Nameer Khairullah Mohammed, Qaswaa Yousif Jameel, Mohammed Abdullah Ajeel
Background: As alcohol consumption increases, ethanol impacts ulcers as a factor that causes stomach mucosal invasion, which leads to stomach ulcers. Alcohol damages the stomach through a number of processes, including increased gastric secretion, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ethanol induces a variety of pathogenic events as it is associated with the formation of stomach ulcers.Objective: The goal of this study was to see if gum Arabic as a functional food could protect albino rats against ethanol-induced stomach damage.Materials and Methods: Six groups of 30 female albino rats were formed: normal control, ulcer control, omeprazole + ethanol, and groups 4, 5, and 6, which were given GA at 7.5, 12, 25 g/ kg/ day (bw), then lab rat were given 5 mL/kg /day (bw) ethanol orally for 30 days to cause stomach mucosal damage.Results: GA suppressed gastric inflammation by lowering TNF-α and IL-6 levels while increasing IL-10 levels. GA also improved HDL, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels while lowering cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, and phospholipids.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GA plays a protective role toward gastric mucosal injury in rats induced by ethanol, which in turn reduced the inflammatory response, and significantly reduced the hemorrhagic gastric lesions and the pH of the gastric contents. Keywords: Functional food, Alcoholic, polysaccharides, soluble fiber, tumor necrosis factor alpha, oxidative stress
{"title":"Nutritional and anti-gastro ulcerative role of the gum Arabic (Acacia senegal L.) compared to a reference drug","authors":"Nameer Khairullah Mohammed, Qaswaa Yousif Jameel, Mohammed Abdullah Ajeel","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i6.929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i6.929","url":null,"abstract":"Background: As alcohol consumption increases, ethanol impacts ulcers as a factor that causes stomach mucosal invasion, which leads to stomach ulcers. Alcohol damages the stomach through a number of processes, including increased gastric secretion, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ethanol induces a variety of pathogenic events as it is associated with the formation of stomach ulcers.Objective: The goal of this study was to see if gum Arabic as a functional food could protect albino rats against ethanol-induced stomach damage.Materials and Methods: Six groups of 30 female albino rats were formed: normal control, ulcer control, omeprazole + ethanol, and groups 4, 5, and 6, which were given GA at 7.5, 12, 25 g/ kg/ day (bw), then lab rat were given 5 mL/kg /day (bw) ethanol orally for 30 days to cause stomach mucosal damage.Results: GA suppressed gastric inflammation by lowering TNF-α and IL-6 levels while increasing IL-10 levels. GA also improved HDL, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels while lowering cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, and phospholipids.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GA plays a protective role toward gastric mucosal injury in rats induced by ethanol, which in turn reduced the inflammatory response, and significantly reduced the hemorrhagic gastric lesions and the pH of the gastric contents. Keywords: Functional food, Alcoholic, polysaccharides, soluble fiber, tumor necrosis factor alpha, oxidative stress ","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41443401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo E. Sánchez, G. H. Sullivan, L. R. Miller
Background: The nutritional composition of the bran layer of rice (RB), a globally available product of the rice milling process, has attracted attention as a nutraceutical food source. However, to capitalize on RB’s nutritional properties for humans, it is necessary to achieve a level of bioavailability that increases the efficacy needed to impact the nutritional well-being of lactating mothers and their breastfed infants. To accomplish this, a hydrolyzed enzymatic extract (RBEE) with increased protein, vitamin, carbohydrate, and antioxidant bioactivity has been developed.Objective: To determine the impact of RBEE on the nutritional status of lactating mothers (LM) and the growth of their exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants, living in food-insecure environments in rural Guatemala. Methods: A RBEE daily ration was consumed by post-puerperium LM for 4.5 months of the EBF period. The nutritional impact on LMs was determined by body mass index (BMI). Anemia prevalence and packed cell volume (PCV) were obtained via hematocrit (HCT). Infant growth was determined monthly following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, including weight-for-length (WHZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ) and head circumference-for-age (HCZ). Initial, midterm and final growth indicators were analyzed by Student t-test for independent samples. Results: While no significant differences were found between the initial and final BMI in LMs, anemia prevalence was significantly reduced from 12.1% to 4%. HCT results in LMs showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in PCV by the study’s end, from 40.55% to 41.42%. Following a student t-test analysis, infant growth indicators WHZ, WAZ and BAZ showed a highly significant (p<0.01) increase. A significant (p<0.05) improvement was detected in WAZ, while LAZ scores improved from -1.9 to -1.76.Conclusions: The dietary supplementation of lactating mothers with an RBEE during the EBF period significantly impacted the mother-infant dyad, with improved growth of the exclusively breastfed infants and a reduction in anemia prevalence in mothers. Further research will include the quantity and quality of the putative increased maternal milk synthesis. Keywords: rice bran, bioactive, bioavailability, enzyme-treated extract, functional food, infants, exclusive breastfeeding, lactating mothers, anemia, chronic, acute, malnutrition, Guatemala, growth, nutrition, children.
{"title":"Impact of an extract from the bran layer of rice on the nutrition of lactating mothers and growth of their exclusively breastfed infants: a longitudinal study","authors":"Guillermo E. Sánchez, G. H. Sullivan, L. R. Miller","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.934","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The nutritional composition of the bran layer of rice (RB), a globally available product of the rice milling process, has attracted attention as a nutraceutical food source. However, to capitalize on RB’s nutritional properties for humans, it is necessary to achieve a level of bioavailability that increases the efficacy needed to impact the nutritional well-being of lactating mothers and their breastfed infants. To accomplish this, a hydrolyzed enzymatic extract (RBEE) with increased protein, vitamin, carbohydrate, and antioxidant bioactivity has been developed.Objective: To determine the impact of RBEE on the nutritional status of lactating mothers (LM) and the growth of their exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants, living in food-insecure environments in rural Guatemala. Methods: A RBEE daily ration was consumed by post-puerperium LM for 4.5 months of the EBF period. The nutritional impact on LMs was determined by body mass index (BMI). Anemia prevalence and packed cell volume (PCV) were obtained via hematocrit (HCT). Infant growth was determined monthly following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, including weight-for-length (WHZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ) and head circumference-for-age (HCZ). Initial, midterm and final growth indicators were analyzed by Student t-test for independent samples. Results: While no significant differences were found between the initial and final BMI in LMs, anemia prevalence was significantly reduced from 12.1% to 4%. HCT results in LMs showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in PCV by the study’s end, from 40.55% to 41.42%. Following a student t-test analysis, infant growth indicators WHZ, WAZ and BAZ showed a highly significant (p<0.01) increase. A significant (p<0.05) improvement was detected in WAZ, while LAZ scores improved from -1.9 to -1.76.Conclusions: The dietary supplementation of lactating mothers with an RBEE during the EBF period significantly impacted the mother-infant dyad, with improved growth of the exclusively breastfed infants and a reduction in anemia prevalence in mothers. Further research will include the quantity and quality of the putative increased maternal milk synthesis. Keywords: rice bran, bioactive, bioavailability, enzyme-treated extract, functional food, infants, exclusive breastfeeding, lactating mothers, anemia, chronic, acute, malnutrition, Guatemala, growth, nutrition, children.","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42789729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keiichiro Sugimoto, H. Fujisawa, Kazuya Nakagawa, Kazuo Yamamoto, N. Suzuki, Shin-ichiro Yamashita, Yuta Takahashi, Toshihiro Kakinuma, Asami Baba, T. Takara, Toshikazu Yamanouchi
Background: Excessive ingestion of fructose can lead to obesity and related diseases. Eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) contains oenothein B, which inhibits intestinal fructose absorption.Objective: The antiobesity effects of ELE containing oenothein B were evaluated in healthy Japanese whose body mass index (BMI) was ≥ 23 and < 30 kg/m2.Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study was performed to evaluate the effect of ELE consumption, for 12 weeks at a 3.38 mg/day dose of oenothein B, on the abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) as the primary outcome. Results were compared to those of a placebo group.Results: Of the 721 individuals who underwent screening, 198 were randomly allocated into two groups. A total of 95 subjects in the placebo group and 94 in the intervention group were established as the per-protocol set. VFA in the intervention group significantly decreased compared to that in the placebo group 12 weeks after initiating intervention. This reduction in VFA was considered to have clinical significance. Among the secondary outcomes, VFA, waist circumference, and muscle mass after 8 weeks, as well as body weight and BMI after 12 weeks, were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the placebo group.Conclusion: ELE containing oenothein B may be effective against obesity and related diseases by reducing VFA levels. Keywords: human trial; Eucalyptus globulus; oenothein B; polyphenol; hydrolyzable tannin; ellagitannin; dietary fructose consumption; dietary survey; Calorie and Nutrition Diary; glucose transporter 5
{"title":"Anti-obesity effect of eucalyptus leaf extract containing oenothein B in healthy Japanese adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study","authors":"Keiichiro Sugimoto, H. Fujisawa, Kazuya Nakagawa, Kazuo Yamamoto, N. Suzuki, Shin-ichiro Yamashita, Yuta Takahashi, Toshihiro Kakinuma, Asami Baba, T. Takara, Toshikazu Yamanouchi","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.927","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Excessive ingestion of fructose can lead to obesity and related diseases. Eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) contains oenothein B, which inhibits intestinal fructose absorption.Objective: The antiobesity effects of ELE containing oenothein B were evaluated in healthy Japanese whose body mass index (BMI) was ≥ 23 and < 30 kg/m2.Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study was performed to evaluate the effect of ELE consumption, for 12 weeks at a 3.38 mg/day dose of oenothein B, on the abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) as the primary outcome. Results were compared to those of a placebo group.Results: Of the 721 individuals who underwent screening, 198 were randomly allocated into two groups. A total of 95 subjects in the placebo group and 94 in the intervention group were established as the per-protocol set. VFA in the intervention group significantly decreased compared to that in the placebo group 12 weeks after initiating intervention. This reduction in VFA was considered to have clinical significance. Among the secondary outcomes, VFA, waist circumference, and muscle mass after 8 weeks, as well as body weight and BMI after 12 weeks, were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the placebo group.Conclusion: ELE containing oenothein B may be effective against obesity and related diseases by reducing VFA levels. Keywords: human trial; Eucalyptus globulus; oenothein B; polyphenol; hydrolyzable tannin; ellagitannin; dietary fructose consumption; dietary survey; Calorie and Nutrition Diary; glucose transporter 5","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44792220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Shiojima, H. Moriyama, Megumi Takahashi, Ryohei Takahashi, Kazuo Maruyama, M. Bagchi, D. Bagchi
Introduction: Undenatured type II collagen, derived from chicken sternum cartilage, is a novel functional ingredient, which has been demonstrated to improve joint health, flexibility and mobility, and enhancing motor functions. Undenatured type II collagen has been commercially available as functional dietary supplement worldwide for many years. Research studies demonstrated its broad-spectrum safety and clinical efficacy. Undenatured type II collagen requires very small amount to exhibit clinical efficacy and hence can be easily consumed over a long period of time as compared to the other joint care functional ingredients such as glucosamine and chondroitin. Since undenatured type II collagen is effective in relatively small amount, its accurate measurement in various dosage forms such as tablets and capsules become crucial to provide consumers optimal cost and joint-health benefits. Objective: In the present study, we modified the previously used Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method to determine the active constituents precisely and accurately in formulations to affirm broad spectrum safety and clinical efficacy. Methods: Improved precision ELISA methodology was utilized to determine the amount of undenatured type II collagen extracted from chicken sternum cartilage. A commercially available Chondrex Collagen Detection Kit was used to determine the number of epitope (antigenic determinant) sites on the three-dimensional tightly-folded structured collagen. Time and temperature were set at ≥16 h or preferably within the range of 16 h to 24 h and at room temperatureResults: The results obtained from this improved ELISA method strongly supported the accuracy and validity, which correlates very well with the results of our earlier clinical studies, revealing the efficacy of undenatured type II collagen concentrations used. Furthermore, the modified ELISA method, designed by our team, revealed consistent and reproducible results on the basis of counting the epitope sites in undenatured type II collagen (NEXT-II®) of commercial batchesConclusion: Using this precisely modified ELISA method gave 8% of undenatured type II collagen in NEXT-II®, resulting in 3.2 mg in 40.0 mg of NEXT-II®. It also confirmed that administration of 3.2 mg of undenatured type II collagen a day, both in open-label and randomized clinical trials, was safe and efficacious for joint pain, flexibility and mobility, and motor function. Keywords: Undenatured type II collagen, NEXT-II®, ELISA method, Pepsin
{"title":"Novel ELISA technology in assessing undenatured type II collagen in functional foods and dietary supplements used for knee joint health care: its sensitivity, precision, and accuracy","authors":"Y. Shiojima, H. Moriyama, Megumi Takahashi, Ryohei Takahashi, Kazuo Maruyama, M. Bagchi, D. Bagchi","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.933","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Undenatured type II collagen, derived from chicken sternum cartilage, is a novel functional ingredient, which has been demonstrated to improve joint health, flexibility and mobility, and enhancing motor functions. Undenatured type II collagen has been commercially available as functional dietary supplement worldwide for many years. Research studies demonstrated its broad-spectrum safety and clinical efficacy. Undenatured type II collagen requires very small amount to exhibit clinical efficacy and hence can be easily consumed over a long period of time as compared to the other joint care functional ingredients such as glucosamine and chondroitin. Since undenatured type II collagen is effective in relatively small amount, its accurate measurement in various dosage forms such as tablets and capsules become crucial to provide consumers optimal cost and joint-health benefits. Objective: In the present study, we modified the previously used Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method to determine the active constituents precisely and accurately in formulations to affirm broad spectrum safety and clinical efficacy. Methods: Improved precision ELISA methodology was utilized to determine the amount of undenatured type II collagen extracted from chicken sternum cartilage. A commercially available Chondrex Collagen Detection Kit was used to determine the number of epitope (antigenic determinant) sites on the three-dimensional tightly-folded structured collagen. Time and temperature were set at ≥16 h or preferably within the range of 16 h to 24 h and at room temperatureResults: The results obtained from this improved ELISA method strongly supported the accuracy and validity, which correlates very well with the results of our earlier clinical studies, revealing the efficacy of undenatured type II collagen concentrations used. Furthermore, the modified ELISA method, designed by our team, revealed consistent and reproducible results on the basis of counting the epitope sites in undenatured type II collagen (NEXT-II®) of commercial batchesConclusion: Using this precisely modified ELISA method gave 8% of undenatured type II collagen in NEXT-II®, resulting in 3.2 mg in 40.0 mg of NEXT-II®. It also confirmed that administration of 3.2 mg of undenatured type II collagen a day, both in open-label and randomized clinical trials, was safe and efficacious for joint pain, flexibility and mobility, and motor function. Keywords: Undenatured type II collagen, NEXT-II®, ELISA method, Pepsin","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48410361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karen D. Garay Buenrostro, Keila C. Ostos Mendoza, Pinal N. Kanabar, Nina S. Los, T. Lawal, S. Patel, A. M. López, Paulina Cabada-Aguirre, G. Mahady, M. Maienschein-Cline, Z. Arbieva
Introduction: In previous work, we have shown the synergistic effects of combinations of vitamins A, D2, and D3 in reducing the proliferation of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. This combination also induced apoptosis and altered gene expression patterns as determined by transcriptomic profiling. Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of vitamins A and D in HCT-116 Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu mouse xenographs. Also, to determine potential mechanisms of action using miRNA-seq and correlated these data with results from RNA-seq.Methods: HCT-116 colon cancer cells were cultured and used for the xenograph study. Crl:NU(NCr)-Male Foxn1nu mice were injected subcutaneously with HCT-116-cells (1 X 106 in 100 µl 50% Matrigel and Sterile PBS), and after 7 days, were treated with vitamin A and D in feed for 21 days. The mice were imaged on day 28, sacrificed and the tumors were excised and measured. RNA was isolated from the HCT-116 cells and tumors, and RNA-seq and miRNA-seq were performed.Results: There was a concentration-dependent reduction in the HCT-116 colon cancer cell viability after treatment with vitamin A and D combinations. In Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu mice injected with HCT-116 colon tumor cells, treatment with vitamin A (25,000 IU) and vitamin D (4,000 IU) or vitamin A (35,000 IU) and vitamin D (5,000 IU) for 21 days significantly reduced tumor growth by ~38% and ~58%, respectively (p < 0.001). In the HCT-116 cells and excised tumors, treatment upregulated the expression of Bim, Bax, p53, and PTEN, and downregulated AXIN2, ID2 and DDX20 mRNAs, all well-known pro-apoptotic proteins, tumor suppressors, and molecules involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of miRNA-seq paired with RNA-seq showed correlations between miRNAs expression and expression of these genes. For example, miRNA-mRNA correlation pairing showed that treatment downregulated miR-30c-3p and miR-125b-3p which was associated with upregulated TP53. Upregulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN was associated with the downregulation of eleven miRNAs, including oncogenic miR17 and miR21.Conclusion: The results suggest that the combinations of vitamins A and D reduced the HCT-116 tumor burden in mice and altered the expression of miRNAs directly associated with genes in the apoptosis, tumor suppression, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways. The data supports the hypothesis that vitamin A and D combinations impact multiple cancer signaling pathways and thus may be more effective in the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as reducing cancer metastasis. Keywords: apoptosis, cholcalciferol, colon cancer, DDX20, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ergocalciferol, p53, RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, PTEN, synergism, transcriptome
简介：在之前的工作中，我们已经显示了维生素A、D2和D3的组合在减少HCT-116结肠癌癌症细胞增殖方面的协同作用。这种组合还诱导了细胞凋亡，并通过转录组学分析改变了基因表达模式。目的：本研究旨在研究维生素A和D在HCT-116 Crl:NU（NCr）-Foxn1nu小鼠异种移植物中的作用。此外，使用miRNA-seq确定潜在的作用机制，并将这些数据与RNA-seq的结果相关联。方法：培养癌症HCT-116细胞，进行异种移植研究。Crl:NU（NCr）-雄性Foxn1nu小鼠皮下注射HCT-116细胞（在100µl 50%基质胶和无菌PBS中1 X 106），7天后，用饲料中的维生素A和D处理21天。在第28天对小鼠进行成像，处死并切除肿瘤并进行测量。从HCT-116细胞和肿瘤中分离RNA，并进行RNA-seq和miRNA-seq。结果：维生素a和D组合治疗后，HCT-116结肠癌癌症细胞活力呈浓度依赖性降低。在注射HCT-116结肠肿瘤细胞的Cr:NU（NCr）-Foxn1nu小鼠中，用维生素A（25000 IU）和维生素D（4000 IU）或维生素A（35000 IU）与维生素D（5000 IU）治疗21天，肿瘤生长分别显著降低约38%和约58%（p＜0.001）。在HCT-116细胞和切除的肿瘤中，治疗上调了Bim、Bax、p53和PTEN的表达，以及下调的AXIN2、ID2和DDX20 mRNA，所有众所周知的促凋亡蛋白、肿瘤抑制剂和参与上皮-间质转化的分子。miRNA-seq与RNA-seq配对的独创性途径分析显示，miRNAs的表达与这些基因的表达之间存在相关性。例如，miRNA-mRNA相关性配对显示，治疗下调了miR-30c-3p和miR-125b-3p，这与上调的TP53有关。抑癌基因PTEN的上调与11种miRNA的下调有关，包括致癌miR17和miR21，以及上皮-间充质转化途径。该数据支持维生素A和D组合影响多种癌症信号通路的假设，因此在治疗和预防癌症以及减少癌症转移方面可能更有效。关键词：细胞凋亡、cholcalciferol、结肠癌癌症、DDX20、上皮间质转化、麦角钙化醇、p53、RNA-seq、miRNA-seq和PTEN、协同作用、转录组
{"title":"Combination of vitamins A, D2 and D3 reduce tumor load and alter the expression of miRNAs that regulate genes involved with apoptosis, tumor suppression, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCT-116 colon cancer cells","authors":"Karen D. Garay Buenrostro, Keila C. Ostos Mendoza, Pinal N. Kanabar, Nina S. Los, T. Lawal, S. Patel, A. M. López, Paulina Cabada-Aguirre, G. Mahady, M. Maienschein-Cline, Z. Arbieva","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i5.925","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In previous work, we have shown the synergistic effects of combinations of vitamins A, D2, and D3 in reducing the proliferation of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. This combination also induced apoptosis and altered gene expression patterns as determined by transcriptomic profiling. Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of vitamins A and D in HCT-116 Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu mouse xenographs. Also, to determine potential mechanisms of action using miRNA-seq and correlated these data with results from RNA-seq.Methods: HCT-116 colon cancer cells were cultured and used for the xenograph study. Crl:NU(NCr)-Male Foxn1nu mice were injected subcutaneously with HCT-116-cells (1 X 106 in 100 µl 50% Matrigel and Sterile PBS), and after 7 days, were treated with vitamin A and D in feed for 21 days. The mice were imaged on day 28, sacrificed and the tumors were excised and measured. RNA was isolated from the HCT-116 cells and tumors, and RNA-seq and miRNA-seq were performed.Results: There was a concentration-dependent reduction in the HCT-116 colon cancer cell viability after treatment with vitamin A and D combinations. In Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu mice injected with HCT-116 colon tumor cells, treatment with vitamin A (25,000 IU) and vitamin D (4,000 IU) or vitamin A (35,000 IU) and vitamin D (5,000 IU) for 21 days significantly reduced tumor growth by ~38% and ~58%, respectively (p < 0.001). In the HCT-116 cells and excised tumors, treatment upregulated the expression of Bim, Bax, p53, and PTEN, and downregulated AXIN2, ID2 and DDX20 mRNAs, all well-known pro-apoptotic proteins, tumor suppressors, and molecules involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of miRNA-seq paired with RNA-seq showed correlations between miRNAs expression and expression of these genes. For example, miRNA-mRNA correlation pairing showed that treatment downregulated miR-30c-3p and miR-125b-3p which was associated with upregulated TP53. Upregulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN was associated with the downregulation of eleven miRNAs, including oncogenic miR17 and miR21.Conclusion: The results suggest that the combinations of vitamins A and D reduced the HCT-116 tumor burden in mice and altered the expression of miRNAs directly associated with genes in the apoptosis, tumor suppression, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways. The data supports the hypothesis that vitamin A and D combinations impact multiple cancer signaling pathways and thus may be more effective in the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as reducing cancer metastasis. Keywords: apoptosis, cholcalciferol, colon cancer, DDX20, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ergocalciferol, p53, RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, PTEN, synergism, transcriptome","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45834959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Nurdiani, T. Vasiljevic, T. Singh, O. Donkor, A. Prihanto, T. S. Kusuma
Background: Several peptides from seafood have shown effective anticancer activities. Nonetheless, one of the most significant challenges in developing fish peptides as functional food ingredients is proving their efficacy as anticancer agents. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticancer capacity and stability of a purified peptide (H. Met-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Leu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu-Ala-Gly-Arg.OH) during a simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion.Methods: The anticancer activity of the peptide(s) before, during, and after GI digestion was analyzed against colon cancer cells (HT-29). Changes in cell morphology were assessed using an inverted microscope, while the degree of apoptosis was observed using a Muse Cell Analyzer.Results: Results showed little or no hydrolysis of the bioactive peptide by pepsin was observed, indicating the peptide was resistant to digestion in gastric conditions. The growth of HT-29 cells was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by the un-digested peptide and peptide(s) present in the digesta that was yielded by gastric and gastrointestinal digestion up to 28.89%, 29.68%, and 38.3%, respectively. HT-29 cells treated with pepsin and pancreatin digested peptides showed the highest cell death (3.54±2.30%).Conclusion: Overall, the findings showed that the purified peptide has the potency to be used in cancer therapy via oral administration and/or incorporation in food(s) applications for the treatment of specific cancer.Keywords: bioactive peptide; digestion; fish by-products; hydrolysis
背景:从海产品中提取的几种多肽显示出有效的抗癌活性。然而，在开发鱼肽作为功能性食品成分的过程中，最重要的挑战之一是证明它们作为抗癌剂的功效。本研究旨在评估一种纯化肽(H. met - gly - pro - pro - gly - leu - ala - gly - ala - pro - gly - glu - ala - gly - ag . oh)在模拟胃肠道消化过程中的抗癌能力和稳定性。方法:分析该肽在胃肠道消化前、消化中和消化后对结肠癌细胞(HT-29)的抗癌活性。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化，Muse细胞分析仪观察细胞凋亡程度。结果:胃蛋白酶对该生物活性肽几乎没有或几乎没有水解作用，表明该肽在胃条件下具有抗消化能力。胃消化产生的未消化肽和胃肠道消化产生的肽对HT-29细胞生长的抑制作用显著(P < 0.05)，分别为28.89%、29.68%和38.3%。胃蛋白酶和胰酶消化肽处理的HT-29细胞死亡率最高(3.54±2.30%)。结论:总的来说，研究结果表明，纯化肽具有通过口服给药和/或加入食品应用用于治疗特定癌症的潜力。关键词:生物活性肽;消化;鱼副产品;水解
{"title":"Stability of an anticancer peptide isolated from Flathead by-products during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion","authors":"R. Nurdiani, T. Vasiljevic, T. Singh, O. Donkor, A. Prihanto, T. S. Kusuma","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.904","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Several peptides from seafood have shown effective anticancer activities. Nonetheless, one of the most significant challenges in developing fish peptides as functional food ingredients is proving their efficacy as anticancer agents. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticancer capacity and stability of a purified peptide (H. Met-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Leu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu-Ala-Gly-Arg.OH) during a simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion.Methods: The anticancer activity of the peptide(s) before, during, and after GI digestion was analyzed against colon cancer cells (HT-29). Changes in cell morphology were assessed using an inverted microscope, while the degree of apoptosis was observed using a Muse Cell Analyzer.Results: Results showed little or no hydrolysis of the bioactive peptide by pepsin was observed, indicating the peptide was resistant to digestion in gastric conditions. The growth of HT-29 cells was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by the un-digested peptide and peptide(s) present in the digesta that was yielded by gastric and gastrointestinal digestion up to 28.89%, 29.68%, and 38.3%, respectively. HT-29 cells treated with pepsin and pancreatin digested peptides showed the highest cell death (3.54±2.30%).Conclusion: Overall, the findings showed that the purified peptide has the potency to be used in cancer therapy via oral administration and/or incorporation in food(s) applications for the treatment of specific cancer.Keywords: bioactive peptide; digestion; fish by-products; hydrolysis","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitra Keshavarz, R. Barati‐Boldaji, S. Mazloomi, M. H. Yousefi
Introduction: Yogurt is mixed with spinach in some countries. Spinach can be a probable dietary source of Nitrate and Nitrite, and further N-nitrosamine. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the level of nitrite and nitrate in “yogurt containing spinach” (YS) during refrigeration in for 21 days. 4 types of yogurts including yogurt (Y), probiotic yogurt (PY), YS, and probiotic YS (PYS) were produced and kept at 4 °C for 21 days. Their nitrite and nitrate levels were measured by HPLC on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of nitrate and nitrite of Y and PY and between YS and PYS. Although the effect of refrigeration at 4 °C for 21 days was not significant on the nitrate amount of Y and PY, it was close to a significant level in YS and PYS. It also caused a significant increase in the nitrite content of all yogurts. This study showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cannot affect the amount of nitrate and nitrite in yogurt or YS at 4°C. Conclusion: Increasing the nitrite content of samples may enhance the possibility of nitrosamine formation. It is suggested that those who are at risk for all malformations caused by nitrites should not keep YS for a long time. Keywords: nitrate; nitrite; Lactobacillus acidophilus; probiotic yogurt containing spinach; HPLC
{"title":"Effect of inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the level of nitrite and nitrate in yogurt containing spinach during refrigeration in 21 days","authors":"Mitra Keshavarz, R. Barati‐Boldaji, S. Mazloomi, M. H. Yousefi","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.907","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Yogurt is mixed with spinach in some countries. Spinach can be a probable dietary source of Nitrate and Nitrite, and further N-nitrosamine. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the level of nitrite and nitrate in “yogurt containing spinach” (YS) during refrigeration in for 21 days. 4 types of yogurts including yogurt (Y), probiotic yogurt (PY), YS, and probiotic YS (PYS) were produced and kept at 4 °C for 21 days. Their nitrite and nitrate levels were measured by HPLC on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of nitrate and nitrite of Y and PY and between YS and PYS. Although the effect of refrigeration at 4 °C for 21 days was not significant on the nitrate amount of Y and PY, it was close to a significant level in YS and PYS. It also caused a significant increase in the nitrite content of all yogurts. This study showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cannot affect the amount of nitrate and nitrite in yogurt or YS at 4°C. Conclusion: Increasing the nitrite content of samples may enhance the possibility of nitrosamine formation. It is suggested that those who are at risk for all malformations caused by nitrites should not keep YS for a long time. Keywords: nitrate; nitrite; Lactobacillus acidophilus; probiotic yogurt containing spinach; HPLC","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45461362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Daily fatigue is a problem for many people because of its association with other illnesses. Maca has lately attracted considerable attention as a food for recovering from fatigue. Maca is high in benzyl glucosinolate which improves endurance capacity by preventing glycogen depletion. However, its effect on fatigue has not been investigated in clinical trials on humans. Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of maca supplements on reducing fatigue.Methods: This study evaluated the effect of the consumption of maca extract containing benzyl glucosinolate (9.6 mg/day) on fatigue in adult women. This randomized, placebo–controlled, parallel–group double–blind study enrolled 60 subjects who were allocated to consume maca extract or placebo for 4 weeks. A visual analogue scale (VAS) for fatigue was used to evaluate the results. Blood variables and adverse events were used to assess safety.Results: In both groups, the VAS of fatigue was decreased after 4 weeks compared with that before consumption. On stratification analysis, in subjects younger than 45 years, the VAS was significantly lower in the maca group, and the change between before and after supplementation was significantly larger in this group. Conclusions: It was suggested that intake of maca extract containing benzyl glucosinolate may have anti–fatigue effects in young women. So, maca supplements containing benzyl glucosinolate represent a food and drug candidate for reducing fatigue. Keywords: maca, Lepidium meyenii, benzyl glucosinolate, daily fatigue, visual analogue scale
{"title":"The improvement of daily fatigue in women following the intake of maca (Lepidium meyenii) extract containing benzyl glucosinolate","authors":"A. Honma, Yumi Fujiwara, S. Takei, T. Kino","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.912","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Daily fatigue is a problem for many people because of its association with other illnesses. Maca has lately attracted considerable attention as a food for recovering from fatigue. Maca is high in benzyl glucosinolate which improves endurance capacity by preventing glycogen depletion. However, its effect on fatigue has not been investigated in clinical trials on humans. Objective: The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of maca supplements on reducing fatigue.Methods: This study evaluated the effect of the consumption of maca extract containing benzyl glucosinolate (9.6 mg/day) on fatigue in adult women. This randomized, placebo–controlled, parallel–group double–blind study enrolled 60 subjects who were allocated to consume maca extract or placebo for 4 weeks. A visual analogue scale (VAS) for fatigue was used to evaluate the results. Blood variables and adverse events were used to assess safety.Results: In both groups, the VAS of fatigue was decreased after 4 weeks compared with that before consumption. On stratification analysis, in subjects younger than 45 years, the VAS was significantly lower in the maca group, and the change between before and after supplementation was significantly larger in this group. Conclusions: It was suggested that intake of maca extract containing benzyl glucosinolate may have anti–fatigue effects in young women. So, maca supplements containing benzyl glucosinolate represent a food and drug candidate for reducing fatigue. Keywords: maca, Lepidium meyenii, benzyl glucosinolate, daily fatigue, visual analogue scale","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48327281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piyapat Aiemcharoen, S. Wichienchot, D. Sermwittayawong
Background: Banana inflorescence is one of the edible parts of banana. It is well-known to have antioxidants and anti-diabetic potential health benefits. Methods: In this study, the banana inflorescence from Musa (ABB group) Namwa Mali-Ong was prepared using ethanol extraction and investigated for its biochemical compositions and biological activities. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity assays were performed. The phytochemical composition of the extract was analyzed using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) technique. Additionally, the ability of the extract to stimulate glucose in C2C12 myotube was investigated. Results: The ethanolic extract of banana inflorescence contained carbohydrate, protein, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds. The results show that the extract exhibited low-level antioxidant activities. For example, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the DPPH and ABTS assays was at 27.89 ± 0.054 and 21.33 ± 0.87 mg/mL, respectively. Although the extract possesses low-level antioxidant activities, it stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Consistently, the UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis in both positive and negative electrospray ionization modes reveals several components in the extract such as phytosphingosine and α-linolenic acid that have previously been shown to exhibit an anti-diabetic activity.Conclusion: The results show that the inflorescence ethanolic extract possesses antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities and may potentially be developed into a health-promoting product such as an anti-diabetic drug. Keywords: antioxidant activity; banana inflorescence; glucose uptake; anti-diabetic; C2C12 myotubes
{"title":"Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of crude ethanolic extract from the banana inflorescence of musa (ABB group) namwa maliong","authors":"Piyapat Aiemcharoen, S. Wichienchot, D. Sermwittayawong","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.909","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Banana inflorescence is one of the edible parts of banana. It is well-known to have antioxidants and anti-diabetic potential health benefits. Methods: In this study, the banana inflorescence from Musa (ABB group) Namwa Mali-Ong was prepared using ethanol extraction and investigated for its biochemical compositions and biological activities. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity assays were performed. The phytochemical composition of the extract was analyzed using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) technique. Additionally, the ability of the extract to stimulate glucose in C2C12 myotube was investigated. Results: The ethanolic extract of banana inflorescence contained carbohydrate, protein, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds. The results show that the extract exhibited low-level antioxidant activities. For example, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the DPPH and ABTS assays was at 27.89 ± 0.054 and 21.33 ± 0.87 mg/mL, respectively. Although the extract possesses low-level antioxidant activities, it stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Consistently, the UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis in both positive and negative electrospray ionization modes reveals several components in the extract such as phytosphingosine and α-linolenic acid that have previously been shown to exhibit an anti-diabetic activity.Conclusion: The results show that the inflorescence ethanolic extract possesses antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities and may potentially be developed into a health-promoting product such as an anti-diabetic drug. Keywords: antioxidant activity; banana inflorescence; glucose uptake; anti-diabetic; C2C12 myotubes","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46728909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Almond skins are the byproduct of the almond industry that are rich in dietary fibers and polyphenols. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing the phenolic compounds from almond skins for their functional benefits. Galloylated catechins activate diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) which is involved in the amelioration of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether almond skin polyphenol extracts can also induce the activation of DGKα.Methods: Phenolic contents in the almond skin polyphenol extracts were identified by liquid chromatography (LC)-time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Using confocal microscopy, the translocation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-DGKα to the cell membrane was observed upon stimulation with almond skin polyphenol extracts. To check the involvement of 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), pre-treatment of anti-67LR antibody was used.Results: We identified that naringenin and flavanone (2,3-dihydroflavone), which are among the phenolic contents in the almond skin polyphenol extracts identified, can also induce the activation of DGKα. In addition, we also investigated whether the pathway involves the same receptor as that of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg); the 67LR. Naringenin stimulated through the 67LR, while flavanone mainly used the 67LR-independent pathways.Conclusion: These findings were additional function of almond skin polyphenol extracts and may implicate the benefits of the intake of nuts in daily diets. Polyphenols can be extracted from almond skins as an inexpensive source. The various health benefits of polyphenols can be applied to functional foods and supplements.Keywords: flavonoid, lipid kinase, imaging, catechin, vitamin E, diabetic nephropathy
{"title":"Almond Skin Polyphenol Extracts Stimulate the Activation of Diacylglycerol Kinase alpha via a 67 kDa Laminin Receptor","authors":"Boonyaporn Chinthammit, Seika Okamoto, Y. Shirai","doi":"10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i4.894","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Almond skins are the byproduct of the almond industry that are rich in dietary fibers and polyphenols. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing the phenolic compounds from almond skins for their functional benefits. Galloylated catechins activate diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) which is involved in the amelioration of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether almond skin polyphenol extracts can also induce the activation of DGKα.Methods: Phenolic contents in the almond skin polyphenol extracts were identified by liquid chromatography (LC)-time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Using confocal microscopy, the translocation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-DGKα to the cell membrane was observed upon stimulation with almond skin polyphenol extracts. To check the involvement of 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), pre-treatment of anti-67LR antibody was used.Results: We identified that naringenin and flavanone (2,3-dihydroflavone), which are among the phenolic contents in the almond skin polyphenol extracts identified, can also induce the activation of DGKα. In addition, we also investigated whether the pathway involves the same receptor as that of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg); the 67LR. Naringenin stimulated through the 67LR, while flavanone mainly used the 67LR-independent pathways.Conclusion: These findings were additional function of almond skin polyphenol extracts and may implicate the benefits of the intake of nuts in daily diets. Polyphenols can be extracted from almond skins as an inexpensive source. The various health benefits of polyphenols can be applied to functional foods and supplements.Keywords: flavonoid, lipid kinase, imaging, catechin, vitamin E, diabetic nephropathy","PeriodicalId":12623,"journal":{"name":"Functional Foods in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43900433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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