Using a 5 L fermentor, a comparatively low supplement of dissolved O2 (DO) almost stopped performing lovastatin synthesis using Aspergillus terreus. With the DO controlled at 20%, lovastatin production enhanced by 38% whereas biomass production decreased by 25% and sugar utilization increased by 18%, as compared with the shake-flask culture. However, manipulating the broth pH at 5.5, 6.5 or 7.5 starting from 48 h gave no benefit to product formation although biomass production was reduced largely. A pH-DO interaction was also found here, which significantly affected the fermentation response. In the study, we concluded that the enhancement of product formation closely depended upon the controls of culturing environments; meanwhile, the fungal morphology was also influenced by the fermmentation parameters and the interactions.
{"title":"Investigation on the Production Kinetics of Lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus in a 5 L Fermentor","authors":"Long-Shan T. Lai, Teilin Wang, Tsung-Yao Cheng","doi":"10.7099/FS.200412.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200412.0097","url":null,"abstract":"Using a 5 L fermentor, a comparatively low supplement of dissolved O2 (DO) almost stopped performing lovastatin synthesis using Aspergillus terreus. With the DO controlled at 20%, lovastatin production enhanced by 38% whereas biomass production decreased by 25% and sugar utilization increased by 18%, as compared with the shake-flask culture. However, manipulating the broth pH at 5.5, 6.5 or 7.5 starting from 48 h gave no benefit to product formation although biomass production was reduced largely. A pH-DO interaction was also found here, which significantly affected the fermentation response. In the study, we concluded that the enhancement of product formation closely depended upon the controls of culturing environments; meanwhile, the fungal morphology was also influenced by the fermmentation parameters and the interactions.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77913665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distribution and diversity of basidiomycetous macrofungi at the long-term ecological research site in Gudaushi forest in central Taiwan were studied. The ecological characterization of the research site is described. Eight 100 m2 experimental plots were set up and sampled for ecological study. The dominant vegetation was composed of members of the Melastomataceae, Lauraceae, Gleicheniaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae and Juglandaceae. The major macrofungal genera were Mycena, Marasmius, Xylobolus, Trametes, Russula, Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita, and Stereum. Most of these macrofungi fruited in July. A less number of macrofungi were observed in March. Mycena and Marasmius were the most common macrofungi fruiting both in the summer and winter. Basidiocarps of Russula, Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita, Armillaria, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Microporus, and Rhodophyllus species were present only in the summer period. Xylobolus, Trametes, Stereum, and Peniophora fungi were found in the winter. The distribution of macrofungi in the experimental plots varied. The occurrence and diversity of the macrofungi were associated with the type of predominant vegetation. The plants occurring in the richest plots were Blastus cochinchinesis, Cinnamomum randaiense, Helicia rengetiensis, Syzygium buxifolium, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Smilax china, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Nephrolepis auriculata, and Plagiogyria dunnii. Illicium arborescens and Diplopterygium chinensis occurred in the plots with the fewest observed macrofungi. This study indicated that the distribution of macrofungi was related with the plant community and the environmental conditions of the forest ecosystem.
{"title":"Distribution of Macrofungi in the Quantaushi Forest, a Long-Term Ecological Research Site in Taiwan","authors":"J. Tschen, I. Ho, Hsi-Shih Hsu, E. Tschen","doi":"10.7099/FS.200406.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200406.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution and diversity of basidiomycetous macrofungi at the long-term ecological research site in Gudaushi forest in central Taiwan were studied. The ecological characterization of the research site is described. Eight 100 m2 experimental plots were set up and sampled for ecological study. The dominant vegetation was composed of members of the Melastomataceae, Lauraceae, Gleicheniaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae and Juglandaceae. The major macrofungal genera were Mycena, Marasmius, Xylobolus, Trametes, Russula, Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita, and Stereum. Most of these macrofungi fruited in July. A less number of macrofungi were observed in March. Mycena and Marasmius were the most common macrofungi fruiting both in the summer and winter. Basidiocarps of Russula, Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita, Armillaria, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Microporus, and Rhodophyllus species were present only in the summer period. Xylobolus, Trametes, Stereum, and Peniophora fungi were found in the winter. The distribution of macrofungi in the experimental plots varied. The occurrence and diversity of the macrofungi were associated with the type of predominant vegetation. The plants occurring in the richest plots were Blastus cochinchinesis, Cinnamomum randaiense, Helicia rengetiensis, Syzygium buxifolium, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Smilax china, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Nephrolepis auriculata, and Plagiogyria dunnii. Illicium arborescens and Diplopterygium chinensis occurred in the plots with the fewest observed macrofungi. This study indicated that the distribution of macrofungi was related with the plant community and the environmental conditions of the forest ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75272071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mycelia of Antrodia camphorata (Chang & Chou) Wu, Ryvarden & Chang were grown in a 50-ton fermentor for 18 days. The antioxidant properties and antioxidant components of methanolic extracts from mycelia at different days of incubation were studied. In the antioxidant activity by the conjugated diene method, EC50 value of mycelia at day 18 (1.46 mg/mL) was the best, followed by values of mycelia at days 10, 13 and 16. Reducing powers were good (＞ 0.64) at concentrations of methanolic extracts higher than 2.5 mg/mL and EC50 values were considerately low (0.40–0.53 mg/mL) for mycelia at days 7 to 16. At 0.5 mg/mL, the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals was excellent (93.2.93.9%) and EC50 values were extremely low (0.27 mg/mL) for mycelia at days 7 to 16. The chelating effects on ferrous ions were good (58.9.92.3%) at 2.5 to 10 mg/mL. Contents of naturally occurring antioxidant components were found in the order of total phenols ＞ tocopherols ＞ ascorbic acid ＞ β-carotene. Methanolic extracts from A. camphorata red mycelia in submerged culture were good in the antioxidant properties tested, except for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl ions. More specifically, the antioxidant properties were good for mycelia at days 10 to 16.
{"title":"Time course for antioxidants production by Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture","authors":"J. Mau, P. Huang, Shih-Jeng Huang, Chin-Chu Chen","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0059","url":null,"abstract":"The mycelia of Antrodia camphorata (Chang & Chou) Wu, Ryvarden & Chang were grown in a 50-ton fermentor for 18 days. The antioxidant properties and antioxidant components of methanolic extracts from mycelia at different days of incubation were studied. In the antioxidant activity by the conjugated diene method, EC50 value of mycelia at day 18 (1.46 mg/mL) was the best, followed by values of mycelia at days 10, 13 and 16. Reducing powers were good (＞ 0.64) at concentrations of methanolic extracts higher than 2.5 mg/mL and EC50 values were considerately low (0.40–0.53 mg/mL) for mycelia at days 7 to 16. At 0.5 mg/mL, the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals was excellent (93.2.93.9%) and EC50 values were extremely low (0.27 mg/mL) for mycelia at days 7 to 16. The chelating effects on ferrous ions were good (58.9.92.3%) at 2.5 to 10 mg/mL. Contents of naturally occurring antioxidant components were found in the order of total phenols ＞ tocopherols ＞ ascorbic acid ＞ β-carotene. Methanolic extracts from A. camphorata red mycelia in submerged culture were good in the antioxidant properties tested, except for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl ions. More specifically, the antioxidant properties were good for mycelia at days 10 to 16.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82775354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Five coprophilous Pyrenomycetes, Arnium macrotheca, Podospora araneosa, P. immersa, P. pleiospora, and Sordaria lappae are described and illustrated in this paper. They are reported for the first time in Taiwan.
{"title":"New records of Coprophilous Pyrenomycetes from Taiwan (III)","authors":"Jong-How Chang, Yei-Zeng Wang","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0145","url":null,"abstract":"Five coprophilous Pyrenomycetes, Arnium macrotheca, Podospora araneosa, P. immersa, P. pleiospora, and Sordaria lappae are described and illustrated in this paper. They are reported for the first time in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81610771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A stipitate polypore, Polyporus pekingensis J.D. Zhao & L.W. Xu, was originally described from northern China. However, unlike species of the genus Polyporus, it has a distinctly monomitic hyphal structure, and its basidiospores are fusiform. These characters show that the species is more closely related to Jahnoporus Nuss, and the new combination, Jahnoporus pekingensis (J.D. Zhao & L.W. Xu) Y.C. Dai, is proposed. A detailed description and illustrations are supplied from its type material.
{"title":"Jahnoporus pekingensis (Basidiomycota), a new combination","authors":"Y. Dai","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0055","url":null,"abstract":"A stipitate polypore, Polyporus pekingensis J.D. Zhao & L.W. Xu, was originally described from northern China. However, unlike species of the genus Polyporus, it has a distinctly monomitic hyphal structure, and its basidiospores are fusiform. These characters show that the species is more closely related to Jahnoporus Nuss, and the new combination, Jahnoporus pekingensis (J.D. Zhao & L.W. Xu) Y.C. Dai, is proposed. A detailed description and illustrations are supplied from its type material.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82909924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One hundred and forty-six strains of Aspergillus sp. were isolated and identified from 27 commercial koji which were used in producing fermented foods in Taiwan. None was found to produce aflatoxin. The genomic DNA of 17 randomly selected Aspergilli were extracted and amplified by PCR using a pair of primers, which annealed part of the coding region of aflR gene, to investigate whether the non-production of aflatoxin is caused by the absence of an aflR gene. The results indicate that all the examined nonaflatoxigenic isolates contained the regulatory gene aflR. Gene analysis revealed that the two distinct patterns of fingerprints, T-GA- A-*-C and C-C-C-C-C-T at position –90, –89, –72, –61, –43, and 102, described by Chang et al. (1995), could not differentiate all the examined strains that were classified in the Aspergillus Section Flavi.
从台湾27种用于发酵食品生产的商品曲中分离鉴定出146株曲霉。没有发现会产生黄曲霉毒素。随机选取17株曲霉提取基因组DNA，利用一对引物对aflR基因的部分编码区进行退火，通过PCR扩增，探讨不产生黄曲霉毒素是否是由于缺少aflR基因引起的。结果表明，所有非黄曲霉毒素分离株均含有调控基因aflR。基因分析表明Chang et al.(1995)描述的- 90、- 89、- 72、- 61、- 43和102位点的T-GA- A-*- c和c - c - c - t两种不同的指纹图谱不能区分所有被分类在黄曲霉节中的菌株。
{"title":"Isolation, identification and aflR gene analysis of industrial Aspergillus fungi","authors":"D. Wei","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0133","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred and forty-six strains of Aspergillus sp. were isolated and identified from 27 commercial koji which were used in producing fermented foods in Taiwan. None was found to produce aflatoxin. The genomic DNA of 17 randomly selected Aspergilli were extracted and amplified by PCR using a pair of primers, which annealed part of the coding region of aflR gene, to investigate whether the non-production of aflatoxin is caused by the absence of an aflR gene. The results indicate that all the examined nonaflatoxigenic isolates contained the regulatory gene aflR. Gene analysis revealed that the two distinct patterns of fingerprints, T-GA- A-*-C and C-C-C-C-C-T at position –90, –89, –72, –61, –43, and 102, described by Chang et al. (1995), could not differentiate all the examined strains that were classified in the Aspergillus Section Flavi.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73784132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The total taxa of myxomycetes known from China included 412 species varietas and subspecies, which belonged to 6 orders, 11 families, and 38 genera and occupied about 2/3 of those of the world, so China was one of the countries rich in myxomycetes. The genera that had more than 10 species were Physarum (97 species), Arcyria (37 species), Stemonitis (34 species), Didymium (32 species), Cribraria (29 species), Diderma (23 species), Trichia (21 species), Comatricha (21 species), Licea (15 species), Hemitrichia (14 species), Badhamia (12 species), and Perichaena (11 species). Moreover, there were 4 genera with 5-9 species, 10 with 2-4 species, and 12 with only a single species. The provinces with more than 50 species were Taiwan (236 species), Jilin (199 species), Fujian (106 species), Heilongjiang (91 species), Inner Mongolia (88 species), Hebei (88 species), Guangxi (73 species), Shaanxi (73 species), Hainan (56 species), Hubei (52 species). The richness of the Northeast and North of China were great; comparatively, the Southwest and Northwest still needed more investigation. The distribution patterns of the taxa were mainly cosmopolitan and northtemperate species; and the characters of distribution were more obvious.
{"title":"Floristics and ecology of Myxomycetes in China 2. Mycofloristic Ties","authors":"B. Tolgor, Le Yang, Yu Li","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0109","url":null,"abstract":"The total taxa of myxomycetes known from China included 412 species varietas and subspecies, which belonged to 6 orders, 11 families, and 38 genera and occupied about 2/3 of those of the world, so China was one of the countries rich in myxomycetes. The genera that had more than 10 species were Physarum (97 species), Arcyria (37 species), Stemonitis (34 species), Didymium (32 species), Cribraria (29 species), Diderma (23 species), Trichia (21 species), Comatricha (21 species), Licea (15 species), Hemitrichia (14 species), Badhamia (12 species), and Perichaena (11 species). Moreover, there were 4 genera with 5-9 species, 10 with 2-4 species, and 12 with only a single species. The provinces with more than 50 species were Taiwan (236 species), Jilin (199 species), Fujian (106 species), Heilongjiang (91 species), Inner Mongolia (88 species), Hebei (88 species), Guangxi (73 species), Shaanxi (73 species), Hainan (56 species), Hubei (52 species). The richness of the Northeast and North of China were great; comparatively, the Southwest and Northwest still needed more investigation. The distribution patterns of the taxa were mainly cosmopolitan and northtemperate species; and the characters of distribution were more obvious.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78353372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four hundred and twelve species of Myxomycetes were reported. The list basically reflects the present knowledge of the species diversity and geographical distribution of Myxomycetes in China. In China, the species diversity of Myxomycetes in the north temperate regions is well known, but that in the tropical and subtropical regions is still inadequately known and will become a key research point in the future.
{"title":"Floristics and ecology of Myxomycetes in China 1. A tentative list of known species","authors":"B. Tolgor, Le Yang, Yu Li","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0085","url":null,"abstract":"Four hundred and twelve species of Myxomycetes were reported. The list basically reflects the present knowledge of the species diversity and geographical distribution of Myxomycetes in China. In China, the species diversity of Myxomycetes in the north temperate regions is well known, but that in the tropical and subtropical regions is still inadequately known and will become a key research point in the future.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76481472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nine loculoascomycetes are newly recorded in Taiwan. They are Glonium abbreviatum, Kalmusia clivensis, Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops, Leptosphaeria purpurea, L. solani, Lojkania melasperma, Lophiostoma caulium, Trematosphaeria pertusa, and Tubeufia pezizula.
{"title":"New records of loculoascomycetes in Taiwan","authors":"Chi-Yu Chen, W. Hsieh","doi":"10.7099/FS.200312.0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200312.0119","url":null,"abstract":"Nine loculoascomycetes are newly recorded in Taiwan. They are Glonium abbreviatum, Kalmusia clivensis, Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops, Leptosphaeria purpurea, L. solani, Lojkania melasperma, Lophiostoma caulium, Trematosphaeria pertusa, and Tubeufia pezizula.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91169009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi-Zhen Yang, Chixiang Sun, Sheng-Wei Juna, Poa-Hsiu Chen, Mai-Hua Chan, L. Lee, C. Su
Five fractions by means of stepwise extraction were obtained from fruiting body of Ganoderma. The methods and the uses of these fractions were described for health food production and skin substitution of wound healing. The five fractions were: ethanol extraction rich in triterpenoid, water-soluble polysaccharide, alkaline soluble polysaccharide, SACCHACHITIN, and SACCHACHITOSAN.
{"title":"Utilization of Fruiting Bodies from Genus Ganoderma","authors":"Yi-Zhen Yang, Chixiang Sun, Sheng-Wei Juna, Poa-Hsiu Chen, Mai-Hua Chan, L. Lee, C. Su","doi":"10.7099/FS.200106.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7099/FS.200106.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Five fractions by means of stepwise extraction were obtained from fruiting body of Ganoderma. The methods and the uses of these fractions were described for health food production and skin substitution of wound healing. The five fractions were: ethanol extraction rich in triterpenoid, water-soluble polysaccharide, alkaline soluble polysaccharide, SACCHACHITIN, and SACCHACHITOSAN.","PeriodicalId":12667,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79262865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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