Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0005
Allan A. Metcalf
English authorities were thankful almost beyond measure for the last-minute thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot. In place of the plotters’ planned explosion, throughout London bonfires were lit on November 5, 1605, to celebrate this escape from treason. In gratitude, Parliament in January passed a Fifth of November Act, decreeing that every November 5 henceforth should be celebrated as a holiday and day of thanksgiving, Attendance at special church services was mandated for the morning, while evenings centered on bonfires, often complete with fireworks mocking the failure of the explosion planned for the House of Lords. As a typical example, a few days after that first November 5 William Barlow, bishop of Rochester, gave a sermon comparing Guy Fawkes to Caligula and Nero.
对于火药阴谋在最后一刻被挫败，英国当局感激不尽。1605年11月5日，为了庆祝叛国罪的逃脱，伦敦全城燃起了篝火。为了表达感激之情，英国议会于1月通过了《11月5日法案》(the Fifth of November Act)，规定从此以后，每年的11月5日都应作为一个节日和感恩日来庆祝。上午，人们必须参加特殊的教堂礼拜，晚上则以篝火为中心，通常还会燃放烟花，以示对上议院爆炸计划失败的嘲笑。一个典型的例子是，在11月5日之后的几天，罗切斯特主教威廉·巴洛在布道中将盖伊·福克斯比作卡利古拉和尼禄。
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Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0008
Allan A. Metcalf
Chapter 8 interrupts the narrative to explain the importance of the further development of “Guy” to “guy” or “guys.” It tells about the second-person personal pronouns of English from Old English times, a thousand years ago, to the present. These are words we regularly use in speech and writing: first-person singular “I” and plural “we,” third person “he, she, it” and “they,” and then the second person, which happens to have undergone major changes in the past few centuries. Originally the second-person singular was “thou,” the plural “you.” But then, like several other European languages, the second-person plural was seen as more polite than “thou,” so “you” became second-person singular too. That was fine, except now a listener couldn’t tell whether a speaker was referring just to the listener or to the whole group. So with “you” solidly entrenched as second-person singular, a substitute had to be found for second-person plural. One possibility was “y’all,” still preferred in the American South, but that can be used for the singular too. Eventually, while the vacancy remained empty two centuries later, a successful substitution emerged, none other than the “guys” most of use as second-person plural today.
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Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0007
Allan A. Metcalf
The popular Gunpowder Treason Day crossed the Atlantic with the first English settlers both to Jamestown and to New England. As early as 1623 we find William Bradford reporting a bonfire by “roistering” seamen that burned out of control. Still farther north, in Newfoundland, Governor Robert Hayman in 1628 wrote a poem celebrating the “joyfull Holy-day” inadvertently created by “Guy Vaux, and his mates.” In Boston, for decades North Enders battled South Enders on November 5, each group trying to grab the other’s effigy of the pope, the victors then burning both. Throughout the colonies, Pope Day grew to its height in the 18th century. But then came the American Revolution. George Washington scolded the Boston brawlers for “that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope,” at a time of seeking the alliance of Catholic Canada. With American colonists aiming more or less at what Guy Fawkes had intended, with religious toleration established in the First Amendment of the Constitution, and with Guy Fawkes increasingly distant and unknown, almost all celebrations of Pope Day disappeared in the 19th century.
{"title":"Pope Night in America","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The popular Gunpowder Treason Day crossed the Atlantic with the first English settlers both to Jamestown and to New England. As early as 1623 we find William Bradford reporting a bonfire by “roistering” seamen that burned out of control. Still farther north, in Newfoundland, Governor Robert Hayman in 1628 wrote a poem celebrating the “joyfull Holy-day” inadvertently created by “Guy Vaux, and his mates.” In Boston, for decades North Enders battled South Enders on November 5, each group trying to grab the other’s effigy of the pope, the victors then burning both. Throughout the colonies, Pope Day grew to its height in the 18th century. But then came the American Revolution. George Washington scolded the Boston brawlers for “that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope,” at a time of seeking the alliance of Catholic Canada. With American colonists aiming more or less at what Guy Fawkes had intended, with religious toleration established in the First Amendment of the Constitution, and with Guy Fawkes increasingly distant and unknown, almost all celebrations of Pope Day disappeared in the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125825599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0009
Allan A. Metcalf
This chapter resumes the narrative, with numerous examples of the development of the meaning of “guy” and “guys” from 1640 to 1908. “Guy” first extended from designating a person’s name to include also an effigy of that person, then sometimes to more than just one effigy or any effigy, not just the effigy of Guy Fawkes. And gradually, in the 18th century, “guy” began to designate any living man of low class who, to use the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, was “habited in grotesquely ragged and ill-assorted garments.” That allowed “guy” to expand further, to a man with any garish outfit, not necessarily ragged or ill-assorted. Conversely, any man could be a guy by overdressing or otherwise calling attention to himself by his costume. By 1908, “guy” could refer to any lower-class man, as well as any man if he dressed funny.
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Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0003
Allan A. Metcalf
“Guy,” a French name brought across the Channel by Normans in 1066, had become a familiar English name long before Guy Fawkes was born in 1570. The name was memorable enough that while supervising delivery of gunpowder to the disused cellar under the House of Lords, Guy Fawkes adopted a bland, inconspicuous pseudonym: John Johnson. If he had maintained that pseudonym until his death a few months later, this book wouldn’t exist. “You johns” couldn’t succeed like “you guys.” Fawkes was born to a Protestant father and a Catholic mother. The father died when Guy was 8, so the rest of his upbringing was presumably Catholic. Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth’s government (and then James’s government after her death in 1603) continued in frequency and intensity, though never successful. Fawkes meanwhile embarked on a military career, fighting with distinction for many years in the English Regiment of the Catholic Spanish Brigade in the Netherlands. For his expertise in undermining and gunpowder, Robert Catesby recruited him for the most horrendous Catholic plot ever, to blow up the House of Lords with Lords, Commons, government officials, and royalty assembled for the opening day of Parliament. At the last minute a search party caught Fawkes red-handed, turning him over to anti-Catholic King James VI for interrogation, and he soon admitted his real name. Modern experiments confirm that 36 barrels of gunpowder would indeed have destroyed the House of Lords and everyone in it.
{"title":"The Original Guy","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"“Guy,” a French name brought across the Channel by Normans in 1066, had become a familiar English name long before Guy Fawkes was born in 1570. The name was memorable enough that while supervising delivery of gunpowder to the disused cellar under the House of Lords, Guy Fawkes adopted a bland, inconspicuous pseudonym: John Johnson. If he had maintained that pseudonym until his death a few months later, this book wouldn’t exist. “You johns” couldn’t succeed like “you guys.” Fawkes was born to a Protestant father and a Catholic mother. The father died when Guy was 8, so the rest of his upbringing was presumably Catholic. Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth’s government (and then James’s government after her death in 1603) continued in frequency and intensity, though never successful. Fawkes meanwhile embarked on a military career, fighting with distinction for many years in the English Regiment of the Catholic Spanish Brigade in the Netherlands. For his expertise in undermining and gunpowder, Robert Catesby recruited him for the most horrendous Catholic plot ever, to blow up the House of Lords with Lords, Commons, government officials, and royalty assembled for the opening day of Parliament. At the last minute a search party caught Fawkes red-handed, turning him over to anti-Catholic King James VI for interrogation, and he soon admitted his real name. Modern experiments confirm that 36 barrels of gunpowder would indeed have destroyed the House of Lords and everyone in it.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116346601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0006
Allan A. Metcalf
In addition to the celebrations of Gunpowder Day every November 5, Guy Fawkes appears in 17th-century literature as an arch-villain. Thomas Decker wrote a play in 1611 that encounters Guy in Hell. In 1614 in his play “Bartholomew Faire”; Ben Jonson’s character Lanthorn boasts of his success as a puppeteer with the topic of the Gunpowder Plot. In 1622 young John Milton wrote a 226-line poem in Latin referring to Gunpowder Treason. By 1641, Francis Herring could make Fawkes a son of the devil. The poem “Remember, Remember” reflects the later development of November 5. As the centuries went on, anti-Catholic sentiment in England finally diminished, making Fawkes even more the focus of what often now was called Guy Fawkes Day.
{"title":"Gunpowder Days in England","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to the celebrations of Gunpowder Day every November 5, Guy Fawkes appears in 17th-century literature as an arch-villain. Thomas Decker wrote a play in 1611 that encounters Guy in Hell. In 1614 in his play “Bartholomew Faire”; Ben Jonson’s character Lanthorn boasts of his success as a puppeteer with the topic of the Gunpowder Plot. In 1622 young John Milton wrote a 226-line poem in Latin referring to Gunpowder Treason. By 1641, Francis Herring could make Fawkes a son of the devil. The poem “Remember, Remember” reflects the later development of November 5. As the centuries went on, anti-Catholic sentiment in England finally diminished, making Fawkes even more the focus of what often now was called Guy Fawkes Day.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129568857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0012
Allan A. Metcalf
Another diversion is necessary to acknowledge the return of Guy Fawkes in the present day. No, it’s not his Second Coming, but there is awareness of Guy Fawkes as a role model for modern-day activists and protesters. It has come particularly from Alan Moore and David Lloyd, creators of the graphic novel “V for Vendetta,” a serial first published as a book in 1988. It imagines a ruthless Fascist regime in England in the 1990s, opposed by a lone rebel who calls himself simply V, and who always wears a mask that is a simplified adaptation of the sketches of Guy Fawkes back in the 1600s, but with a smile. The resemblance to Fawkes is emphasized at the very beginning, where unlike Fawkes he casually blows up the houses of Parliament after reciting “Remember, remember, the fifth of December” to a young woman he has just rescued from the police. The story became a movie with Hugo Weaving as V and Natalie Portman as the rescued girl Evey. The masks were used by Occupy protesters and others early in the 21st century. Rather than an arch-villain, V and the mask now signal opposition to government tyranny. This chapter briefly cites Guy Fawkes’s 19th-century adaptations and references, including the beginning of Thomas Hardy’s 1888 novel, Return of the Native.
{"title":"Villain Becomes Hero","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Another diversion is necessary to acknowledge the return of Guy Fawkes in the present day. No, it’s not his Second Coming, but there is awareness of Guy Fawkes as a role model for modern-day activists and protesters. It has come particularly from Alan Moore and David Lloyd, creators of the graphic novel “V for Vendetta,” a serial first published as a book in 1988. It imagines a ruthless Fascist regime in England in the 1990s, opposed by a lone rebel who calls himself simply V, and who always wears a mask that is a simplified adaptation of the sketches of Guy Fawkes back in the 1600s, but with a smile. The resemblance to Fawkes is emphasized at the very beginning, where unlike Fawkes he casually blows up the houses of Parliament after reciting “Remember, remember, the fifth of December” to a young woman he has just rescued from the police. The story became a movie with Hugo Weaving as V and Natalie Portman as the rescued girl Evey. The masks were used by Occupy protesters and others early in the 21st century. Rather than an arch-villain, V and the mask now signal opposition to government tyranny. This chapter briefly cites Guy Fawkes’s 19th-century adaptations and references, including the beginning of Thomas Hardy’s 1888 novel, Return of the Native.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124448780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0004
Allan A. Metcalf
On November 4, 1605, Guy Fawkes was just another obscure English gentleman with Catholic sympathies and a decade of success as a courageous and skilled soldier. His obscurity abruptly changed in the night of November 5. On November 6, encouraged by “gentler tortures” ordered by the king, “John Johnson” confessed that he was Guy Fawkes. Thus the public quickly learned that Guy Fawkes had come very close to destroying the House of Lords with everyone in it, and the name Guy Fawkes became immediately one of the most famous in England, far more than that of Robert Catesby, because Guy had been the guy with the match. Within two months, all 13 of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators were arrested or killed, including four in a gunfight at Holbeche House in Staffordshire. On January 30 and 31, 1506, having been convicted of treason in a short trial, he and the seven others who remained alive were hanged, drawn, and quartered. That was the end for the earthly Guy.
{"title":"The First Public Guy","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190669201.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"On November 4, 1605, Guy Fawkes was just another obscure English gentleman with Catholic sympathies and a decade of success as a courageous and skilled soldier. His obscurity abruptly changed in the night of November 5. On November 6, encouraged by “gentler tortures” ordered by the king, “John Johnson” confessed that he was Guy Fawkes. Thus the public quickly learned that Guy Fawkes had come very close to destroying the House of Lords with everyone in it, and the name Guy Fawkes became immediately one of the most famous in England, far more than that of Robert Catesby, because Guy had been the guy with the match. Within two months, all 13 of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators were arrested or killed, including four in a gunfight at Holbeche House in Staffordshire. On January 30 and 31, 1506, having been convicted of treason in a short trial, he and the seven others who remained alive were hanged, drawn, and quartered. That was the end for the earthly Guy.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129257388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0011
Allan A. Metcalf
For the most part, the gradual expansion of the meaning of “guy” to include everyone, male and female and GLBTQ, has slipped by without particular notice by the general public, and even by linguists. There’s no mystery about Guy Fawkes being the starting point that leads as far from that beginning as groups of women calling each other “you guys,” but neither is there much interest—except in two quarters that object: the feminist movement and the Old South of the United States. Feminists who want the inherently sexist English language to become gender neutral object to the expansion of “guys” to include women as well as men. As a result, some people try to avoid “guys,” though the alternatives aren’t that obvious, at best a plain “you all.” The other objection comes from Southerners, who don’t so much object to “guys” as keep to their well-established older alternative “y’all.” The boundary between “guys” or “you guys” and “y’all” has remained firm for the last century, perhaps getting its strength as one last means of holding the line against the northern states.
{"title":"Roadblocks","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"For the most part, the gradual expansion of the meaning of “guy” to include everyone, male and female and GLBTQ, has slipped by without particular notice by the general public, and even by linguists. There’s no mystery about Guy Fawkes being the starting point that leads as far from that beginning as groups of women calling each other “you guys,” but neither is there much interest—except in two quarters that object: the feminist movement and the Old South of the United States. Feminists who want the inherently sexist English language to become gender neutral object to the expansion of “guys” to include women as well as men. As a result, some people try to avoid “guys,” though the alternatives aren’t that obvious, at best a plain “you all.” The other objection comes from Southerners, who don’t so much object to “guys” as keep to their well-established older alternative “y’all.” The boundary between “guys” or “you guys” and “y’all” has remained firm for the last century, perhaps getting its strength as one last means of holding the line against the northern states.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123935287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0002
Allan A. Metcalf
Henry VIII, king of England from 1509 to 1547, ought to be held responsible for the “guy” and “guys” we say nowadays. Guy Fawkes’s terrorist attack in 1605 would not even have been imaginable in the peaceable religious climate of England before 1533. Until then, Henry had been an informed, devout Catholic. But in the 1530s, wanting a male heir that his first wife Catherine couldn’t provide, he asked the pope for an annulment of that marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a legitimate male heir with her. When the pope wouldn’t oblige, Henry disavowed allegiance to the pope and declared himself supreme head of the church in England. Until then, everyone in England had been Catholic; now officially nobody could. That caused bitter conflicts. After Henry’s death in 1547 the church became strongly Protestant under King Edward VI, then strongly Catholic under Mary, and more moderate, though still staunchly anti-papal, under Elizabeth. For good measure, the English church was under attack on the other flank by the extreme Protestant Puritans. None of the Protestant versions satisfied Catholics, who tried plot after plot to unseat the queen and restore Catholicism. That was the explosive fuel that ignited the Gunpowder Treason Plot of 1605.
{"title":"Reformation","authors":"Allan A. Metcalf","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Henry VIII, king of England from 1509 to 1547, ought to be held responsible for the “guy” and “guys” we say nowadays. Guy Fawkes’s terrorist attack in 1605 would not even have been imaginable in the peaceable religious climate of England before 1533. Until then, Henry had been an informed, devout Catholic. But in the 1530s, wanting a male heir that his first wife Catherine couldn’t provide, he asked the pope for an annulment of that marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a legitimate male heir with her. When the pope wouldn’t oblige, Henry disavowed allegiance to the pope and declared himself supreme head of the church in England. Until then, everyone in England had been Catholic; now officially nobody could. That caused bitter conflicts. After Henry’s death in 1547 the church became strongly Protestant under King Edward VI, then strongly Catholic under Mary, and more moderate, though still staunchly anti-papal, under Elizabeth. For good measure, the English church was under attack on the other flank by the extreme Protestant Puritans. None of the Protestant versions satisfied Catholics, who tried plot after plot to unseat the queen and restore Catholicism. That was the explosive fuel that ignited the Gunpowder Treason Plot of 1605.","PeriodicalId":127260,"journal":{"name":"The Life of Guy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124265626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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