Reconstructing a complete and accurate 3D representation of indoor construction scenes is an important step towards automated visual monitoring of construction projects. For fast access to construction’s as-built visual data, construction drones are programmed to autonomously navigate the outdoor space and collect the data. However, due to limited satellite signal indoors, ground rovers provide safer and more reliable autonomous navigation inside the narrow indoor navigable space. In this paper we present a novel pipeline for 4D BIM-driven mapping of the as- built state of indoor construction using 2D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors mounted on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). The developed method consists of (1) BIM-driven data collection planning; (2) automatic mission navigation; (3) LiDAR data collection and (4) dynamic obstacle avoidance. Experiments show the applicability of the developed data collection strategy and the improved safety of automatic mission execution using UGV.
{"title":"BIM-driven mission planning and navigation for automatic indoor construction progress detection using robotic ground platform","authors":"A. Ibrahim, A. Sabet, M. Golparvar-Fard","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.195","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing a complete and accurate 3D representation of indoor construction scenes is an important step towards automated visual monitoring of construction projects. For fast access to construction’s as-built visual data, construction drones are programmed to autonomously navigate the outdoor space and collect the data. However, due to limited satellite signal indoors, ground rovers provide safer and more reliable autonomous navigation inside the narrow indoor navigable space. In this paper we present a novel pipeline for 4D BIM-driven mapping of the as- built state of indoor construction using 2D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors mounted on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). The developed method consists of (1) BIM-driven data collection planning; (2) automatic mission navigation; (3) LiDAR data collection and (4) dynamic obstacle avoidance. Experiments show the applicability of the developed data collection strategy and the improved safety of automatic mission execution using UGV.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134265532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The automation of digital twinning for existing bridges from point clouds remains unsolved. Extensive manual effort is required to extract object point clusters from point clouds followed by fitting them with accurate 3D shapes. Previous research yielded methods that can automatically generate surface primitives combined with rule-based classification to create labelled cuboids and cylinders. While these methods work well in synthetic datasets or simplified cases, they encounter huge challenges when dealing with realworld point clouds. In addition, bridge geometries, defined with curved alignments and varying elevations, are much more complicated than idealized cases. None of the existing methods can handle these difficulties reliably. The proposed framework employs bridge engineering knowledge that mimics the intelligence of human modellers to detect and model reinforced concrete bridge objects in imperfect point clouds. It directly produces labelled 3D objects in Industry Foundation Classes format without generating low-level shape primitives. Experiments on ten bridge point clouds indicate the framework achieves an overall detection F1-score of 98.4%, an average modelling accuracy of 7.05 cm, and an average modelling time of merely 37.8 seconds. This is the first framework of its kind to achieve high and reliable performance of geometric digital twin generation of existing bridges.
{"title":"Generating bridge geometric digital twins from point clouds","authors":"Ruodan Lu, I. Brilakis","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.182","url":null,"abstract":"The automation of digital twinning for existing bridges from point clouds remains unsolved. Extensive manual effort is required to extract object point clusters from point clouds followed by fitting them with accurate 3D shapes. Previous research yielded methods that can automatically generate surface primitives combined\u0000with rule-based classification to create labelled cuboids and cylinders. While these methods work well in synthetic datasets or simplified cases, they encounter huge challenges when dealing with realworld point clouds. In addition, bridge geometries,\u0000defined with curved alignments and varying\u0000elevations, are much more complicated than idealized cases. None of the existing methods can handle these difficulties reliably. The proposed framework employs\u0000bridge engineering knowledge that mimics the\u0000intelligence of human modellers to detect and model reinforced concrete bridge objects in imperfect point clouds. It directly produces labelled 3D objects in Industry Foundation Classes format without\u0000generating low-level shape primitives. Experiments on ten bridge point clouds indicate the framework achieves an overall detection F1-score of 98.4%, an average modelling accuracy of 7.05 cm, and an\u0000average modelling time of merely 37.8 seconds. This is the first framework of its kind to achieve high and reliable performance of geometric digital twin\u0000generation of existing bridges.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121465091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
mportant task in the dynamic assessment of the mechanical systems and its role is central in structural health monitoring. All sensors have to be placed on the structure so that all sought system features be obtained from the experimental tests. Sensors network design is rather diffused in laboratory applications, but there are scarce investigations on real civil structures and they are not so well documented. In order to give a contribution in this framework, the present paper deals with the optimal sensors placement problem on lattice towers. With reference to six of the most diffused existing optimum criteria and according to mechanical and energetic formulations, several sensors network configurations are calculated for two example broadcasting antennas, adopted as benchmark cases of studies. The final topological configurations of the networks are compared and the most relevant differences are discussed. Moreover, the information content behaviour is computed to investigate the connection between sensors network topology and its ability to withstand the presence of undesired signals (e.g., noise) during the measurements. The results here illustrated may be useful for sensors network design for this special class of structures.
{"title":"Optimum topological configurations of sensor networks","authors":"R. Greco, G. Marano","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.206","url":null,"abstract":"mportant task in the dynamic assessment of the mechanical systems and its role is central in structural health monitoring. All sensors have to be placed on the structure so that all sought system features be obtained from the experimental tests. Sensors network design is rather diffused in laboratory applications, but there are scarce investigations on real civil structures and they are not so well documented. In order to give a contribution in this framework, the present paper deals with the optimal sensors placement problem on lattice towers. With reference to six of the most diffused existing optimum criteria and according to\u0000 mechanical and energetic formulations, several sensors network configurations are calculated for two example broadcasting antennas, adopted as benchmark cases of studies. The final topological configurations of the networks are compared and the most relevant differences are discussed. Moreover, the information content behaviour is computed to investigate the connection between sensors network topology and its ability to withstand the presence of undesired signals (e.g., noise) during the measurements. The results here illustrated may be useful for sensors network design for this special class of structures.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115837939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risks reduction in construction projects is feasible through Building Information Modelling (BIM) according to the respective literature; however, so far, BIM-based risk management (RM) has not been addressed in a systematic way. This paper attempts to formalize BIM-based RM by suggesting and demonstrating the performance of a three-stage methodology. The methodology is applied on two risk scenarios in a building project through four commercial software applications that perform in combination, a full risks analysis regarding time and cost levels for the building project. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methodology and risk management in construction projects using BIM are presented.
{"title":"Risk management in construction projects using building information modelling","authors":"Dimitra Papachatzi, Y. Xenidis","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.199","url":null,"abstract":"Risks reduction in construction projects is feasible through Building Information Modelling (BIM) according to the respective literature; however, so far, BIM-based risk management (RM) has not been addressed in a systematic way. This paper attempts to formalize BIM-based RM by suggesting and demonstrating the performance of a three-stage methodology. The methodology is applied on two risk scenarios in a building project through four commercial software applications that perform in combination, a full risks analysis regarding time and cost levels for the building project. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methodology and risk management in construction projects using BIM are presented.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116068582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Wyke, Kasper Meyer Andersen, Mads Hardahl, Magnus Mejlholm Harlyk, Erik Vils Risbøl, K. Svidt
Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is often used to visualise architecture, interior design and building use. This study looks into the use of VR in evaluation of emergency signage with respect to fire evacuation. In a single case study experiment using Serious Gaming (SG), test persons were immersed into VR using a head mounted display (HMD) and asked to evacuate a test building in a fire scenario. The case study experiment provided a keen understanding into people’s reaction to emergency signage and how detection of such signage during evacuation can be improved.
{"title":"Virtual reality use for evaluation and improvement of building emergency signage","authors":"S. Wyke, Kasper Meyer Andersen, Mads Hardahl, Magnus Mejlholm Harlyk, Erik Vils Risbøl, K. Svidt","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.168","url":null,"abstract":"Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is often used to visualise architecture, interior design and building use. This study looks into the use of VR in evaluation of emergency signage with respect to fire evacuation. In a single case study experiment using Serious Gaming (SG), test persons were immersed into VR using a head mounted display (HMD) and asked to evacuate a test building in a fire scenario. The case study experiment provided a keen understanding into people’s reaction to emergency signage and how detection of such signage during evacuation can be improved.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"309 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116276855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Giuda, Paolo Ettore Giana, G. Masera, E. Seghezzi, Valentina Villa
The goal of this paper is providing a methodology properly supporting facade optimization in a DfMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) perspective. DfMA has proven to facilitate offsite manufacturing, lowering costs and improving speed and quality of construction, especially combined with BIM strategies. A BIM-based methodology can help in setting parameters for the proper optimization of the facade, balancing production related needs and design requirements. The proposed method allows the exploration of alternatives (known as Design Optioneering) to optimize the choice of facade elements. This method is based on a mathematical algorithm and script including parameters related to geometry, production waste management and designer’s needs. The proposed methodology has been tested on a newly built school in Northern Italy.
{"title":"A BIM-based approach to façade cladding optimization: geometrical, economic, and production-control in a DfMA perspective","authors":"G. Giuda, Paolo Ettore Giana, G. Masera, E. Seghezzi, Valentina Villa","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.156","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is providing a methodology properly supporting facade optimization in a DfMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) perspective. DfMA has proven to facilitate offsite manufacturing, lowering costs and improving speed and quality of construction, especially combined with BIM strategies. A BIM-based methodology can help in setting parameters for the proper optimization of the facade, balancing production related needs and design requirements. The proposed method allows the exploration of alternatives (known as Design Optioneering) to optimize the choice of facade elements. This method is based on a mathematical algorithm and script including parameters related to geometry, production waste management and designer’s needs. The proposed methodology has been tested on a newly built school in Northern Italy.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127368817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Construction progress monitoring has gained increasing interest in the recent decade due to the implementation of Building Information Modeling and affordable and efficient Reality Capture technologies. The latter include Laser scanning (Bosché and Haas, 2008) as well as photogrammetric methods (Golparvar-Fard et al., 2009). Scan-vs-BIM methods allow an as-planned vs. as-built comparison to make inferences on the presence of individual construction elements. With the incorporation of 4D data, statements on the construction progress are possible (Turkan et al., 2012). However, point clouds do not always provide sufficient or adequate information for quality assessment. Thus, recent research has been focussing on image-based methods and deep learning to solve this problem. For example, several researchers effectively detect cracks in asphalt or concrete elements using images instead of 3D point clouds (NhatDuc, Nguyen and Tran, 2018). The authors propose to incorporate photogrammetry-based Scan-vs-BIM workflows with image-based processing enhancements to make detailed inferences on construction quality as well as providing continuous and semanticallyclassified image data for QA personnel.
近十年来，由于建筑信息建模和经济有效的现实捕捉技术的实施，建筑进度监测获得了越来越多的兴趣。后者包括激光扫描(bosch和哈斯，2008)以及摄影测量方法(Golparvar-Fard等人，2009)。扫描与bim方法允许进行计划与建成的比较，以推断单个建筑元素的存在。结合4D数据，可以对施工进度进行说明(Turkan et al.， 2012)。然而，点云并不总是为质量评估提供足够或充分的信息。因此，最近的研究一直集中在基于图像的方法和深度学习来解决这个问题。例如，一些研究人员使用图像而不是3D点云有效地检测沥青或混凝土元素的裂缝(NhatDuc, Nguyen和Tran, 2018)。作者建议将基于摄影测量的Scan-vs-BIM工作流与基于图像的处理增强功能结合起来，以对施工质量进行详细推断，并为QA人员提供连续和语义分类的图像数据。
{"title":"Towards automated quality assessment of construction elements","authors":"A. Braun, F. Bosché, A. Borrmann","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.222","url":null,"abstract":"Construction progress monitoring has gained increasing interest in the recent decade due to the implementation of Building Information Modeling and affordable and efficient Reality Capture technologies. The latter include Laser scanning (Bosché and Haas, 2008) as well as photogrammetric methods (Golparvar-Fard et al., 2009). Scan-vs-BIM methods allow an as-planned vs. as-built comparison to make inferences on the presence of individual construction elements. With the incorporation of 4D data, statements on the construction progress are possible (Turkan et al., 2012). However, point clouds do not always provide sufficient or adequate information for quality assessment. Thus, recent research has been focussing on image-based methods and deep learning to solve this problem. For example, several researchers effectively detect cracks in asphalt or concrete elements using images instead of 3D point clouds (NhatDuc, Nguyen and Tran, 2018). The authors propose to incorporate photogrammetry-based Scan-vs-BIM workflows with image-based processing enhancements to make detailed inferences on construction quality as well as providing continuous and semanticallyclassified image data for QA personnel.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121881836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgios M. Hadjidemetriou, Michalis Tsangaris, S. Christodoulou
Maintenance prioritization is a regular challenge that transportation departments face. They periodically have to choose among many roadway sections the ones that take precedence over others when it comes to the order of rehabilitation. They typically follow methodologies that consider only pavement condition for prioritizing roadways, without considering the number of the users. Presented herein is the way information provided by automated techniques for pavement and traffic evaluation is transformed into a numerical metric that can be utilized for maintenance prioritization purposes. The contribution of the proposed system can be summarized in: (1) the implementation of two entropy-based classification approaches (change-point detection and thresholding) for detecting “distressed pavement” areas; (2) the development of a pavement condition index that is a continuous variable; and (3) the creation of maintenance prioritization index based on both pavement condition and traffic.
{"title":"Pavement condition and traffic indices for prioritizing road maintenance","authors":"Georgios M. Hadjidemetriou, Michalis Tsangaris, S. Christodoulou","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.239","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance prioritization is a regular challenge that transportation departments face. They periodically have to choose among many roadway sections the ones that take precedence over others when it comes to the order of rehabilitation. They typically follow methodologies that consider only pavement condition for prioritizing roadways, without considering the number of the users. Presented herein is the way information provided by automated techniques for pavement and traffic evaluation is transformed into a numerical metric that can be utilized for maintenance prioritization purposes. The contribution of the proposed system can be summarized in: (1) the implementation of two entropy-based classification approaches (change-point detection and thresholding) for detecting “distressed pavement” areas; (2) the development of a pavement condition index that is a continuous variable; and (3) the creation of maintenance prioritization index based on both pavement condition and traffic.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128154262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Construction sites can be categorized as one of the most high-risk workplaces in terms of occupational safety. Previous studies indicate that highly engaging safety training tools mitigate on-site accidents. In this regard, virtual technologies are encouraged to be used in the development of the safety training tools in the construction industry since they provide visualization, multiuser interactions and task compatibility. In this study, we utilized a virtual safety training tool entitled V-SAFE.v2 which includes only scaffolding task sequence and framework installation processes. V-SAFE.v2 is a highly engaging safety training tool which enable workers to collaborate with each other and gain safety knowledge in an interactive way. In this study, the applicability and efficiency of this training tool were examined at a real construction site. The experiments were conducted with seven construction workers. The effectiveness of V-SAFE.v2 training on their safety knowledge was examined by a comparative analysis. According to the results, V-SAFE.v2 has a potential to increase awareness of the construction workers on the occupational safety issues.
{"title":"Evaluation of virtual safety training tool application with construction workers","authors":"Z. Marwa, Semra Çomu Yapıcı","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.198","url":null,"abstract":"Construction sites can be categorized as one of the most high-risk workplaces in terms of occupational safety. Previous studies indicate that highly engaging safety training tools mitigate on-site accidents. In this regard, virtual technologies are encouraged to be used in the development of the safety training tools in the construction industry since they provide visualization, multiuser interactions and task compatibility. In this study, we utilized a virtual safety training tool entitled V-SAFE.v2 which includes only scaffolding task sequence and framework installation processes. V-SAFE.v2 is a highly engaging safety training tool which enable workers to collaborate with each other and gain safety knowledge in an interactive way. In this study, the applicability and efficiency of this training tool were examined at a real construction site. The experiments were conducted with seven construction workers. The effectiveness of V-SAFE.v2 training on their safety knowledge was examined by a comparative analysis. According to the results, V-SAFE.v2 has a potential to increase awareness of the construction workers on the occupational safety issues.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133206917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual inspection is the most commonly employed way of condition inspection for road networks. The process is quite labor intensive, leading to a substantive cost of inspection per lane mile and causing long inspection cycles and substantive inspection outcomes variability. Automating the process can tackle these issues. The first step to achieve automation is to understand what the assets are, what their visible condition symptoms are, what they cause and what causes them, and how to fix both their outcomes and their causes. This is the objective of this paper. Inspired by the symptoms tracker of WebMD, we conducted exploratory research that combined several guidelines into a comprehensive definition of road assets, their defects and possible maintenance techniques from the road inspector’s point of view. We propose a different classification system of the road assets according to their defects and maintenance techniques driven by the computer visual monitoring approach. The result is a large map containing all the aforementioned elements.
{"title":"Road asset classification system","authors":"M. Gkovedarou, I. Brilakis","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.135","url":null,"abstract":"Visual inspection is the most commonly employed way of condition inspection for road networks. The process is quite labor intensive, leading to a substantive cost of inspection per lane mile and causing long inspection cycles and substantive inspection outcomes variability. Automating the process can tackle these issues. The first step to achieve automation is to understand what the assets are, what their visible condition symptoms are, what they cause and what causes them, and how to fix both their outcomes and their causes. This is the objective of this paper. Inspired by the symptoms tracker of WebMD, we conducted exploratory research that combined several guidelines into a comprehensive definition of road assets, their defects and possible maintenance techniques from the road inspector’s point of view. We propose a different classification system of the road assets according to their defects and maintenance techniques driven by the computer visual monitoring approach. The result is a large map containing all the aforementioned elements.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131910363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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