Precise reconstruction of the built environment is very useful for the management of the construction site. As far as the reconstruction of large-scale built environments is concerned, the reconstruction effect still needs to be further improved. Considering that most of the structures are piece-wise planar/linear in the built environment, this paper proposes a method for reconstructing the geometric structure of the scene that display its appearance precisely. This method focuses on reconstructing objects with plane and edge structures, such as buildings, to achieve the reproduction of their geometry. The paper introduces a new dense reconstruction algorithm, the patch based stereo matching algorithm to refine a sparse point cloud to produce a dense point cloud. This method further merges three-dimensional (3D) line into the dense point cloud to optimize the geometric line of the model. The experiment demonstrates that the improved method has a flawless reconstruction effect on the geometric primitives of buildings.
{"title":"Precise reconstruction of geometric primitives in built environments","authors":"Lingling Wang, Hanbin Luo, Ying Zhou, Cheng Zhou","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.165","url":null,"abstract":"Precise reconstruction of the built environment is very useful for the management of the construction site. As far as the reconstruction of large-scale built environments is concerned, the reconstruction effect still needs to be further improved. Considering that most of the structures are piece-wise planar/linear in the built environment, this paper proposes a method for reconstructing the geometric structure of the scene that display its appearance precisely. This method focuses on reconstructing objects with plane and edge structures, such as buildings, to achieve the reproduction of their geometry. The paper introduces a new dense reconstruction algorithm, the patch based stereo matching algorithm to refine a sparse point cloud to produce a dense point cloud. This method further merges three-dimensional (3D) line into the dense point cloud to optimize the geometric line of the model. The experiment demonstrates that the improved method has a flawless reconstruction effect on the geometric primitives of buildings.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125453498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Construction and the built environment sector has often be represented as being functionally unsustainable and inherently inefficient. External judgements are made on its poor financial stability, poor environmental performance and social failure. Internal assessments focus on poor satisfaction of client requirements, regulatory compliance and a failure to learn from recommendations and advisory material. This paper is intended to address the problem of failure to accumulate and apply knowledge systematically, leaving the sector dependant on tacit knowledge, experience and habits. There are plenty of research publication outlining compliance checking solutions based on labour-intensive programming of relatively specific problems, their accumulation into desktop tools (Solibri 1998 onwards) and one example of an integrated solution. The Singapore Governments ePlanCheck (1998-2004) system demonstrated that by bringing together regulatory domain experts, BIM schema experts and procedural coding skills, a solution was developed that accurately checked design proposals against the then current zoning, spatial and architectural building compliance regulations. The apparent success of this implementation led to optimism that other regulations regime could be addressed in the USA, Norway and UK. Successful proof-of-concepts were made for Scottish apartmentnoise performance regulations, and of delivering prioritised advice on mitigating the risk of falls for the UK Health and Safety Executive. The reality was that the solution failed to address two key success criteria: efficiency and acceptability. Requirements are specific to an individual project, and regulations are revised on a 2-5 yearly cycle. It would never be feasible to apply the three-party resources used in the Singapore project continuously to maintain, letalone extend, the scope. In the USA building code compliance is specified and administered at the level of 3000 independent counties. The acceptability of the results was also challenged in that there was no demonstrable connection between the authoritative text of the regulations and the results. Whilst other sectors, such a finance and medicine, are able to apply considerable resources to individual sub-problems, construction needs a generic approach so as to exploit the limited investment in process improvement and R&D effectively. Operable knowledge is the knowledge that can be used systematically to drive design and engineering development and to the verify compliance systematically. The knowledge gap is how to render knowledge operable.
{"title":"The Logic of knowledge","authors":"N. Nisbet","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.215","url":null,"abstract":"Construction and the built environment sector has often be represented as being functionally unsustainable and inherently inefficient. External judgements are made on its poor financial stability, poor environmental performance and social failure. Internal assessments focus on poor satisfaction of client requirements, regulatory compliance and a failure to learn from recommendations and advisory material. This paper is intended to address the problem of failure to accumulate and apply knowledge systematically, leaving the sector dependant on tacit knowledge, experience and habits. There are plenty of research publication outlining compliance checking solutions based on labour-intensive programming of relatively specific problems, their accumulation into desktop tools (Solibri 1998 onwards) and one example of an integrated solution. The Singapore Governments ePlanCheck (1998-2004) system demonstrated that by bringing together regulatory domain experts, BIM schema experts and procedural coding skills, a solution was developed that accurately checked design proposals against the then current zoning, spatial and architectural building compliance regulations. The apparent success of this implementation led to optimism that other regulations regime could be addressed in the USA, Norway and UK. Successful proof-of-concepts were made for Scottish apartmentnoise performance regulations, and of delivering prioritised advice on mitigating the risk of falls for the UK Health and Safety Executive. The reality was that the solution failed to address two key success criteria: efficiency and acceptability. Requirements are specific to an individual project, and regulations are revised on a 2-5 yearly cycle. It would never be feasible to apply the three-party resources used in the Singapore project continuously to maintain, letalone extend, the scope. In the USA building code compliance is specified and administered at the level of 3000 independent counties. The acceptability of the results was also challenged in that there was no demonstrable connection between the authoritative text of the regulations and the results. Whilst other sectors, such a finance and medicine, are able to apply considerable resources to individual sub-problems, construction needs a generic approach so as to exploit the limited investment in process improvement and R&D effectively. Operable knowledge is the knowledge that can be used systematically to drive design and engineering development and to the verify compliance systematically. The knowledge gap is how to render knowledge operable.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123853876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Wagner, Mathias Bonduel, P. Pauwels, Rüppel Uwe
Sharing building information over the Web is becoming more popular, leading to advances in describing building models in a Semantic Web context. However, those descriptions lack unified approaches for linking geometry descriptions to building elements, derived properties and derived other geometry descriptions. To bridge this gap, we analyse the basic characteristics of geometric dependencies and propose the Ontology for Managing Geometry (OMG) based on this analysis. In this paper, we present our results and show how the OMG provides means to link geometric and non-geometric data in meaningful ways. Thus, exchanging building data, including geometry, on the Web becomes more efficient.
{"title":"Relating geometry descriptions to its derivatives on the web","authors":"A. Wagner, Mathias Bonduel, P. Pauwels, Rüppel Uwe","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.146","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing building information over the Web is becoming more popular, leading to advances in describing building models in a Semantic Web context. However, those descriptions lack unified approaches for linking geometry descriptions to building elements, derived properties and derived other geometry descriptions. To bridge this gap, we analyse the basic characteristics of geometric dependencies and propose the Ontology for Managing Geometry (OMG) based on this analysis. In this paper, we present our results and show how the OMG provides means to link geometric and non-geometric data in meaningful ways. Thus, exchanging building data, including geometry, on the Web becomes more efficient.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129491839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. M. Ventura, F. Castronovo, D. Nikolic, A. Ciribini
The implementation of immersive virtual reality in the construction sector is experiencing a period of renewed interest since the research efforts of the early 2000s. VR-related applications are increasing in number and scopes, with a focus on communication and analysis of design intents. On the other hand, procedural challenges still obstacle their effective adoption for such purposes. The paper proposes a preliminary set of procedural considerations to take into account when immersive VR is used for feedback collection in design reviews. It is the result of an inductive approach associated with qualitative research methods based on seven semi-structured interviews with representative design stakeholders (i.e., twenty-four), including clients, designers, end-users and an accessibility expert. They were asked to evaluate VR adoption for the usability-focused analysis of a new school building. The framework represents a first step to address in a systematic way the practical implications related to VR-aided design reviews, especially when clients and end-users are involved.
{"title":"A framework of procedural considerations for implementing virtual reality in design review","authors":"S. M. Ventura, F. Castronovo, D. Nikolic, A. Ciribini","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.160","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of immersive virtual reality in the construction sector is experiencing a period of renewed interest since the research efforts of the early 2000s. VR-related applications are increasing in number and scopes, with a focus on communication and analysis of design intents. On the other hand, procedural challenges still obstacle their effective adoption for such purposes. The paper proposes a preliminary set of procedural considerations to take into account when immersive VR is used for feedback collection in design reviews. It is the result of an inductive approach associated with qualitative research methods based on seven semi-structured interviews with representative design stakeholders (i.e., twenty-four), including clients, designers, end-users and an accessibility expert. They were asked to evaluate VR adoption for the usability-focused analysis of a new school building. The framework represents a first step to address in a systematic way the practical implications related to VR-aided design reviews, especially when clients and end-users are involved.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127320126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Borrmann, S. Muhic, J. Hyvärinen, Tim Chipman, Š. Jaud, C. Castaing, C. Dumoulin, T. Liebich, Laura Mol
The paper reports on the buildingSMART International project IFC-Bridge that developed an extension of the vendor-neutral data exchange standard Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The paper highlights the importance of a well-defined development process and the involvement of an international expert panel. It also discusses the need to focus on low hanging fruits by considering only the most widespread bridge types and implementing the data exchange scenarios that provide the most benefit. The paper describes both the development process and the outcome -- the actual extension of the IFC standard. In this regard, emphasis is given to the general principles of extending IFC, such as minimizing the number of new entities.
{"title":"The IFC-Bridge project – Extending the IFC standard to enable high-quality exchange of bridge information models","authors":"A. Borrmann, S. Muhic, J. Hyvärinen, Tim Chipman, Š. Jaud, C. Castaing, C. Dumoulin, T. Liebich, Laura Mol","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.193","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports on the buildingSMART International project IFC-Bridge that developed an extension of the vendor-neutral data exchange standard Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The paper highlights the importance of a well-defined development process and the involvement of an international expert panel. It also discusses the need to focus on low hanging fruits by considering only the most widespread bridge types and implementing the data exchange scenarios that provide the most benefit. The paper describes both the development process and the outcome -- the actual extension of the IFC standard. In this regard, emphasis is given to the general principles of extending IFC, such as minimizing the number of new entities.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122411300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluating building performances, such as the indoor daylight, is usually based on numerical simulation and 2D image illustration. It does not take advantage of emerging Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) techniques to intuitively aid the building design. The current study probes into the topic bringing building geometry information together with simulation results into AR/MR environments. After introducing some precedent work in the literature, authors recap the typical workflow and report its application on two case studies. The first case study displays the structural simulation of a high-rise building in AR, while the second case study shows the daylight simulation of a two-story house within MR. At last, reflections are conducted and future possibilities are identified. Authors deem that, in the aim of this study, only retrofitting projects are suitable for MR. The present work can help practitioners better understand this new approach, offering the added value of using AR/MR for building design.
{"title":"Using augmented reality and mixed reality to interpret design choices of high-performance buildings","authors":"Shenghuan Zhao, Leo Zhang, Enrico deangelis","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.142","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating building performances, such as the indoor daylight, is usually based on numerical simulation and 2D image illustration. It does not take advantage of emerging Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) techniques to intuitively aid the building design. The current study probes into the topic bringing building geometry information together with simulation results into AR/MR environments. After introducing some precedent work in the literature, authors recap the typical workflow and report its application on two case studies. The first case study displays the structural simulation of a high-rise building in AR, while the second case study shows the daylight simulation of a two-story house within MR. At last, reflections are conducted and future possibilities are identified. Authors deem that, in the aim of this study, only retrofitting projects are suitable for MR. The present work can help practitioners better understand this new approach, offering the added value of using AR/MR for building design.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127729161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a new approach for modelling construction scheduling constraints using Shapes Constraint Language. Current modelling approaches focuses on modelling precedence and discrete constraints at master planning or phase planning level and lacks the ability to model complex constraints at look ahead planning level. Proposed modelling approach addresses this limitation. Precedence constraints, discrete resource capacity constraints, disjunctive constraints and logical constraints are modelled using shapes constraint language for a simple lifting problem in this paper. The modelled constraints were tested, and the constraints model was able to identify the violations effectively and produce a validation report.
{"title":"Modelling construction scheduling constraints using shapes constraint language (SHACL)","authors":"Ranjith K. Soman","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.170","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new approach for modelling construction scheduling constraints using Shapes Constraint Language. Current modelling approaches focuses on modelling precedence and discrete constraints at master planning or phase planning level and lacks the ability to model complex constraints at look ahead planning level. Proposed modelling approach addresses this limitation. Precedence constraints, discrete resource capacity constraints, disjunctive constraints and logical constraints are modelled using shapes constraint language for a simple lifting problem in this paper. The modelled constraints were tested, and the constraints model was able to identify the violations effectively and produce a validation report.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129376391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construction industry is complex, fragmented and struggles to cope with an intricate and geographically diverse Supply Chain (SC) where sophisticated flows of materials, information and capital take place in a dynamic environment. In this context, building trust among partners is a necessary requirement to deliver a successful project on time and on budget. This paper investigates the main factors that build inter-firm trust in large construction projects and explores the disruptive effect that the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain (BC) could have in this process. The findings are based on an in-depth analysis of the literature and ten one-to-one telephone and face-to-face interviews. The findings contribute to the literature by suggesting that a Blockchain-enabled IoT ecosystem has the potential to generate inter-firm trust at the front-end, during contract development, and throughout the construction phase. Moreover, the data denotes the need for further technological adoption in the construction industry as a means of smoothing the transition from relational trust to technological trust.
{"title":"From relational to technological trust: How do the Internet of Things and Blockchain technology fit in?","authors":"J. Pena, E. Papadonikolaki","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.153","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry is complex, fragmented and struggles to cope with an intricate and geographically diverse Supply Chain (SC) where sophisticated flows of materials, information and capital take place in a dynamic environment. In this context, building trust among partners is a necessary requirement to deliver a successful project on time and on budget. This paper investigates the main factors that build inter-firm trust in large construction projects and explores the disruptive effect that the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain (BC) could have in this process. The findings are based on an in-depth analysis of the literature and ten one-to-one telephone and face-to-face interviews. The findings contribute to the literature by suggesting that a Blockchain-enabled IoT ecosystem has the potential to generate inter-firm trust at the front-end, during contract development, and throughout the construction phase. Moreover, the data denotes the need for further technological adoption in the construction industry as a means of smoothing the transition from relational trust to technological trust.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116757628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charalambos Kyriakou, S. Christodoulou, L. Dimitriou
Nowadays, pavement monitoring agencies typically assess pavement quality approximately only once per year. The main reason for this low frequency of inspections is the fact that current methods are expensive and laborious. The paper presents a data-driven framework and related field studies on the use of pattern recognition techniques and smartphone sensor technologies for the detection, classification and georeferencing of roadway pavement surface anomalies. The proposed system provides continuous and reliable information about the five most common roadway pavement surface anomalies which are valuable for pavement management systems and public safety.
{"title":"Do vehicles sense pavement surface anomalies?","authors":"Charalambos Kyriakou, S. Christodoulou, L. Dimitriou","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.159","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, pavement monitoring agencies typically assess pavement quality approximately only once per year. The main reason for this low frequency of inspections is the fact that current methods are expensive and laborious. The paper presents a data-driven framework and related field studies on the use of pattern recognition techniques and smartphone sensor technologies for the detection, classification and georeferencing of roadway pavement surface anomalies. The proposed system provides continuous and reliable information about the five most common roadway pavement surface anomalies which are valuable for pavement management systems and public safety.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"106 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125986340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ratajczak, C. Marcher, Christoph Paul Schimanski, Alice Schweikopfler, M. Riedl, D. Matt
The construction industry is still lagging behind other industries in adopting new technologies for monitoring of performance and progress of construction works. In other industries like production or automotive such processes are already partly or fully automated. To improve effectiveness of construction scheduling and quality of works, this research proposes a BIM-based augmented reality application for site managers so-called AR4C. This application is combining Location-Based Management System and Building Information Modeling (BIM) to visualize in Augmented Reality key information related to progress and performance of construction works superimposed on the real world. This paper describes methodologies and technologies implemented in the AR4C application to control effectively construction works.
{"title":"BIM-based augmented reality tool for the monitoring of construction performance and progress","authors":"J. Ratajczak, C. Marcher, Christoph Paul Schimanski, Alice Schweikopfler, M. Riedl, D. Matt","doi":"10.35490/EC3.2019.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35490/EC3.2019.202","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry is still lagging behind other industries in adopting new technologies for monitoring of performance and progress of construction works. In other industries like production or automotive such processes are already partly or fully automated.\u0000 To improve effectiveness of construction scheduling and quality of works, this research proposes a BIM-based augmented reality application for site managers so-called AR4C. This application is combining Location-Based Management System and Building Information Modeling (BIM) to visualize in Augmented Reality key information related to progress and performance of construction works superimposed on the real world. This paper describes methodologies and technologies implemented in the AR4C application to control effectively construction works.","PeriodicalId":126601,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Computing in Construction","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126518810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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