Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad78a2
Minseouk Choi, Young Shik Cho, Kyunbae Lee, Yeonsu Jung, Kyung Tae Park and Taehoon Kim
Due to the inherent limitations of metals, such as their poor performance at high temperatures caused by thermo-oxidation and expansion, carbon nanotube yarns (CNTFs) have emerged as promising alternatives because of their high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Doping of CNTFs has been widely studied because it significantly increases electrical conductivity through a simple process. Despite these advantages, doped CNTFs are not suitable for extreme environments, especially high temperatures. This is due to the weak interaction between dopants and CNTFs, along with the low thermal stability of the dopants themselves, leading to dopant decomposition and oxidation at high temperatures. Herein, we present doped CNTFs that are covalently functionalized with a nitrogen compound composed of imide and nitro groups, which are renowned for good thermal stability. The electron-withdrawing effect of this nitrogen compound polarizes the CNTFs to a positive charge, inducing p-type doping effects and enhancing electrical conductivity from 2989 to 4008 S cm−1. The strong covalent bonding between the nitrogen compound and CNTFs, along with the thermal stability of the dopants, ensures that the electrical conductivity of our doped CNTFs is maintained even after annealing at 300 °C for 12 h. Our proposed doped CNTFs offer a guideline for expanding the practical applications of doped CNTFs to a wider range of high-temperature environments.
由于金属的固有局限性，例如热氧化和膨胀导致的高温性能差，碳纳米管纱线（CNTF）因其高导电性和热稳定性而成为有前途的替代品。掺杂 CNTF 可以通过简单的工艺显著提高导电性，因此被广泛研究。尽管具有这些优点，掺杂的 CNTFs 并不适合极端环境，尤其是高温环境。这是由于掺杂剂与 CNTF 之间的相互作用较弱，而且掺杂剂本身的热稳定性较低，导致掺杂剂在高温下分解和氧化。在此，我们提出了掺杂了由亚胺基团和硝基基团组成的氮化合物共价官能化的 CNTF，这种氮化合物具有良好的热稳定性。这种氮化合物的抽电子效应可将 CNTF 极化为正电荷，从而产生 p 型掺杂效应，并将导电率从 2989 S cm-1 提高到 4008 S cm-1。氮化合物与 CNTF 之间的强共价键以及掺杂剂的热稳定性确保了掺杂 CNTF 在 300 °C 退火 12 小时后仍能保持导电性。
{"title":"Advanced doping method for highly conductive CNT fibers with enhanced thermal stability","authors":"Minseouk Choi, Young Shik Cho, Kyunbae Lee, Yeonsu Jung, Kyung Tae Park and Taehoon Kim","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad78a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad78a2","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the inherent limitations of metals, such as their poor performance at high temperatures caused by thermo-oxidation and expansion, carbon nanotube yarns (CNTFs) have emerged as promising alternatives because of their high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Doping of CNTFs has been widely studied because it significantly increases electrical conductivity through a simple process. Despite these advantages, doped CNTFs are not suitable for extreme environments, especially high temperatures. This is due to the weak interaction between dopants and CNTFs, along with the low thermal stability of the dopants themselves, leading to dopant decomposition and oxidation at high temperatures. Herein, we present doped CNTFs that are covalently functionalized with a nitrogen compound composed of imide and nitro groups, which are renowned for good thermal stability. The electron-withdrawing effect of this nitrogen compound polarizes the CNTFs to a positive charge, inducing p-type doping effects and enhancing electrical conductivity from 2989 to 4008 S cm−1. The strong covalent bonding between the nitrogen compound and CNTFs, along with the thermal stability of the dopants, ensures that the electrical conductivity of our doped CNTFs is maintained even after annealing at 300 °C for 12 h. Our proposed doped CNTFs offer a guideline for expanding the practical applications of doped CNTFs to a wider range of high-temperature environments.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"1138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad7225
Jaeho Cha and Sungho Yoon
This study is dedicated to predicting the compression behavior of microcapsules, a key aspect in self-healing applications. Understanding the compression behavior of microcapsules, mainly due to their liquid cores, is a complex task. Equally challenging is the evaluation of the shell properties. We aimed to streamline this prediction process by introducing the empirical coefficient Ccore, which accounts for core influence. We conducted experiments on microcapsules with MUF (Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde) shells, compressing them between two plates and recording their responses to load and displacement. The empirical coefficient, influenced by capsule size, shell properties, and core volume fraction, was then analyzed in terms of microcapsule size and Young’s modulus. The research results showed that as the diameter of microcapsule and Young’s modulus of the shell increased, the Ccore also increased. This relationship could be represented in a three-dimensional surface. These findings could significantly contribute to estimating shell properties and modeling matrices with dispersed microcapsules.
{"title":"A simplified predictive model for the compression behavior of self-healing microcapsules using an empirical coefficient","authors":"Jaeho Cha and Sungho Yoon","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad7225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad7225","url":null,"abstract":"This study is dedicated to predicting the compression behavior of microcapsules, a key aspect in self-healing applications. Understanding the compression behavior of microcapsules, mainly due to their liquid cores, is a complex task. Equally challenging is the evaluation of the shell properties. We aimed to streamline this prediction process by introducing the empirical coefficient Ccore, which accounts for core influence. We conducted experiments on microcapsules with MUF (Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde) shells, compressing them between two plates and recording their responses to load and displacement. The empirical coefficient, influenced by capsule size, shell properties, and core volume fraction, was then analyzed in terms of microcapsule size and Young’s modulus. The research results showed that as the diameter of microcapsule and Young’s modulus of the shell increased, the Ccore also increased. This relationship could be represented in a three-dimensional surface. These findings could significantly contribute to estimating shell properties and modeling matrices with dispersed microcapsules.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to high output performance, the droplet-based electricity generator (DEG) is garnering attention as a promising alternative power source for small electronic devices. Accordingly, to utilize the DEG as a power source, the efforts to boost the output have focused on methods to modify material modification and introduce surface structure. However, the behavior feature that the reconfigured droplet falls after the DEG operation leaves room for one more droplet energy harvesting from a single droplet. Here, a multi DEG system (MDEG) constructed with multiple DEG units is proposed to harvest more energy from a single droplet. The continuous movement of a water droplet is realized through the inclined stair structure of the MDEG, resulting in electrical energy generation from a single water droplet as many times as it falls. In particular, 2-step MDEG consisting of two DEG units can have 45% higher performance than a single DEG. Therefore, this study implies a contribution to the development of DEGs by considering the droplet dynamics, which has been overlooked in existing DEG studies.
{"title":"Development of multi droplet-based electricity generator system for energy harvesting improvement from a single droplet","authors":"Girak Gwon, Dongik Kam, Sunmin Jang, Moonwoo La, Dongwhi Choi","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad709b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad709b","url":null,"abstract":"Due to high output performance, the droplet-based electricity generator (DEG) is garnering attention as a promising alternative power source for small electronic devices. Accordingly, to utilize the DEG as a power source, the efforts to boost the output have focused on methods to modify material modification and introduce surface structure. However, the behavior feature that the reconfigured droplet falls after the DEG operation leaves room for one more droplet energy harvesting from a single droplet. Here, a multi DEG system (MDEG) constructed with multiple DEG units is proposed to harvest more energy from a single droplet. The continuous movement of a water droplet is realized through the inclined stair structure of the MDEG, resulting in electrical energy generation from a single water droplet as many times as it falls. In particular, 2-step MDEG consisting of two DEG units can have 45% higher performance than a single DEG. Therefore, this study implies a contribution to the development of DEGs by considering the droplet dynamics, which has been overlooked in existing DEG studies.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad6e51
Ahmad Ashari Ahmad Shukri, Norlin Nosbi, Mohd Firdaus Omar, Siti Shuhadah Md Saleh, Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman, Norazwana Mohd Najib, Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali
Carbon fibre (CF) prepreg, essential to composites and aircraft, generates waste known as carbon fibre prepreg waste (CFW) due to its limited lifespan. This study investigates recycling CFW through hybridization, milling it into powder and mixing it with epoxy resin and alumina to form hybrid composites. Using Minitab software, optimal compositions were determined from 13 and 20 experimental designs for CFW-EP and CFW-EP-AL, respectively. Results identified 2.5 wt% CFW and 97.5 wt% epoxy resin as optimal for CFW-EP, and 2.5 wt% CFW, 2.5 wt% alumina, and 95 wt% epoxy resin as optimal for CFW-EP-AL. Samples of epoxy resin polymer (EP), carbon prepreg waste reinforced composite (CFW-EP), and carbon prepreg waste reinforced with alumina composite (CFW-EP-AL) were fabricated and tested for moisture absorption and flexural strength, revealing noticeable deterioration over time. These findings highlight the importance of compositional analysis in developing sustainable materials with optimal flexural strength for various applications.
{"title":"Measurement of the water absorption on hybrid carbon fibre prepreg waste composite and its impact on flexural performance","authors":"Ahmad Ashari Ahmad Shukri, Norlin Nosbi, Mohd Firdaus Omar, Siti Shuhadah Md Saleh, Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman, Norazwana Mohd Najib, Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad6e51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad6e51","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fibre (CF) prepreg, essential to composites and aircraft, generates waste known as carbon fibre prepreg waste (CFW) due to its limited lifespan. This study investigates recycling CFW through hybridization, milling it into powder and mixing it with epoxy resin and alumina to form hybrid composites. Using Minitab software, optimal compositions were determined from 13 and 20 experimental designs for CFW-EP and CFW-EP-AL, respectively. Results identified 2.5 wt% CFW and 97.5 wt% epoxy resin as optimal for CFW-EP, and 2.5 wt% CFW, 2.5 wt% alumina, and 95 wt% epoxy resin as optimal for CFW-EP-AL. Samples of epoxy resin polymer (EP), carbon prepreg waste reinforced composite (CFW-EP), and carbon prepreg waste reinforced with alumina composite (CFW-EP-AL) were fabricated and tested for moisture absorption and flexural strength, revealing noticeable deterioration over time. These findings highlight the importance of compositional analysis in developing sustainable materials with optimal flexural strength for various applications.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad68c0
Mohammad Javad Abghary, Reza Jafari Nedoushan, Hossein Hasani, Woong-Ryeol Yu
This study presents a macro-scale constitutive model to simulate the tensile behaviour of biaxial weft knitted fabrics produced based on a 1 × 1 rib structure. Fabrics were produced using polyester yarns as stitch yarns and nylon yarns as straight yarns in a modern flat knitting machine. Stress–strain curves of 1 × 1 rib structure and corresponding biaxial knitted fabric were measured in three different directions (course, wale and 45 degrees) on a tensile tester. Based on extracted results, a constitutive equation was proposed for macro modelling of biaxial knitted fabrics. The stiffness matrix of the biaxial knitted fabrics was assumed to be a combination of the stiffness matrix of 1 × 1 rib and reinforcement yarns. A UMAT subroutine was provided to implement the constitutive behaviour in Abaqus software. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, fabric tensile behaviour in 22.5° and 67.5° directions were simulated and compared with experimental results. The results showed that the macro model can successfully predict the tensile behaviour of the biaxial weft knitted fabric in different directions.
{"title":"Simulation of the tensile behaviour of biaxial knitted fabrics produced based on rib structure using a macro constitutive model","authors":"Mohammad Javad Abghary, Reza Jafari Nedoushan, Hossein Hasani, Woong-Ryeol Yu","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad68c0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad68c0","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a macro-scale constitutive model to simulate the tensile behaviour of biaxial weft knitted fabrics produced based on a 1 × 1 rib structure. Fabrics were produced using polyester yarns as stitch yarns and nylon yarns as straight yarns in a modern flat knitting machine. Stress–strain curves of 1 × 1 rib structure and corresponding biaxial knitted fabric were measured in three different directions (course, wale and 45 degrees) on a tensile tester. Based on extracted results, a constitutive equation was proposed for macro modelling of biaxial knitted fabrics. The stiffness matrix of the biaxial knitted fabrics was assumed to be a combination of the stiffness matrix of 1 × 1 rib and reinforcement yarns. A UMAT subroutine was provided to implement the constitutive behaviour in Abaqus software. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, fabric tensile behaviour in 22.5° and 67.5° directions were simulated and compared with experimental results. The results showed that the macro model can successfully predict the tensile behaviour of the biaxial weft knitted fabric in different directions.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad6954
Deniz Cakir, Omer R Caylan, Erhan Gurpinar, Ogulcan Akgul, H Onat Tugrul, Elif Okay, Eren Atli, Benat Kockar, Goknur Cambaz Buke
This study explores the compressive mechanical properties of copper composites reinforced with graphene. Graphene was synthesized on copper powders via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Multilayer graphene formation has been substantiated by Raman analysis. Graphene-coated copper (G/Cu) powders were then subjected to pressing and sintering to fabricate G/Cu composites. The mechanical properties of G/Cu composites were investigated under compression from room temperature up to 400 °C in air. The results demonstrated a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties of G/Cu composites compared to monolithic copper. Specifically, the yield strength in compression of the G/Cu composite increased by 203% at room temperature and by 190% at 200 °C. At 400 °C, the yield strength enhancement exceeded 370%. Microstructural analysis suggests that the observed enhancements in G/Cu composites can be attributed to reduced porosity, smaller grain size, and inhibited dislocation motion at the increased grain boundary area (due to refined grain size) and graphene-copper interfaces.
本研究探讨了石墨烯增强铜复合材料的压缩机械性能。石墨烯是通过等离子体增强化学气相沉积法在铜粉上合成的。拉曼分析证实了多层石墨烯的形成。然后对石墨烯涂层铜（G/Cu）粉末进行压制和烧结，制成 G/Cu 复合材料。研究了 G/Cu 复合材料在空气中从室温到 400 °C 的压缩条件下的机械性能。结果表明，与单片铜相比，G/Cu 复合材料的机械性能有了大幅提高。具体来说，G/Cu 复合材料的压缩屈服强度在室温下提高了 203%，在 200 °C 时提高了 190%。在 400 °C 时，屈服强度提高了 370%。微观结构分析表明，在 G/Cu 复合材料中观察到的增强可归因于孔隙率降低、晶粒尺寸变小以及晶界面积增大（由于晶粒尺寸细化）和石墨烯-铜界面处位错运动受到抑制。
{"title":"Enhanced compressive strength of graphene strengthened copper (G/Cu) composites","authors":"Deniz Cakir, Omer R Caylan, Erhan Gurpinar, Ogulcan Akgul, H Onat Tugrul, Elif Okay, Eren Atli, Benat Kockar, Goknur Cambaz Buke","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad6954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad6954","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the compressive mechanical properties of copper composites reinforced with graphene. Graphene was synthesized on copper powders via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Multilayer graphene formation has been substantiated by Raman analysis. Graphene-coated copper (G/Cu) powders were then subjected to pressing and sintering to fabricate G/Cu composites. The mechanical properties of G/Cu composites were investigated under compression from room temperature up to 400 °C in air. The results demonstrated a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties of G/Cu composites compared to monolithic copper. Specifically, the yield strength in compression of the G/Cu composite increased by 203% at room temperature and by 190% at 200 °C. At 400 °C, the yield strength enhancement exceeded 370%. Microstructural analysis suggests that the observed enhancements in G/Cu composites can be attributed to reduced porosity, smaller grain size, and inhibited dislocation motion at the increased grain boundary area (due to refined grain size) and graphene-copper interfaces.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad68bf
Manoj Aravind Sankar and Prasanna R
Graphene is gaining significance in applications such as sensors, antennas, photonics and spintronics. In particular, it is suitable for printing components and circuits affording the properties of high conductivity alongside flexibility, elasticity and wearability. For this application, graphene is typically customised into a fluidic form—ink or paint. This paper reports a novel, economical, scalable methodology for synthesising electrically conductive graphene-based coagulated composite that could be utilised in the above-mentioned applications. Composites are prepared from graphene powder/ink and screen-printing ink (GP–SPI and GI–SPI, respectively) at different mass ratios, and the optimal composition is identified by brush coating on paper in the form of rectangular strips. As a proof of concept, at optimum mass ratios, the GP–SPI and GI–SPI composites exhibit electrical conductivities ranging 0.068–0.702 mS m−1 and 0.0303–0.1746 μS m−1, in order. The as-prepared conductive composites are then screen-printed onto a square with an area of 1 cm2 on ceramic, FR4, glass, paper, polyester and wood substrates. The coagulated GP–SPI and GI–SPI composites are compatible with all these substrates and yield a conductive coating, demonstrating their suitability in multifaceted applications. Furthermore, the method proposed herein eliminates the need for rare/precious expensive materials, state-of-the art equipment, highly skilled personnel and costs associated with the same, thereby broadening the avenues for low-cost, fluidic graphene-based functional composites.
{"title":"Conductive graphene-based coagulated composites for electronic printing applications","authors":"Manoj Aravind Sankar and Prasanna R","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad68bf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad68bf","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene is gaining significance in applications such as sensors, antennas, photonics and spintronics. In particular, it is suitable for printing components and circuits affording the properties of high conductivity alongside flexibility, elasticity and wearability. For this application, graphene is typically customised into a fluidic form—ink or paint. This paper reports a novel, economical, scalable methodology for synthesising electrically conductive graphene-based coagulated composite that could be utilised in the above-mentioned applications. Composites are prepared from graphene powder/ink and screen-printing ink (GP–SPI and GI–SPI, respectively) at different mass ratios, and the optimal composition is identified by brush coating on paper in the form of rectangular strips. As a proof of concept, at optimum mass ratios, the GP–SPI and GI–SPI composites exhibit electrical conductivities ranging 0.068–0.702 mS m−1 and 0.0303–0.1746 μS m−1, in order. The as-prepared conductive composites are then screen-printed onto a square with an area of 1 cm2 on ceramic, FR4, glass, paper, polyester and wood substrates. The coagulated GP–SPI and GI–SPI composites are compatible with all these substrates and yield a conductive coating, demonstrating their suitability in multifaceted applications. Furthermore, the method proposed herein eliminates the need for rare/precious expensive materials, state-of-the art equipment, highly skilled personnel and costs associated with the same, thereby broadening the avenues for low-cost, fluidic graphene-based functional composites.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad5e32
Jayani Anurangi, Madhubhashitha Herath, Dona T L Galhena and Jayantha Epaarachchi
The structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm−2 and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 at 0.24 mA cm−2, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm−2 and 0.81 mWh cm−2, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
在许多结构应用中，结构超级电容器可以存储电能并承受结构载荷，同时减轻大量重量。本研究调查了使用纤维增强聚合物复合材料系统开发结构超级电容器的情况，并探讨了工作温度对其性能的影响。结构超级电容器在环境温度以外的电化学和机械性能尚未得到研究；因此，评估比电容、能量密度、循环寿命和高温下的结构性能等参数是非常必要的。在这项研究中，我们设计并制造了单层和平行连接的多层结构超级电容器复合材料。碳纤维被用作双功能成分，既可作为电流收集器，又可作为机械加固材料。此外，还添加了玻璃纤维作为分隔物，也起到了整体增强的作用。实验研究了结构超级电容器在高达 85 °C 的高温下的电化学和机械行为。测试结果表明，在室温下，所开发的双电池结构超级电容器的特定区域电容为 1.16 mF cm-2，在 0.24 mA cm-2 的条件下能量密度为 0.36 mWh cm-2，与目前结构超级电容器研究的成果相当。结构超级电容器的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度分别为 109.5 兆帕、47.0 兆帕和 50.4 兆帕。在 85 °C 时，比电容和能量密度分别达到 2.58 mF cm-2 和 0.81 mWh cm-2，而抗拉、抗弯和抗压强度则分别降低到 70.9 MPa、14.2 MPa 和 8.8 MPa。这些发现为适合在从环境温度到 85 °C 的温度范围内工作的结构性超级电容器器件提供了新的全面知识。
{"title":"Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures","authors":"Jayani Anurangi, Madhubhashitha Herath, Dona T L Galhena and Jayantha Epaarachchi","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad5e32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad5e32","url":null,"abstract":"The structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm−2 and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 at 0.24 mA cm−2, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm−2 and 0.81 mWh cm−2, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b4b
Dong Uk Woo, Young Jin Park, Jae Young Cheon, Kyunbae Lee, Yeonsu Jung, Patrick Joohyun Kim and Taehoon Kim
Structural energy-storage devices are receiving considerable attention because they can simultaneously store electrical energy and provide structural support, thereby offering high volumetric and gravimetric capacities. Although carbon fiber–based materials have been the most popular choice for current collectors, their conductivity and specific surface area are relatively low; this limits the ability to load other active materials on to the current collector. Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber is a promising alternative for lightweight structural materials because it has a density of less than 1 g cm−3 as well as high strength and electrical conductivity. In this study, we produced a light, strong, and porous CNT film (CNTF) via direct spinning for use as a current collector. The CNTF exhibited a high specific strength compared with Al foil. We also created an activated carbon–lithium titanium oxide hybrid capacitor with the CNTF current collector, which achieved a capacity similar to that of a capacitor having an Al current collector. Furthermore, a planar pouch cell created using a solid polymer electrolyte achieved a capacity of 74.1 mAh g−1, which is comparable to that of coin cells. Thus, our findings highlight the feasibility of CNTF as a material for current collectors and provide a foundation to develop manufacturing processes for structural batteries.
结构性储能装置能够同时储存电能和提供结构支撑，从而提供较高的体积和重力容量，因此备受关注。虽然碳纤维基材料一直是电流收集器最受欢迎的选择，但其导电性和比表面积相对较低，这限制了在电流收集器上加载其他活性材料的能力。碳纳米管（CNT）纤维的密度小于 1 g cm-3，并且具有高强度和导电性，因此是轻质结构材料的理想替代品。在这项研究中，我们通过直接纺丝生产出了一种轻质、高强度、多孔的碳纳米管薄膜（CNTF），可用作电流收集器。与铝箔相比，CNTF 具有很高的比强度。我们还利用 CNTF 集流器制作了一种活性碳-锂钛氧化物混合电容器，其容量与采用铝集流器的电容器相近。此外，使用固体聚合物电解质制作的平面袋状电池的容量达到了 74.1 mAh g-1，与纽扣电池的容量相当。因此，我们的研究结果凸显了 CNTF 作为电流收集器材料的可行性，并为开发结构电池的制造工艺奠定了基础。
{"title":"Development of solid-state hybrid capacitor using carbon nanotube film as current collector","authors":"Dong Uk Woo, Young Jin Park, Jae Young Cheon, Kyunbae Lee, Yeonsu Jung, Patrick Joohyun Kim and Taehoon Kim","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b4b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b4b","url":null,"abstract":"Structural energy-storage devices are receiving considerable attention because they can simultaneously store electrical energy and provide structural support, thereby offering high volumetric and gravimetric capacities. Although carbon fiber–based materials have been the most popular choice for current collectors, their conductivity and specific surface area are relatively low; this limits the ability to load other active materials on to the current collector. Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber is a promising alternative for lightweight structural materials because it has a density of less than 1 g cm−3 as well as high strength and electrical conductivity. In this study, we produced a light, strong, and porous CNT film (CNTF) via direct spinning for use as a current collector. The CNTF exhibited a high specific strength compared with Al foil. We also created an activated carbon–lithium titanium oxide hybrid capacitor with the CNTF current collector, which achieved a capacity similar to that of a capacitor having an Al current collector. Furthermore, a planar pouch cell created using a solid polymer electrolyte achieved a capacity of 74.1 mAh g−1, which is comparable to that of coin cells. Thus, our findings highlight the feasibility of CNTF as a material for current collectors and provide a foundation to develop manufacturing processes for structural batteries.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b49
Yasin Akgul, Elena Stojanovska, Mehmet Durmus Calisir, Yusuf Polat and Ali Kilic
In recent years, advancements in tissue engineering have demonstrated the potential to expedite bone matrix formation, leading to shorter recovery times and decreased clinical challenges compared to conventional methods. Therefore, this study aims to develop composite carbon nanofibers (CNFs) integrated with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. A key strategy in achieving this objective involves harnessing nanofibrous structures, which offer a high surface area, coupled with nHA particles expected to accelerate bone regeneration and enhance biological activity. To realize this, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/nHA nanofibers were fabricated using the centrifugal spinning (C-Spin) technique and subsequently carbonized to yield CNF/nHA composite structures. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed C-Spin as a suitable method for PAN and CNF nanofiber production, with nHA particles uniformly dispersed throughout the nanofibrous structure. Carbonization resulted in reduced fiber diameter due to thermal decomposition and shrinkage of PAN molecules during the process. Furthermore, the incorporation of nHA particles into PAN lowered the stabilization temperature (by 5 °C–20 °C). Tensile tests revealed that PAN samples experienced an approximately 80% increase in ultimate tensile strength and a 187% increase in modulus with a 5 wt.% nHA loading. However, following carbonization, CNF samples exhibited a 50% decrease in strength compared to PAN samples. Additionally, the addition of nHA into CNF improved the graphitic structure. The incorporation of nHA particles into the spinning solution represents a viable strategy for enhancing CNF bioactivity.
{"title":"Centrifugally spun hydroxyapatite/carbon composite nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Yasin Akgul, Elena Stojanovska, Mehmet Durmus Calisir, Yusuf Polat and Ali Kilic","doi":"10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ad5b49","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, advancements in tissue engineering have demonstrated the potential to expedite bone matrix formation, leading to shorter recovery times and decreased clinical challenges compared to conventional methods. Therefore, this study aims to develop composite carbon nanofibers (CNFs) integrated with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. A key strategy in achieving this objective involves harnessing nanofibrous structures, which offer a high surface area, coupled with nHA particles expected to accelerate bone regeneration and enhance biological activity. To realize this, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/nHA nanofibers were fabricated using the centrifugal spinning (C-Spin) technique and subsequently carbonized to yield CNF/nHA composite structures. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed C-Spin as a suitable method for PAN and CNF nanofiber production, with nHA particles uniformly dispersed throughout the nanofibrous structure. Carbonization resulted in reduced fiber diameter due to thermal decomposition and shrinkage of PAN molecules during the process. Furthermore, the incorporation of nHA particles into PAN lowered the stabilization temperature (by 5 °C–20 °C). Tensile tests revealed that PAN samples experienced an approximately 80% increase in ultimate tensile strength and a 187% increase in modulus with a 5 wt.% nHA loading. However, following carbonization, CNF samples exhibited a 50% decrease in strength compared to PAN samples. Additionally, the addition of nHA into CNF improved the graphitic structure. The incorporation of nHA particles into the spinning solution represents a viable strategy for enhancing CNF bioactivity.","PeriodicalId":12652,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composites and Structures","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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