction Gear, a Spring, and Motor/Load-Side Encoders","authors":"Yuto Ikeda, D. Yashiro, K. Yubai, S. Komada","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968682","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce the weight of industrial and collaborative robots and also improve force control performance, the tip of the motor output shaft and reducer output shaft may be configured with low-rigidity mechanical parts. The problem with this, however, is that the mechanical resonance frequency decreases, and, as a result, vibration is more likely to occur during high-speed operation. To solve this problem, a method of suppressing vibration by feeding back the torsional torque of the low-rigidity mechanical parts, but this leads to excitation of vibration and steady deviation due to estimation error occur. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a torsional torque estimator with a backlash model that uses both motor angle and load angle through low-rigidity machine parts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through simulations and experiment.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128933159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968327
H. Hewawasam, M. Ibrahim, G. Kahandawa
This paper presents a novel machine learning-based Agoraphilic (free space attraction) navigation algorithm. The proposed algorithm is capable of undertaking local path planning for mobile robots in unknown dynamic environments with a moving goal. The inability to track and reach a moving goal is one of the common weaknesses of most existing navigation algorithms operating in dynamic environments. High uncertainty involved in dynamic environments is also another major challenge. The novel machine learning-based approach helps the proposed algorithm to successfully overcome these challenges. This paper also introduces the integrated modular-based architecture for free-space attraction-based algorithms. This allows the algorithm to incorporate ten different modules with miscellaneous algorithms to perform sub-tasks such as tracking, prediction, map generation, machine learning-based free space attraction force generation and robot motion command generation. The new modular-based architecture integrates those sub-modules to create the robot’s driving force. This driving force is the single attractive force to pull the robot towards the moving goal via current free space leading to future free space passages. The proposed algorithm was experimentally tested under a dynamic environment. The experiment was focused on testing the behaviour of the algorithm under the challenge of reaching a moving goal. Furthermore, the test results demonstrate that the Agoraphilic algorithm is successful in reaching a moving goal in an unknown dynamically cluttered environment.
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Agoraphilic Navigation Algorithm","authors":"H. Hewawasam, M. Ibrahim, G. Kahandawa","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968327","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel machine learning-based Agoraphilic (free space attraction) navigation algorithm. The proposed algorithm is capable of undertaking local path planning for mobile robots in unknown dynamic environments with a moving goal. The inability to track and reach a moving goal is one of the common weaknesses of most existing navigation algorithms operating in dynamic environments. High uncertainty involved in dynamic environments is also another major challenge. The novel machine learning-based approach helps the proposed algorithm to successfully overcome these challenges. This paper also introduces the integrated modular-based architecture for free-space attraction-based algorithms. This allows the algorithm to incorporate ten different modules with miscellaneous algorithms to perform sub-tasks such as tracking, prediction, map generation, machine learning-based free space attraction force generation and robot motion command generation. The new modular-based architecture integrates those sub-modules to create the robot’s driving force. This driving force is the single attractive force to pull the robot towards the moving goal via current free space leading to future free space passages. The proposed algorithm was experimentally tested under a dynamic environment. The experiment was focused on testing the behaviour of the algorithm under the challenge of reaching a moving goal. Furthermore, the test results demonstrate that the Agoraphilic algorithm is successful in reaching a moving goal in an unknown dynamically cluttered environment.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130818384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968427
Fan Yang, Jinsong Wang, Yuemin Ding, Lantao Xing
High-precision clock synchronization is required for many industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs) supporting real-time monitoring and control for applications, such as the smart grid. For high-precision clock synchronization in IIoTs, several approaches can be used, such as the IEEE 1588 protocol, the Network Time Protocol (NTP), and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based methods. Among them, the GNSS-based methods are more appropriate for IIoTs distributed in wide areas. It has been reported that nanosecond-level time synchronization can be achieved by GNSS receivers. However, the end-to-end accuracy of the system clocks in the application processor is a different story. In this study, an experimental testbed has been built using the open-source Linux system, the BeiDou receiver, and the open-source Raspberry Pi 4 hardware. The Pulse-Per-Second (PPS) signals from the BeiDou receiver are used as the reference to synchronize the system clocks. With a one-second synchronization interval, experiments indicate that the system clock achieves an accuracy of 1 µs with a success rate of 92.7% and 2 µs with a success rate of 99.7%. While increasing the synchronization interval, the system clock relies more on the local crystal oscillator, and the timing error increases to 100 µs in 500 seconds.
{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of High-Precision System Clock Synchronization with BeiDou for Wide-Area Industrial Internet-of-Things","authors":"Fan Yang, Jinsong Wang, Yuemin Ding, Lantao Xing","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968427","url":null,"abstract":"High-precision clock synchronization is required for many industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs) supporting real-time monitoring and control for applications, such as the smart grid. For high-precision clock synchronization in IIoTs, several approaches can be used, such as the IEEE 1588 protocol, the Network Time Protocol (NTP), and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based methods. Among them, the GNSS-based methods are more appropriate for IIoTs distributed in wide areas. It has been reported that nanosecond-level time synchronization can be achieved by GNSS receivers. However, the end-to-end accuracy of the system clocks in the application processor is a different story. In this study, an experimental testbed has been built using the open-source Linux system, the BeiDou receiver, and the open-source Raspberry Pi 4 hardware. The Pulse-Per-Second (PPS) signals from the BeiDou receiver are used as the reference to synchronize the system clocks. With a one-second synchronization interval, experiments indicate that the system clock achieves an accuracy of 1 µs with a success rate of 92.7% and 2 µs with a success rate of 99.7%. While increasing the synchronization interval, the system clock relies more on the local crystal oscillator, and the timing error increases to 100 µs in 500 seconds.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131019476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968659
Ahmed Abu-Humaid, L. Ben‐Brahim, A. Gastli, M. Djemai
Transformerless inverters offer several advantages such as system compactness, lower cost, and lower overall power loss. However, for PV applications, there is a need for a frontal high-gain step-up DC-DC converter to use the transformerless inverter as a grid-tied micro-inverter (μ-inverter). In this paper, a single switching device high gain boost DC-DC converter based on Quadratic Boost Converter (QBC) is used along a 7-level packed-U-cells (PUC) inverter to realize the transformerless μ-inverter. The MPPT uses Perturbs & Observes (P&O) algorithm to control the front-end QBC to extract the maximum power from the PV array. Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) technique is used to control the grid-tied single-phase seven-level PUC inverter using a weighted cost function. In the ideal case, the PUC inverter should deliver the extracted PV power into the grid. This is accomplished automatically by keeping the voltage level of the dc-link capacitor constant. From a control point of view, this means that the front-end QBC and PUC inverter controls are decoupled as they are separated via the dc-link capacitor which must absorb the single-phase oscillating power. A simulation was carried out to validate the performance of the proposed controllers. A grid current THD less than 5% is achieved and a stable operation under various operating conditions is validated with the proposed system. Hardware implementation is under construction and experimental results will be shown in the final paper.
{"title":"Design of Transformerless Microinverter using a High Gain DC-DC Converter and PUC Inverter","authors":"Ahmed Abu-Humaid, L. Ben‐Brahim, A. Gastli, M. Djemai","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968659","url":null,"abstract":"Transformerless inverters offer several advantages such as system compactness, lower cost, and lower overall power loss. However, for PV applications, there is a need for a frontal high-gain step-up DC-DC converter to use the transformerless inverter as a grid-tied micro-inverter (μ-inverter). In this paper, a single switching device high gain boost DC-DC converter based on Quadratic Boost Converter (QBC) is used along a 7-level packed-U-cells (PUC) inverter to realize the transformerless μ-inverter. The MPPT uses Perturbs & Observes (P&O) algorithm to control the front-end QBC to extract the maximum power from the PV array. Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) technique is used to control the grid-tied single-phase seven-level PUC inverter using a weighted cost function. In the ideal case, the PUC inverter should deliver the extracted PV power into the grid. This is accomplished automatically by keeping the voltage level of the dc-link capacitor constant. From a control point of view, this means that the front-end QBC and PUC inverter controls are decoupled as they are separated via the dc-link capacitor which must absorb the single-phase oscillating power. A simulation was carried out to validate the performance of the proposed controllers. A grid current THD less than 5% is achieved and a stable operation under various operating conditions is validated with the proposed system. Hardware implementation is under construction and experimental results will be shown in the final paper.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131057849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969080
M. Aquib, M. Chandorkar, S. Doolla
Monitoring of remote microgrids helps in providing better service to the consumers. Prior idea of location/nature of fault and/or device malfunction saves a lot of time for the maintenance engineer during outrages. Thus, the off-site monitoring of microgrids ensures the proper operation as well as efficient work execution during clearance of fault as it gives an idea for the visiting engineer about the location of fault and malfunctioning devices. In this paper, a digital twin based scheme is presented for monitoring the power flow of remote microgrid. Digital twin is a real-time, physics based simulation integrated with the real physical system and provides the estimate of different characteristics in real-time. A physics based digital twin of the remote microgrid (wherein DGs are controlled with conventional droop scheme) is modeled using simulation and the power flow of the microgrid is monitored using digital twin model. The scheme is validated on a real-time simulation platform (RTSP) for different type of loads. Different cores of the RTSP are used for implementing the physical microgrid system and digital twin based monitoring scheme.
{"title":"Digital Twin Approach for Remote Monitoring of Microgrids","authors":"M. Aquib, M. Chandorkar, S. Doolla","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9969080","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring of remote microgrids helps in providing better service to the consumers. Prior idea of location/nature of fault and/or device malfunction saves a lot of time for the maintenance engineer during outrages. Thus, the off-site monitoring of microgrids ensures the proper operation as well as efficient work execution during clearance of fault as it gives an idea for the visiting engineer about the location of fault and malfunctioning devices. In this paper, a digital twin based scheme is presented for monitoring the power flow of remote microgrid. Digital twin is a real-time, physics based simulation integrated with the real physical system and provides the estimate of different characteristics in real-time. A physics based digital twin of the remote microgrid (wherein DGs are controlled with conventional droop scheme) is modeled using simulation and the power flow of the microgrid is monitored using digital twin model. The scheme is validated on a real-time simulation platform (RTSP) for different type of loads. Different cores of the RTSP are used for implementing the physical microgrid system and digital twin based monitoring scheme.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131198008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968578
Leiming Du, Xiujuan Zhao, P. Watté, R. Poelma, W. Driel, G. Zhang
The objective of this article is to investigate the thermal-fatigue properties of a commercially available lead-free solder alloy (SnBiAgCu) under the use of different types of potting compounds. Solder alloys with lower silver content are expected to substitute the conventional solder alloys SAC305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu). First, the tensile behavior and creep behavior of the SnBiAgCu solder alloys were studied at three temperatures (25℃, 75℃, 125℃). Results show that this type of solder alloys presented higher tensile strength and creep deformation endurance than conventional SAC305 solder alloys. Second, a dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to get the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of three types of potting compounds, which were used in the thermal-fatigue simulation. Third, the experimentally determined material data was used for the averaged strain energy density increment calculated by the finite element method. This simulation approach was selected as damage metrics to evaluate solder interconnect reliability under different combinations of materials. It is found that the application of potting compounds will increase strain energy density significantly when compared with the strain energy density calculated without potting compound, which means that potting compounds will deteriorate the thermal-fatigue reliability of solder interconnects. These accurate data-driven simulation models can in the future form the basis for compact digital twins for predicting useful remaining lifetime.
{"title":"Investigation of Potting Compounds on Thermal-Fatigue properties of Solder Interconnects","authors":"Leiming Du, Xiujuan Zhao, P. Watté, R. Poelma, W. Driel, G. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968578","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this article is to investigate the thermal-fatigue properties of a commercially available lead-free solder alloy (SnBiAgCu) under the use of different types of potting compounds. Solder alloys with lower silver content are expected to substitute the conventional solder alloys SAC305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu). First, the tensile behavior and creep behavior of the SnBiAgCu solder alloys were studied at three temperatures (25℃, 75℃, 125℃). Results show that this type of solder alloys presented higher tensile strength and creep deformation endurance than conventional SAC305 solder alloys. Second, a dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to get the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of three types of potting compounds, which were used in the thermal-fatigue simulation. Third, the experimentally determined material data was used for the averaged strain energy density increment calculated by the finite element method. This simulation approach was selected as damage metrics to evaluate solder interconnect reliability under different combinations of materials. It is found that the application of potting compounds will increase strain energy density significantly when compared with the strain energy density calculated without potting compound, which means that potting compounds will deteriorate the thermal-fatigue reliability of solder interconnects. These accurate data-driven simulation models can in the future form the basis for compact digital twins for predicting useful remaining lifetime.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"19 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132937745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968963
J. Monteiro, V. Pires, J. F. Silva, S. Pinto
High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) is an attractive solution to conventional ac transmission systems, to transmit bulk electric power over long distances. Multilevel bipolar back-to-back dual inverters convey advantages to HVDC systems, at the cost of increased difficulties to control the AC currents and DC link voltage. This paper presents a control approach for a bipolar HVDC transmission system based on a dual two-level inverter topology with a multilevel structure. For both multilevel inverter AC sides a model predictive control strategy is designed to control active and reactive power, establishing AC grid currents in the sending and receiving ends. The multilevel converter also guarantees the balancing of the DC bus capacitor voltages. To test the performance and effectiveness of this proposed control strategy, several simulation studies are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Mutilevel Bipolar Back-to-Back HVDC Transmission System Based on the Dual Inverter Converter Structure with Model Predictive Control","authors":"J. Monteiro, V. Pires, J. F. Silva, S. Pinto","doi":"10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968963","url":null,"abstract":"High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) is an attractive solution to conventional ac transmission systems, to transmit bulk electric power over long distances. Multilevel bipolar back-to-back dual inverters convey advantages to HVDC systems, at the cost of increased difficulties to control the AC currents and DC link voltage. This paper presents a control approach for a bipolar HVDC transmission system based on a dual two-level inverter topology with a multilevel structure. For both multilevel inverter AC sides a model predictive control strategy is designed to control active and reactive power, establishing AC grid currents in the sending and receiving ends. The multilevel converter also guarantees the balancing of the DC bus capacitor voltages. To test the performance and effectiveness of this proposed control strategy, several simulation studies are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":125740,"journal":{"name":"IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133070456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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