Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539
Ricardo Massa Roldán, Gustavo Fondevila, Enrique García-Tejeda
ABSTRACT Recent literature has demonstrated that the War on Drugs policies had different consequences for different population groups. Despite this, female homicide victimisation resulting from such policies remains an underexplored subject of study. This paper examines the asymmetrical patterns of female homicides in the Mexican states that implemented the 2006 War on Drugs. A group-based trajectory analysis was undertaken, complemented by a spatial analysis in order to identify clusters with common behaviour. Our findings show that states that actively enforced the War on Drugs policy experienced higher and more concentrated levels of female homicidal victimisation.
{"title":"Female homicide victimisation in Mexico: a group-based trajectory and spatial study","authors":"Ricardo Massa Roldán, Gustavo Fondevila, Enrique García-Tejeda","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent literature has demonstrated that the War on Drugs policies had different consequences for different population groups. Despite this, female homicide victimisation resulting from such policies remains an underexplored subject of study. This paper examines the asymmetrical patterns of female homicides in the Mexican states that implemented the 2006 War on Drugs. A group-based trajectory analysis was undertaken, complemented by a spatial analysis in order to identify clusters with common behaviour. Our findings show that states that actively enforced the War on Drugs policy experienced higher and more concentrated levels of female homicidal victimisation.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"123 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42374120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720
A. Paus
ABSTRACT The reinstating of temporary EU-internal physical borders and their increased safeguarding through border checks has increased the dependence of irregular migrants on organised criminal groups (OCGs) in facilitating their journeys. The article explores organisational structure and operation of OCGs operating within this under-researched human smuggling context, with a focus on the transit stage between Northern Italy and Central Europe. Results of a secondary source – and expert interview analysis reveal that these OCGs are small, multi-ethnic, decentralised, with a basic higher- and lower-tier organisational structure but can be far-reaching. It is argued that law enforcement methods alone do not suffice in reducing this illicit market and require political and socio-economic market reduction strategies, which address the precarity of human smugglers. Importantly, active labour market policies, alternatives to monetary sanctioning and urban development are measures, which constitute an increasingly defended approach for addressing illicit markets in a more long-term sustainable manner.
{"title":"Human smuggling at EU-internal transit points: strengths of a disorganised illegal market and how to effectively reduce it","authors":"A. Paus","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The reinstating of temporary EU-internal physical borders and their increased safeguarding through border checks has increased the dependence of irregular migrants on organised criminal groups (OCGs) in facilitating their journeys. The article explores organisational structure and operation of OCGs operating within this under-researched human smuggling context, with a focus on the transit stage between Northern Italy and Central Europe. Results of a secondary source – and expert interview analysis reveal that these OCGs are small, multi-ethnic, decentralised, with a basic higher- and lower-tier organisational structure but can be far-reaching. It is argued that law enforcement methods alone do not suffice in reducing this illicit market and require political and socio-economic market reduction strategies, which address the precarity of human smugglers. Importantly, active labour market policies, alternatives to monetary sanctioning and urban development are measures, which constitute an increasingly defended approach for addressing illicit markets in a more long-term sustainable manner.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"171 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47018359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952
D. Trottier
ABSTRACT Individuals rely on digital media to denounce and shame other individuals. This may serve to seek justice in response to perceived offences, while often reproducing categorical forms of discrimination. Both offence taking and its response are expressed online by gathering and distributing information about targeted individuals. By seeking their own form of social and/or criminal justice, participants may supersede institutions and formal procedures. Yet digital vigilantism includes shaming and other forms of cultural violence that are not as clearly regulated. They may feed from state or press-led initiatives to shame targets, or simply to gather information about them. Digital vigilantism remains a contested practice: Terms of appropriate use are unclear, and public discourse may vary based on the severity of the offence, the severity of response, and on participants’ identities and affiliations. This paper advances a conceptually informed model of digital vigilantism, in recognition of its coordinated, moral and communicative components. Drawing upon literature on embodied vigilantism as well as concurrent forms of online coordination and harassment, it considers recent cases in a global context in order to direct subsequent analysis of how digital vigilantism is rendered meaningful.
{"title":"Denunciation and doxing: towards a conceptual model of digital vigilantism","authors":"D. Trottier","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals rely on digital media to denounce and shame other individuals. This may serve to seek justice in response to perceived offences, while often reproducing categorical forms of discrimination. Both offence taking and its response are expressed online by gathering and distributing information about targeted individuals. By seeking their own form of social and/or criminal justice, participants may supersede institutions and formal procedures. Yet digital vigilantism includes shaming and other forms of cultural violence that are not as clearly regulated. They may feed from state or press-led initiatives to shame targets, or simply to gather information about them. Digital vigilantism remains a contested practice: Terms of appropriate use are unclear, and public discourse may vary based on the severity of the offence, the severity of response, and on participants’ identities and affiliations. This paper advances a conceptually informed model of digital vigilantism, in recognition of its coordinated, moral and communicative components. Drawing upon literature on embodied vigilantism as well as concurrent forms of online coordination and harassment, it considers recent cases in a global context in order to direct subsequent analysis of how digital vigilantism is rendered meaningful.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"196 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46549014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177
S. Tanner, Aurélie Campana
ABSTRACT Vigilantism is defined as collective coercive practices carried out by non-state actors and intended to enforce norms (social or judicial) or to act directly to enforce such actors’ views of the law. Vigilantes are involved in both societal control and the fight against crime. In this article, we analyse how societal vigilantes use digital media (Facebook) to act on immigration, national identity, ethnic boundaries, and cultural values in the province of Quebec, Canada. We show how social media practices entail performative effects that should not be considered exclusively in terms of physical expression, such as gatherings of dispersed constituencies, as in, for example, the Arab Spring, but also in relation to the construction of boundaries and increased polarisation between social groups. These latter effects have real consequences, such as separating one element of the population (Muslims) from the moral obligation social groups have towards each other in society.
{"title":"“Watchful citizens” and digital vigilantism: a case study of the far right in Quebec","authors":"S. Tanner, Aurélie Campana","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vigilantism is defined as collective coercive practices carried out by non-state actors and intended to enforce norms (social or judicial) or to act directly to enforce such actors’ views of the law. Vigilantes are involved in both societal control and the fight against crime. In this article, we analyse how societal vigilantes use digital media (Facebook) to act on immigration, national identity, ethnic boundaries, and cultural values in the province of Quebec, Canada. We show how social media practices entail performative effects that should not be considered exclusively in terms of physical expression, such as gatherings of dispersed constituencies, as in, for example, the Arab Spring, but also in relation to the construction of boundaries and increased polarisation between social groups. These latter effects have real consequences, such as separating one element of the population (Muslims) from the moral obligation social groups have towards each other in society.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"262 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43110417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789
Gilles Favarel-garrigues, S. Tanner, D. Trottier
In Europe and America, political mobilisations have emboldened citizens to monitor and harass individuals based on categories of suspicion, for instance illegal migrants. These mobilisations, in tu...
在欧洲和美国，政治动员鼓励公民根据怀疑类别监视和骚扰个人，例如非法移民。这些动员，在图。。。
{"title":"Introducing digital vigilantism","authors":"Gilles Favarel-garrigues, S. Tanner, D. Trottier","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe and America, political mobilisations have emboldened citizens to monitor and harass individuals based on categories of suspicion, for instance illegal migrants. These mobilisations, in tu...","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"189 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48838546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171
Radka Vicenová
ABSTRACT Based on two small-scale case studies, this paper discusses the supportive role of digital media in the practices of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia and describes their political nature, motives, and the groups that they target instead of targeting crime prevention. Based on theoretical frameworks by Johnston (1996) and Trottier (2017), this paper argues that the contemporary activities of Slovak far-right vigilantes meet the definition criteria of both conventional and digital vigilantism, blurring the distinction between them, as the two types of practices often overlap and interact with each other to a substantial degree. At the same time, it aims to explore and analyse the interactions of the offline and online presence of far-right vigilante groups within the political and social context of Slovakia with a special emphasis on the role digital media play in their campaigns in terms of supplementing, amplifying, and justifying conventional vigilante activities.
{"title":"The role of digital media in the strategies of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia","authors":"Radka Vicenová","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on two small-scale case studies, this paper discusses the supportive role of digital media in the practices of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia and describes their political nature, motives, and the groups that they target instead of targeting crime prevention. Based on theoretical frameworks by Johnston (1996) and Trottier (2017), this paper argues that the contemporary activities of Slovak far-right vigilantes meet the definition criteria of both conventional and digital vigilantism, blurring the distinction between them, as the two types of practices often overlap and interact with each other to a substantial degree. At the same time, it aims to explore and analyse the interactions of the offline and online presence of far-right vigilante groups within the political and social context of Slovakia with a special emphasis on the role digital media play in their campaigns in terms of supplementing, amplifying, and justifying conventional vigilante activities.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"242 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43123333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-11DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249
Fathurrohman, Gisela Bichler
ABSTRACT Disrupting drug operations requires a measured approach to identifying critical actors playing instrumental roles in support of illicit drug market activity. We use a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) nodal regression routine to explore the explanatory relevance of human capital in accounting for an actor’s structural position within two methamphetamine trafficking communities—one originating from land-based smuggling and the other involving sea-based smuggling. We operationalise human capital with three dichotomous variables (occupying leadership roles, being involved in money laundering, or facilitating international smuggling) and capture positional importance with normalised degree and betweenness centrality scores. The results support arguments in favour of integrating centrality metrics with nodal attributes to improve targeted efforts to disrupt market activity. Additionally, network mapping must be sensitive to the local conditions surrounding specific types of drug trafficking operations—the structure of land-based and sea-based drug distribution chains supplying methamphetamine to Indonesian markets differ substantively. Limitations are discussed.
{"title":"Explaining the positional importance of actors involved in trafficking methamphetamine into Indonesia","authors":"Fathurrohman, Gisela Bichler","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Disrupting drug operations requires a measured approach to identifying critical actors playing instrumental roles in support of illicit drug market activity. We use a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) nodal regression routine to explore the explanatory relevance of human capital in accounting for an actor’s structural position within two methamphetamine trafficking communities—one originating from land-based smuggling and the other involving sea-based smuggling. We operationalise human capital with three dichotomous variables (occupying leadership roles, being involved in money laundering, or facilitating international smuggling) and capture positional importance with normalised degree and betweenness centrality scores. The results support arguments in favour of integrating centrality metrics with nodal attributes to improve targeted efforts to disrupt market activity. Additionally, network mapping must be sensitive to the local conditions surrounding specific types of drug trafficking operations—the structure of land-based and sea-based drug distribution chains supplying methamphetamine to Indonesian markets differ substantively. Limitations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"93 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43840544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825
Michelle D. Fabiani, Brandon Behlendorf
ABSTRACT Disruptions can take many forms resulting from both internal and external tensions. How illicit networks fail to adapt to a wide range of disruptions is an important but understudied area of network analysis. Moreover, disruptions can be cumulative, constraining the possible set of subsequent adaptations for a network given previous investments. Drawing from a multi-national/multi-year investigation of a prominent Chinese human smuggling network operated by Cheng Chui Ping (‘Sister Ping’), we find that the network’s failure was a product of two interrelated factors. First, efforts to scale the network to meet increased demand made the network more interdependent, adding new members and increasing vulnerabilities to internal disruptions. Second, internal and external disruptions during a shipment cumulatively constrained the network’s ability to adapt, forcing the network to escalate their commitment rather than abandon the transit. The results suggest network disruptions should be examined holistically to improve our understanding of network failure.
{"title":"Cumulative disruptions: interdependency and commitment escalation as mechanisms of illicit network failure","authors":"Michelle D. Fabiani, Brandon Behlendorf","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Disruptions can take many forms resulting from both internal and external tensions. How illicit networks fail to adapt to a wide range of disruptions is an important but understudied area of network analysis. Moreover, disruptions can be cumulative, constraining the possible set of subsequent adaptations for a network given previous investments. Drawing from a multi-national/multi-year investigation of a prominent Chinese human smuggling network operated by Cheng Chui Ping (‘Sister Ping’), we find that the network’s failure was a product of two interrelated factors. First, efforts to scale the network to meet increased demand made the network more interdependent, adding new members and increasing vulnerabilities to internal disruptions. Second, internal and external disruptions during a shipment cumulatively constrained the network’s ability to adapt, forcing the network to escalate their commitment rather than abandon the transit. The results suggest network disruptions should be examined holistically to improve our understanding of network failure.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"22 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46245826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114
Martina Baradel
ABSTRACT For decades Japanese criminal syndicates, collectively known as the yakuza, enjoyed a highly visible and semi-legal status that positioned them in a grey area. Accordingly, also much of the yakuza’s business lies in a grey zone: night-entertainment, different forms of gambling, front companies and (fake) social movements. However, following the introduction of new stricter regulations, the yakuza are struggling to keep operating in the legal and semi-legal areas of their business, and have been pushed to explore new modi operandi, using (semi)legal actors and loopholes. Based on fieldwork conducted in Japan with current and ex-yakuza members, this paper analyses the yakuza’s response to the reduced opportunities to engage in legal activities. It is argued that this determined an increased involvement with predatory crimes for low-ranking members, while the decreased power in controlling markets allowed for the emergence of novel forms of crime.
{"title":"Yakuza Grey: The Shrinking of the Il/legal Nexus and its Repercussions on Japanese Organised Crime","authors":"Martina Baradel","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For decades Japanese criminal syndicates, collectively known as the yakuza, enjoyed a highly visible and semi-legal status that positioned them in a grey area. Accordingly, also much of the yakuza’s business lies in a grey zone: night-entertainment, different forms of gambling, front companies and (fake) social movements. However, following the introduction of new stricter regulations, the yakuza are struggling to keep operating in the legal and semi-legal areas of their business, and have been pushed to explore new modi operandi, using (semi)legal actors and loopholes. Based on fieldwork conducted in Japan with current and ex-yakuza members, this paper analyses the yakuza’s response to the reduced opportunities to engage in legal activities. It is argued that this determined an increased involvement with predatory crimes for low-ranking members, while the decreased power in controlling markets allowed for the emergence of novel forms of crime.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"74 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-20DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826
S. A. Bakken
ABSTRACT Online and digital platforms play a central role in today’s illegal activities and related networks. Communicating through these channels makes creating an online criminal identity crucial to establish oneself as trustworthy and meet the needs of potential buyers, especially when reaching out to strangers in a market. A highly needed skill is balancing the signals of attracting wanted attention and of avoiding possible risks. This article explores how social media drug dealers present themselves in 173 Facebook profiles. The analysis of these online criminal personas is applied in two stages: a) a broader content analysis of the profile content and b) by using signalling theory to understand the overall visual presentation of these online criminal personas. I find that sellers fall into three main persona types: the professional dealer, private dealer, and cultural dealer. These personas signal trust in different ways through their choice of pictures, text, and personal information.
{"title":"Drug dealers gone digital: using signalling theory to analyse criminal online personas and trust","authors":"S. A. Bakken","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Online and digital platforms play a central role in today’s illegal activities and related networks. Communicating through these channels makes creating an online criminal identity crucial to establish oneself as trustworthy and meet the needs of potential buyers, especially when reaching out to strangers in a market. A highly needed skill is balancing the signals of attracting wanted attention and of avoiding possible risks. This article explores how social media drug dealers present themselves in 173 Facebook profiles. The analysis of these online criminal personas is applied in two stages: a) a broader content analysis of the profile content and b) by using signalling theory to understand the overall visual presentation of these online criminal personas. I find that sellers fall into three main persona types: the professional dealer, private dealer, and cultural dealer. These personas signal trust in different ways through their choice of pictures, text, and personal information.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"51 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45315992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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