Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670
Anna Gekoski, J. Adler, Tim Mcsweeney
ABSTRACT Fraud accounts for a growing proportion of UK crime, causing economic losses, societal and personal harms. While there is a growing body of literature on the scale and prevalence of fraud, little research has been undertaken about those who carry out the crime – the offenders – since seminal studies undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. This study reports on findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment commissioned by the Home Office, to explore this gap, seeking to provide an up-to-date socio-demographic profile of fraudsters. It was found that much of the international research considered supports the historical picture of the traditional fraudster as an older, White, employed, well-educated male of a middle-high socio-demographic status, who appear to be late onset offenders. However, there may be different types/groups of fraudsters emerging that might not fit the traditional profile.
{"title":"Profiling the Fraudster: Findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment","authors":"Anna Gekoski, J. Adler, Tim Mcsweeney","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fraud accounts for a growing proportion of UK crime, causing economic losses, societal and personal harms. While there is a growing body of literature on the scale and prevalence of fraud, little research has been undertaken about those who carry out the crime – the offenders – since seminal studies undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. This study reports on findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment commissioned by the Home Office, to explore this gap, seeking to provide an up-to-date socio-demographic profile of fraudsters. It was found that much of the international research considered supports the historical picture of the traditional fraudster as an older, White, employed, well-educated male of a middle-high socio-demographic status, who appear to be late onset offenders. However, there may be different types/groups of fraudsters emerging that might not fit the traditional profile.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"422 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44124828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697
S. R. Runhovde
ABSTRACT The illicit transnational trades in cultural goods and wildlife, while distinct, share many characteristics. This article identifies and compares the intricacies of controlling trafficking in cultural objects and wildlife from a customs perspective. Findings indicate that in Norwegian customs, the countering of wildlife trafficking benefits from at least two conditions: 1) officers have become more aware of the characteristics and harmful consequences of the trade, and 2) efficient interactions with other stakeholders ensure tangible outcomes in the form of seizures and punishment of offenders. While challenges remain, these factors serve to motivate officers and, in the last decade, have strengthened the control of wildlife trafficking. The countering of illicit trade in cultural objects, however, does not benefit from such circumstances. Findings suggest that the officers’ awareness of, and attitude towards, trafficking of such materials are key factors to consider for evolving the response.
{"title":"Changing attitudes: lessons for countering the trafficking of cultural objects","authors":"S. R. Runhovde","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The illicit transnational trades in cultural goods and wildlife, while distinct, share many characteristics. This article identifies and compares the intricacies of controlling trafficking in cultural objects and wildlife from a customs perspective. Findings indicate that in Norwegian customs, the countering of wildlife trafficking benefits from at least two conditions: 1) officers have become more aware of the characteristics and harmful consequences of the trade, and 2) efficient interactions with other stakeholders ensure tangible outcomes in the form of seizures and punishment of offenders. While challenges remain, these factors serve to motivate officers and, in the last decade, have strengthened the control of wildlife trafficking. The countering of illicit trade in cultural objects, however, does not benefit from such circumstances. Findings suggest that the officers’ awareness of, and attitude towards, trafficking of such materials are key factors to consider for evolving the response.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"407 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49354428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696
R. Guy, Piotr A. Chomczyński, R. Cortés
ABSTRACT Organised Crime in Mexico has undergone considerable change since 2006 when violent competition between drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) intensified. This article explores changes in drug trafficking activities from the perspective of independent dealers in Mexico City. Based on in-depth interviews (N = 64) we conclude that freelance dealers are increasingly pressured to become affiliated with DTOs despite being reluctant to do so. Our data suggest that cartels are more successful in attracting independent dealers with few economic alternatives, than those who are able to support themselves with a combination of licit and illicit activities. Therefore, to the degree that illicit drug sales are essential for economic sustenance, we expect that drug dealing for a criminal organisation will become norm as independent dealer become drawn into cartel work as licit opportunities diminish. For this reason we expect that independent dealers will continue their decline as the prevalence of DTOs increase from the steady demand for illicit substances.
{"title":"The vanishing independent: adapting to the changing dynamics of drug trafficking organisations in Mexico","authors":"R. Guy, Piotr A. Chomczyński, R. Cortés","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Organised Crime in Mexico has undergone considerable change since 2006 when violent competition between drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) intensified. This article explores changes in drug trafficking activities from the perspective of independent dealers in Mexico City. Based on in-depth interviews (N = 64) we conclude that freelance dealers are increasingly pressured to become affiliated with DTOs despite being reluctant to do so. Our data suggest that cartels are more successful in attracting independent dealers with few economic alternatives, than those who are able to support themselves with a combination of licit and illicit activities. Therefore, to the degree that illicit drug sales are essential for economic sustenance, we expect that drug dealing for a criminal organisation will become norm as independent dealer become drawn into cartel work as licit opportunities diminish. For this reason we expect that independent dealers will continue their decline as the prevalence of DTOs increase from the steady demand for illicit substances.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"392 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49305938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121
Alberto Aziani
ABSTRACT
This study investigates how an abrupt reduction in policing impacts upon the occurrence of homicides in a violent context in the Global South. The study utilizes a police strike in the Brazilian state of Ceará in summer 2020 as a quasi-natural experiment. Separate SARIMA and Exponential Smoothing models fitted on data on weekly homicide counts from January 2015 to the beginning of the strike are used to generate forecasts of homicides in a virtual counterfactual scenario with no police strikes. Actual homicide counts and forecasts are subsequently compared. The strike led to a statistically significant increase in homicides ranging between 110% and 250%. A difference-in-differences analysis confirms this result. The elasticity of homicides with respect to police presence is tentatively estimated at between -1.5 and -5.0. Even in a violent context, the perception of a higher risk of apprehension induced by police presence acts as a powerful deterrent against homicides.
{"title":"What happens when the police go on strike? Homicides increase. Evidence from Ceará, Brazil","authors":"Alberto Aziani","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>ABSTRACT</b></p><p>This study investigates how an abrupt reduction in policing impacts upon the occurrence of homicides in a violent context in the Global South. The study utilizes a police strike in the Brazilian state of Ceará in summer 2020 as a quasi-natural experiment. Separate SARIMA and Exponential Smoothing models fitted on data on weekly homicide counts from January 2015 to the beginning of the strike are used to generate forecasts of homicides in a virtual counterfactual scenario with no police strikes. Actual homicide counts and forecasts are subsequently compared. The strike led to a statistically significant increase in homicides ranging between 110% and 250%. A difference-in-differences analysis confirms this result. The elasticity of homicides with respect to police presence is tentatively estimated at between -1.5 and -5.0. Even in a violent context, the perception of a higher risk of apprehension induced by police presence acts as a powerful deterrent against homicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138518417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120
Chang-Ryung Han, B. Leeuw, H. Nelen
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries.
{"title":"Mapping hawala risks around the world: the use of a composite indicator","authors":"Chang-Ryung Han, B. Leeuw, H. Nelen","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"334 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41518465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331
M. A. Mercan, H. Barlin, Nazire Begen
ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the impact of an increase in the number of refugees on a host country’s incarceration rate, through the specific case of the inflow of Syrian refugees into Turkey. Using statistics from Turkish penal institutions for the period of 2010 to 2015, we applied the difference-in-difference, panel event study, synthetic control, and instrumental variable approaches to measure the changes in the incarceration rate during the time of peak Syrian refugee migration. Our results suggest that the refugee influx into sampled Turkish cities did not have a statistically significant impact on the incarceration rate when compared to control locations. All four of the methods yielded similar results in the robustness exercises designed to check the relationship between the number of refugees and the rate of incarceration.
{"title":"Is there a link between immigration and incarceration rate?: Evidence from the Syrian refugee influx to Turkey","authors":"M. A. Mercan, H. Barlin, Nazire Begen","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the impact of an increase in the number of refugees on a host country’s incarceration rate, through the specific case of the inflow of Syrian refugees into Turkey. Using statistics from Turkish penal institutions for the period of 2010 to 2015, we applied the difference-in-difference, panel event study, synthetic control, and instrumental variable approaches to measure the changes in the incarceration rate during the time of peak Syrian refugee migration. Our results suggest that the refugee influx into sampled Turkish cities did not have a statistically significant impact on the incarceration rate when compared to control locations. All four of the methods yielded similar results in the robustness exercises designed to check the relationship between the number of refugees and the rate of incarceration.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"306 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47882221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847
Fiona Langlois, Damien Rhumorbarbe, Denis Werner, Nicolas Florquin, S. Caneppele, Quentin Rossy
ABSTRACT Using a crime script analysis, this research aims to document how smugglers operate when they traffic arms from the US to foreign countries. Our study is based on an analysis of 66 cases that have been judged by US courts (2008–2017). The criminal activities involved are detailed in a series of distinct scenes, according to Cornish’s theory. Five scripts have been developed, based on the means of transport used by the traffickers: road transport, commercial airlines, postal services, freight transport and crossing the border on foot. Results suggest that most criminals prefer to operate according to an established modus operandi. This commonality suggests that the potential exists for the professionalisation of this criminal activity. Indeed, offenders are likely to maintain it to reduce effort and risk. Complementary sources of information would help to enrich the approach proposed in this study and to address the challenges posed by complex cases.
{"title":"International weapons trafficking from the United States of America: a crime script analysis of the means of transportation","authors":"Fiona Langlois, Damien Rhumorbarbe, Denis Werner, Nicolas Florquin, S. Caneppele, Quentin Rossy","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using a crime script analysis, this research aims to document how smugglers operate when they traffic arms from the US to foreign countries. Our study is based on an analysis of 66 cases that have been judged by US courts (2008–2017). The criminal activities involved are detailed in a series of distinct scenes, according to Cornish’s theory. Five scripts have been developed, based on the means of transport used by the traffickers: road transport, commercial airlines, postal services, freight transport and crossing the border on foot. Results suggest that most criminals prefer to operate according to an established modus operandi. This commonality suggests that the potential exists for the professionalisation of this criminal activity. Indeed, offenders are likely to maintain it to reduce effort and risk. Complementary sources of information would help to enrich the approach proposed in this study and to address the challenges posed by complex cases.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"284 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525
Frédéric Ouellet, M. Bouchard, Valerie M. Thomas
ABSTRACT Individuals who report having had a mentor also tend to report higher levels of criminal achievement. However, prior studies focused on indirect yet tangible outcomes of mentorship, telling us little about the direct – though potentially intangible – benefits of these relationships to the mentee. In this study, we analyse the content of 28 life story narratives of offenders to examine the effects of mentor-mentee relationships. Half of the participants reported having had a mentor, but many did not meet our definition of mentorship that emphasised direct support in the context of criminal activities. Instead, participants described many intangible benefits of mentorship that we classified in two general categories: benefits to one’s criminal capital (high-level career advice, practical skills), and benefits to one’s social capital, in the form of either criminal partnership, an enhancement to one’s reputation or protection, or providing mentees with the independence necessary to succeed on their own.
{"title":"The intangible benefits of criminal mentorship","authors":"Frédéric Ouellet, M. Bouchard, Valerie M. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals who report having had a mentor also tend to report higher levels of criminal achievement. However, prior studies focused on indirect yet tangible outcomes of mentorship, telling us little about the direct – though potentially intangible – benefits of these relationships to the mentee. In this study, we analyse the content of 28 life story narratives of offenders to examine the effects of mentor-mentee relationships. Half of the participants reported having had a mentor, but many did not meet our definition of mentorship that emphasised direct support in the context of criminal activities. Instead, participants described many intangible benefits of mentorship that we classified in two general categories: benefits to one’s criminal capital (high-level career advice, practical skills), and benefits to one’s social capital, in the form of either criminal partnership, an enhancement to one’s reputation or protection, or providing mentees with the independence necessary to succeed on their own.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"240 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44509040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440
M. Battisti, A. Lavezzi, Roberto Musotto
ABSTRACT Mafia-type organisations often have a strong geographical and cultural entrenchment in the territory they belong. However, their analysis as a spatially networked social structure is still missing. A combined socio-spatial network analysis is presented here, through the demise of a large police operation called Operazione Perseo in 2008. This approach is developed in two ways. At first, a visual representation of the social network of this large group of mafiosi embedded in a geographical space is presented. Three main salient territorial features of the network are thus highlighted. A high density of links in some neighbourhoods, as well as connections across different Mandamenti, the territorial units where Mafia families operate, and the correlation of links and socio-economic determinants, like the unemployment rates. Secondly, a spatial econometric analysis of centrality measures of the group is suggested here. Findings show a positive spatial correlation in the Eigenvalue centrality scores.
{"title":"Taking care of everyone’s business: interpreting Sicilian Mafia embedment through spatial network analysis","authors":"M. Battisti, A. Lavezzi, Roberto Musotto","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mafia-type organisations often have a strong geographical and cultural entrenchment in the territory they belong. However, their analysis as a spatially networked social structure is still missing. A combined socio-spatial network analysis is presented here, through the demise of a large police operation called Operazione Perseo in 2008. This approach is developed in two ways. At first, a visual representation of the social network of this large group of mafiosi embedded in a geographical space is presented. Three main salient territorial features of the network are thus highlighted. A high density of links in some neighbourhoods, as well as connections across different Mandamenti, the territorial units where Mafia families operate, and the correlation of links and socio-economic determinants, like the unemployment rates. Secondly, a spatial econometric analysis of centrality measures of the group is suggested here. Findings show a positive spatial correlation in the Eigenvalue centrality scores.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"171 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122
M. Levi
ABSTRACT Using limited datasets and case studies drawn from the Global North and South, this article critically considers the available evidence about the involvement of lawyers in elite money laundering and attempts to control their involvement. In addition to lawyers’ lobbying and drafting laws , the normal focus of the ‘enablers’ discourse is on lawyers using expert knowledge and legal professional privilege/professional secrecy to facilitate frauds and to conceal the criminal origins of the funds of others. In few known laundering-for-others casesis there much evidence that lawyer assistance goes beyond doing their normal business: setting up constructions for clients that avoid external scrutiny is usually legal. It is implausible to fully resolve the extent to which lawyer ‘enablers’ are, respectively, naïve, negligent, wilfully blind and/or intentionally criminal. Within-firm supervision and both real and expected regulatory/criminal justice/reputational controls may have an impact, but the evidence base for assessing control effectiveness remains weak.
{"title":"Lawyers as money laundering enablers? An evolving and contentious relationship","authors":"M. Levi","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using limited datasets and case studies drawn from the Global North and South, this article critically considers the available evidence about the involvement of lawyers in elite money laundering and attempts to control their involvement. In addition to lawyers’ lobbying and drafting laws , the normal focus of the ‘enablers’ discourse is on lawyers using expert knowledge and legal professional privilege/professional secrecy to facilitate frauds and to conceal the criminal origins of the funds of others. In few known laundering-for-others casesis there much evidence that lawyer assistance goes beyond doing their normal business: setting up constructions for clients that avoid external scrutiny is usually legal. It is implausible to fully resolve the extent to which lawyer ‘enablers’ are, respectively, naïve, negligent, wilfully blind and/or intentionally criminal. Within-firm supervision and both real and expected regulatory/criminal justice/reputational controls may have an impact, but the evidence base for assessing control effectiveness remains weak.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"126 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42079905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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