Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772
Chris M. Smith, A. Papachristos
ABSTRACT The rise of organised crime changed Chicago violence structurally by creating networks of rivalries and conflicts wherein violence ricocheted. This study examines the organised crime violence network during Prohibition by analysing ‘violence brokers’ – individuals who committed multiple violence acts that linked separate violent events into a connected violence network. We analyse the two-mode violence network from the Capone Database, a relational database on early 1900s Chicago organised crime. Across 276 violent incidents attributed to organised crime were 334 suspected perpetrators of violence. We find that 20% of suspects were violence brokers, and nine brokers were violence super-spreaders linking the majority of suspects. We also find that violence brokers were in the thick of violence not just as suspects, but also as victims – violence brokers in this network experienced more victimisation than non-brokers. Unknowingly or knowingly, these violence brokers wove together a network, attack-by-attack, that transformed violence in Chicago.
{"title":"Violence brokers and super-spreaders: how organised crime transformed the structure of Chicago violence during Prohibition","authors":"Chris M. Smith, A. Papachristos","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The rise of organised crime changed Chicago violence structurally by creating networks of rivalries and conflicts wherein violence ricocheted. This study examines the organised crime violence network during Prohibition by analysing ‘violence brokers’ – individuals who committed multiple violence acts that linked separate violent events into a connected violence network. We analyse the two-mode violence network from the Capone Database, a relational database on early 1900s Chicago organised crime. Across 276 violent incidents attributed to organised crime were 334 suspected perpetrators of violence. We find that 20% of suspects were violence brokers, and nine brokers were violence super-spreaders linking the majority of suspects. We also find that violence brokers were in the thick of violence not just as suspects, but also as victims – violence brokers in this network experienced more victimisation than non-brokers. Unknowingly or knowingly, these violence brokers wove together a network, attack-by-attack, that transformed violence in Chicago.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"23 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47779029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-06DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742
T. Brezina, MariTere Molinet
ABSTRACT The unique scholarship of Carlo Morselli fuelled interest in criminal networks, entrepreneurship, and achievement. In this paper, we summarise Morselli’s contributions to the scholarship on criminal achievement, with special attention to the subjective aspects of such achievement. We show how Morselli’s work ignited interest in the novel concept of criminal self-efficacy and we offer a number of suggestions for continuing and extending this important line of work. In particular, we (1) discuss reasons why the subjective aspects of criminal achievement have been largely neglected by others, but why they are important to explore; (2) review the possible sources of criminal self-efficacy; (3) discuss gender differences in this area; and (4) highlight the overall balance between criminal and conventional self-efficacy as an important consideration. Further research in this area may help us better understand the attraction to crime, the limited effectiveness of punishment, and reasons for the persistence of criminal careers.
{"title":"Criminal achievement, criminal self-efficacy, and the criminology of Carlo Morselli: suggestions for continuing and extending a fruitful line of inquiry","authors":"T. Brezina, MariTere Molinet","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The unique scholarship of Carlo Morselli fuelled interest in criminal networks, entrepreneurship, and achievement. In this paper, we summarise Morselli’s contributions to the scholarship on criminal achievement, with special attention to the subjective aspects of such achievement. We show how Morselli’s work ignited interest in the novel concept of criminal self-efficacy and we offer a number of suggestions for continuing and extending this important line of work. In particular, we (1) discuss reasons why the subjective aspects of criminal achievement have been largely neglected by others, but why they are important to explore; (2) review the possible sources of criminal self-efficacy; (3) discuss gender differences in this area; and (4) highlight the overall balance between criminal and conventional self-efficacy as an important consideration. Further research in this area may help us better understand the attraction to crime, the limited effectiveness of punishment, and reasons for the persistence of criminal careers.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"81 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43817095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805
J. Herrera
ABSTRACT This article asks whether some forms of collective action against criminal rule can mitigate or reduce violence. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, this study examines the aftermath of an armed mobilisation against criminal governance that occurred between 2013 and 2014. It argues that the emergence of vigilante groups known as autodefensas was part of a regional cycle of violence where the rise to power of armed actors in Michoacán has repeatedly generated the conditions for their violent displacement by new actors. The autodefensas therefore failed to bring lasting public security as the cooptation and institutionalisation of the movement empowered new criminal groups in the region. Using municipal-level homicide data from 2015 to 2020, this study finds that municipalities where vigilante groups formed have experienced increasing levels of violence.
{"title":"The limits of resistance to criminal governance: cyclical violence and the aftermath of the autodefensa movement in Michoacán, Mexico","authors":"J. Herrera","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article asks whether some forms of collective action against criminal rule can mitigate or reduce violence. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, this study examines the aftermath of an armed mobilisation against criminal governance that occurred between 2013 and 2014. It argues that the emergence of vigilante groups known as autodefensas was part of a regional cycle of violence where the rise to power of armed actors in Michoacán has repeatedly generated the conditions for their violent displacement by new actors. The autodefensas therefore failed to bring lasting public security as the cooptation and institutionalisation of the movement empowered new criminal groups in the region. Using municipal-level homicide data from 2015 to 2020, this study finds that municipalities where vigilante groups formed have experienced increasing levels of violence.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"336 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45941671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804
Reynell Badillo, Víctor M. Mijares
ABSTRACT Why do criminal groups decide to adopt political discourses? We argue that an armed group’s discursive politicisation (the public declaration of political motivations) is more likely when the state declares the organisation to be an existential threat, militarises the fight against it (securitisation), and when the leaders of the armed group have had political training. This discourse aims to reduce the state’s military actions against them and gain civilian support. This argument is demonstrated through a qualitative comparative analysis of six Latin American cases: Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia and Los Rastrojos (Colombia), Militarizado Partido Comunista del Perú (Peru), Primeiro Comando da Capital (Brazil), Tren de Aragua (Venezuela), and Cartel de Sinaloa (Mexico). Three of them adopted a political discourse, and the others did not. We provide an analytical framework for criminal actors who do not necessarily fit into insurgent, paramilitary or simple criminal group typology.
犯罪集团为何决定采用政治话语?我们认为，当国家宣布该组织是一个存在的威胁，军事化打击它(证券化)，以及武装组织的领导人接受过政治训练时，武装组织的话语政治化(公开宣布政治动机)更有可能发生。这种说法旨在减少国家对他们的军事行动，并获得民间的支持。这一论点是通过对六个拉丁美洲案例的定性比较分析来证明的:哥伦比亚和拉斯特罗霍斯autodefenas Gaitanistas和Los Rastrojos(哥伦比亚)、Perú共产党军国主义党(秘鲁)、Primeiro Comando da Capital(巴西)、特伦·德·阿拉瓜(委内瑞拉)和锡那罗亚卡特尔(墨西哥)。其中三个采用了政治话语，其他的没有。我们为不一定符合叛乱，准军事或简单犯罪集团类型的犯罪行为者提供了一个分析框架。
{"title":"Politicised crime: causes for the discursive politicisation of organised crime in Latin America","authors":"Reynell Badillo, Víctor M. Mijares","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why do criminal groups decide to adopt political discourses? We argue that an armed group’s discursive politicisation (the public declaration of political motivations) is more likely when the state declares the organisation to be an existential threat, militarises the fight against it (securitisation), and when the leaders of the armed group have had political training. This discourse aims to reduce the state’s military actions against them and gain civilian support. This argument is demonstrated through a qualitative comparative analysis of six Latin American cases: Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia and Los Rastrojos (Colombia), Militarizado Partido Comunista del Perú (Peru), Primeiro Comando da Capital (Brazil), Tren de Aragua (Venezuela), and Cartel de Sinaloa (Mexico). Three of them adopted a political discourse, and the others did not. We provide an analytical framework for criminal actors who do not necessarily fit into insurgent, paramilitary or simple criminal group typology.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"312 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741
Nicolas Florquin
ABSTRACT This article reviews research undertaken over the past two decades to support international policy on small arms and light weapons (SALW) – which include firearms – and discusses its relevance to academic debates and policy on gun violence. It examines whether SALW research generated a greater understanding of the most problematic uses and users of firearms, and of the role of different weapons as instruments of violence. SALW research helped shift international policy from armed conflicts to gun violence occurring in a range of developing and post-conflict settings, and in Europe following the 2015–16 terror attacks. This work underscored the proximate weapons sources that armed groups often utilise, and the importance of flows of certain weapons – such as converted firearms – and ammunition in fuelling violence. Undertaking impact evaluations of novel interventions, monitoring the impact of new technologies, and investigating the relationship between ammunition supply and violence are suggested ways forward.
{"title":"Gun violence: insights from international research","authors":"Nicolas Florquin","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article reviews research undertaken over the past two decades to support international policy on small arms and light weapons (SALW) – which include firearms – and discusses its relevance to academic debates and policy on gun violence. It examines whether SALW research generated a greater understanding of the most problematic uses and users of firearms, and of the role of different weapons as instruments of violence. SALW research helped shift international policy from armed conflicts to gun violence occurring in a range of developing and post-conflict settings, and in Europe following the 2015–16 terror attacks. This work underscored the proximate weapons sources that armed groups often utilise, and the importance of flows of certain weapons – such as converted firearms – and ammunition in fuelling violence. Undertaking impact evaluations of novel interventions, monitoring the impact of new technologies, and investigating the relationship between ammunition supply and violence are suggested ways forward.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"288 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46395420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552
Arantza Alonso Berbotto, S. Chainey
ABSTRACT The theft of refined oil products provides criminal groups with significant financial resources that threaten the environment and socio-economic stability of countries where it occurs. Violence is also associated with this criminal activity. Using crime script analysis, a detailed interpretation of the theft of oil via the illegal tapping of pipelines in Mexico was constructed. The analysis revealed the roles performed by members of criminal groups, the recruitment of individuals outside of the criminal group to provide information about the pipelines and perform technical activities, and the supporting role of citizens and businesses from local communities. The analysis also revealed the decision-making necessary for the successful commission of oil theft via the illegal tapping of pipelines. The use of situational crime prevention measures and improvements in the use of deterrence are identified as offering opportunities for preventing this criminal activity.
{"title":"Theft of oil from pipelines: an examination of its crime commission in Mexico using crime script analysis","authors":"Arantza Alonso Berbotto, S. Chainey","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The theft of refined oil products provides criminal groups with significant financial resources that threaten the environment and socio-economic stability of countries where it occurs. Violence is also associated with this criminal activity. Using crime script analysis, a detailed interpretation of the theft of oil via the illegal tapping of pipelines in Mexico was constructed. The analysis revealed the roles performed by members of criminal groups, the recruitment of individuals outside of the criminal group to provide information about the pipelines and perform technical activities, and the supporting role of citizens and businesses from local communities. The analysis also revealed the decision-making necessary for the successful commission of oil theft via the illegal tapping of pipelines. The use of situational crime prevention measures and improvements in the use of deterrence are identified as offering opportunities for preventing this criminal activity.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"265 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41484008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931
James Tuttle, P. Mccall, K. Land
ABSTRACT During the 1990s, the United States and other wealthy democracies experienced a decline in homicide rates. However, not all nations shared this trend. Despite disparate homicide patterns, researchers usually examine the average effect of correlates on homicide, potentially obscuring the impact of heterogeneity within large samples. The current study addresses this implicit homogeneity assumption by identifying three distinct latent trajectory groups of homicide trends among 77 nations from 1989 to 2010. To examine differences in the correlates of homicide trends, we analyse the impact of demographic and economic influences on homicide rates in separate fixed-effects panel regression analyses for each trajectory group as well as for the overall sample. We find that demographic and economic forces impact homicide rates differently across subsets of nations. Our findings suggest that universal explanations of 1990s cross-national homicide trends are misleading, as the same set of factors influence homicide rates differently across national contexts.
{"title":"The crime decline in cross-national context: a panel analysis of homicide rates within latent trajectory groups","authors":"James Tuttle, P. Mccall, K. Land","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the 1990s, the United States and other wealthy democracies experienced a decline in homicide rates. However, not all nations shared this trend. Despite disparate homicide patterns, researchers usually examine the average effect of correlates on homicide, potentially obscuring the impact of heterogeneity within large samples. The current study addresses this implicit homogeneity assumption by identifying three distinct latent trajectory groups of homicide trends among 77 nations from 1989 to 2010. To examine differences in the correlates of homicide trends, we analyse the impact of demographic and economic influences on homicide rates in separate fixed-effects panel regression analyses for each trajectory group as well as for the overall sample. We find that demographic and economic forces impact homicide rates differently across subsets of nations. Our findings suggest that universal explanations of 1990s cross-national homicide trends are misleading, as the same set of factors influence homicide rates differently across national contexts.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"240 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46261064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142
A. Acharya, Jennifer Bryson Clark
ABSTRACT During the last decade, over 160,000 people were forcibly displaced internally because of narco-violence in Mexico. Displaced families suffer social and economic vulnerabilities that make them easy prey for trafficking and exploitation. This paper analyses the association between forced displacement caused by narco-violence and trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in Mexico. We gathered data from 16 victims of forced displacement and trafficking in Monterrey, Mexico. The findings show that traffickers use different tricks and promises to trap displaced young girls and women, including orphans, children, and widows, and force them into sexual exploitation.
{"title":"Narco-violence, forced displacement, and sex trafficking: a qualitative study in Mexico","authors":"A. Acharya, Jennifer Bryson Clark","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the last decade, over 160,000 people were forcibly displaced internally because of narco-violence in Mexico. Displaced families suffer social and economic vulnerabilities that make them easy prey for trafficking and exploitation. This paper analyses the association between forced displacement caused by narco-violence and trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in Mexico. We gathered data from 16 victims of forced displacement and trafficking in Monterrey, Mexico. The findings show that traffickers use different tricks and promises to trap displaced young girls and women, including orphans, children, and widows, and force them into sexual exploitation.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"205 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41380175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480
Carlos Vilalta, Pablo López-Ramírez, Gustavo Fondevila
ABSTRACT Homicidal violence has increased substantially in Mexico City in recent years. In this regard, we ask three questions: First, is there a contagious spread of this violence across neighbourhoods? Second, does it spread in association with drug market activity among local criminal organisations? Third, does it spread to neighbourhoods characterised by concentrated disadvantage, disorder, and crime opportunity? Using homicide data aggregated at the neighbourhood level, we found the contagious spread of homicidal violence in neighbourhoods already troubled with drug dealing crimes and concentrated disadvantage. Based on our findings, we propose that while some theories are able to explain the spatial clustering of homicide, only social disorganisation theory is capable of predicting its spatial diffusion. Furthermore, we argue that advances in criminological theory require the testing of ad-hoc correlates when studying the Latin American context.
{"title":"The spatial diffusion of homicide in Mexico City: a test of theories in context","authors":"Carlos Vilalta, Pablo López-Ramírez, Gustavo Fondevila","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Homicidal violence has increased substantially in Mexico City in recent years. In this regard, we ask three questions: First, is there a contagious spread of this violence across neighbourhoods? Second, does it spread in association with drug market activity among local criminal organisations? Third, does it spread to neighbourhoods characterised by concentrated disadvantage, disorder, and crime opportunity? Using homicide data aggregated at the neighbourhood level, we found the contagious spread of homicidal violence in neighbourhoods already troubled with drug dealing crimes and concentrated disadvantage. Based on our findings, we propose that while some theories are able to explain the spatial clustering of homicide, only social disorganisation theory is capable of predicting its spatial diffusion. Furthermore, we argue that advances in criminological theory require the testing of ad-hoc correlates when studying the Latin American context.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"222 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46324679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212
Carlos Ponce
ABSTRACT This paper identifies offender choice patterns associated with extortion subtypes in El Salvador, Central America. Previous research attributes the rise of extortion in the country to the evolution and propagation of Los Angeles-born street gangs Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18. Data from a unique business victimisation survey is used to analyse 53 decisions in 869 reported cases. The study borrows a multidimensional scaling method used in criminal profiling research to identify offender choice patterns. Cases are classified into extortion subtypes based on identified choice groupings. Key offender choices and location features are compared across extortion subtypes. Offender choice patterns identified in the study are consistent with systemic and opportunistic extortion described in previous literature. About a third of the cases are designated as hybrid extortions due to the blend of choice structuring properties they exhibit, which combines aspects of both systemic and opportunistic extortion.
{"title":"Street corner decisions: an empirical investigation of extortionist choices in El Salvador","authors":"Carlos Ponce","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper identifies offender choice patterns associated with extortion subtypes in El Salvador, Central America. Previous research attributes the rise of extortion in the country to the evolution and propagation of Los Angeles-born street gangs Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18. Data from a unique business victimisation survey is used to analyse 53 decisions in 869 reported cases. The study borrows a multidimensional scaling method used in criminal profiling research to identify offender choice patterns. Cases are classified into extortion subtypes based on identified choice groupings. Key offender choices and location features are compared across extortion subtypes. Offender choice patterns identified in the study are consistent with systemic and opportunistic extortion described in previous literature. About a third of the cases are designated as hybrid extortions due to the blend of choice structuring properties they exhibit, which combines aspects of both systemic and opportunistic extortion.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"143 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47542673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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