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Incubation Experiments Characterize Turbid Glacier Plumes as a Major Source of Mn and Co, and a Minor Source of Fe and Si, to Seawater 培养实验表明,浊冰川羽流是海水中锰和钴的主要来源,以及铁和硅的次要来源
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008144
Xunchi Zhu, Mark J. Hopwood, Katja Laufer-Meiser, Eric P. Achterberg

Glaciers are a source of fine-ground rock flour to proglacial and coastal marine environments. In these environments, suspended rock flour may affect light and (micro)nutrient availability to primary producers. Due to high loads of glacier rock flour, the particulate metal load of glacier runoff typically exceeds the dissolved metal load. As glacier rock flour is deposited in downstream environments, short-term exchange between particulate and dissolved metal phases may have a moderating influence on dissolved metal concentrations. Here we compare the behavior of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and silica (Si) following the addition of different glacier-derived sediments into seawater under conditions of varying sediment load (20–500 mg L−1), time (0.5 hr–21 days), temperature (4–11°C) and light exposure (dark/2,500 Lux). Despite a moderately high labile Fe content across all particle types (0.28–3.50 mg Fe g−1 of dry sediment), only 0.27–7.13 μg Fe g−1 was released into seawater, with less efficient release as sediment load increased. Conversely, Si, Mn, and Co exhibited a more constant rate of release, which was less sensitive to sediment load. Dissolved Si release was equivalent to 17% ± 22% of particulate amorphous Si after 1–2 weeks. Dissolved Mn concentrations in most incubations exceeded dissolved Fe concentrations within 1 hr despite labile Mn content being 12-fold lower than labile Fe content. Our results show the potential for glacier-derived particles to be a large source of Mn and Co to marine waters and add to the growing evidence that Mn may be the bio-essential metal most affected by glacier-associated sources.

冰川是前冰期和沿岸海洋环境中细粒岩粉的来源。在这些环境中,悬浮岩粉可能会影响初级生产者的光照和(微)养分供应。由于冰川岩粉的高负荷,冰川径流的颗粒金属负荷通常超过溶解金属负荷。由于冰川岩粉沉积在下游环境中,颗粒和溶解金属相之间的短期交换可能会对溶解金属浓度产生调节作用。在此,我们比较了在不同沉积物负荷(20-500 毫克/升)、时间(0.5 小时-21 天)、温度(4-11°C)和光照(黑暗/2500 Lux)条件下,将不同冰川沉积物加入海水后铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)和二氧化硅(Si)的行为。尽管所有颗粒类型的可溶性铁含量都很高(0.28-3.50 毫克铁 g-1 干沉积物),但只有 0.27-7.13 微克铁 g-1 被释放到海水中,随着沉积物负荷的增加,释放效率降低。相反,硅、锰和钴的释放率较为稳定,对沉积物负荷的敏感性较低。1-2 周后,溶解硅的释放量相当于微粒无定形硅的 17% ± 22%。尽管可溶性锰的含量比可溶性铁的含量低 12 倍,但在大多数培养过程中,溶解锰的浓度在 1 小时内超过了溶解铁的浓度。我们的研究结果表明,冰川衍生颗粒有可能成为海洋水体中大量锰和钴的来源,而且越来越多的证据表明,锰可能是受冰川相关来源影响最大的生物必需金属。
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引用次数: 0
Bacterial Community Structure Modulates Soil Phosphorus Turnover at Early Stages of Primary Succession 细菌群落结构调节初级演替早期阶段的土壤磷周转
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008174
Yuhan Wang, Haijian Bing, Daryl L. Moorhead, Enqing Hou, Yanhong Wu, Jipeng Wang, Chengjiao Duan, Qingliang Cui, Zhiqin Zhang, He Zhu, Tianyi Qiu, Zhongmin Dai, Wenfeng Tan, Min Huang, Hans Lambers, Peter B. Reich, Linchuan Fang

Microbes are the drivers of soil phosphorus (P) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems; however, the role of soil microbes in mediating P cycling in P-rich soils during primary succession remains uncertain. This study examined the impacts of bacterial community structure (diversity and composition) and its functional potential (absolute abundances of P-cycling functional genes) on soil P cycling along a 130-year glacial chronosequence on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Bacterial community structure was a better predictor of soil P fractions than P-cycling genes along the chronosequence. After glacier retreat, the solubilization of inorganic P and the mineralization of organic P were significantly enhanced by increased bacterial diversity, changed interspecific interactions, and abundant species involved in soil P mineralization, thereby increasing P availability. Although 84% of P-cycling genes were associated with organic P mineralization, these genes were more closely associated with soil organic carbon than with organic P. Bacterial carbon demand probably determined soil P turnover, indicating the dominant role of organic matter decomposition processes in P-rich alpine soils. Moreover, the significant decrease in the complexity of the bacterial co-occurrence network and the taxa-gene-P network at the later stage indicates a declining dominance of the bacterial community in driving soil P cycling with succession. Our results reveal that bacteria with a complex community structure have a prominent potential for biogeochemical P cycling in P-rich soils during the early stages of primary succession.

微生物是陆地生态系统中土壤磷(P)循环的驱动力;然而,在原生演替过程中,土壤微生物在富含 P 的土壤中介导 P 循环的作用仍不确定。本研究考察了青藏高原东部130年冰川时序上细菌群落结构(多样性和组成)及其功能潜力(P循环功能基因的绝对丰度)对土壤P循环的影响。与P循环基因相比,细菌群落结构能更好地预测土壤中P的含量。冰川退缩后,由于细菌多样性增加、种间相互作用改变以及参与土壤钾矿化的物种丰富,无机钾的溶解和有机钾的矿化显著增强,从而提高了钾的可用性。虽然 84% 的 P 循环基因与有机 P 矿化有关,但这些基因与土壤有机碳的关系比与有机 P 的关系更为密切。细菌对碳的需求可能决定了土壤中 P 的周转,这表明有机质分解过程在富含 P 的高寒土壤中起着主导作用。此外,细菌共生网络和类群-基因-P 网络的复杂性在后期明显下降,这表明随着演替的进行,细菌群落在推动土壤 P 循环方面的主导作用在下降。我们的研究结果表明,在原生演替的早期阶段,具有复杂群落结构的细菌在富含 P 的土壤中具有显著的 P 生物地球化学循环潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The Global Biogeochemical Cycle of Rhenium 铼的全球生物地球化学循环
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008254
L. Ghazi, K. E. Grant, A. Chappaz, M. Danish, B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, J. C. Pett-Ridge

This paper is the first comprehensive synthesis of what is currently known about the different natural and anthropogenic fluxes of rhenium (Re) on Earth's surface. We highlight the significant role of anthropogenic mobilization of Re, which is an important consideration in utilizing Re in the context of a biogeochemical tracer or proxy. The largest natural flux of Re derives from chemical weathering and riverine transport to the ocean (dissolved = 62 × 106 g yr−1 and particulate = 5 × 106 g yr−1). This review reports a new global average [Re] of 16 ± 2 pmol L−1, or 10 ± 1 pmol L−1 for the inferred pre-anthropogenic concentration without human impact, for rivers draining to the ocean. Human activity via mining (including secondary mobilization), coal combustion, and petroleum combustion mobilize approximately 560 × 106 g yr−1 Re, which is more than any natural flux of Re. There are several poorly constrained fluxes of Re that merit further research, including: submarine groundwater discharge, precipitation (terrestrial and oceanic), magma degassing, and hydrothermal activity. The mechanisms and the main host phases responsible for releasing (sources) or sequestrating (sinks) these fluxes remain poorly understood. This study also highlights the use of dissolved [Re] concentrations as a tracer of oxidation of petrogenic organic carbon, and stable Re isotopes as proxies for changes in global redox conditions.

本文首次全面综述了目前已知的地球表面铼(Re)的不同自然通量和人为通量。我们强调了人为活动对铼的重要作用,这是在生物地球化学示踪剂或替代物的背景下利用铼的一个重要考虑因素。Re 的最大自然通量来自化学风化和向海洋的河流迁移(溶解 = 62 × 106 g yr-1 和颗粒 = 5 × 106 g yr-1)。本综述报告了新的全球平均[Re]值,即 16 ± 2 pmol L-1,或 10 ± 1 pmol L-1(推断在没有人类活动影响的情况下,流入海洋的河流的前人类活动浓度)。人类活动通过采矿(包括二次移动)、燃煤和石油燃烧移动了大约 560 × 106 g yr-1 的 Re,这比任何自然的 Re 通量都要多。值得进一步研究的 Re 通量包括:海底地下水排放、降水(陆地和海洋)、岩浆脱气和热液活动。对这些通量的释放(源)或封存(汇)机制和主要主相仍知之甚少。这项研究还强调了利用溶解的[Re]浓度作为岩石有机碳氧化的示踪剂,以及利用稳定的Re同位素作为全球氧化还原条件变化的代用指标。
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引用次数: 0
Soil Carbon Accumulation Under Afforestation Is Driven by Contrasting Responses of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon 植树造林下的土壤碳积累是由颗粒有机碳和矿物相关有机碳的不同反应驱动的
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008116
Deping Zhai, Yiyue Wang, Chang Liao, Xiuxian Men, Chi Wang, Xiaoli Cheng

Afforestation is widely believed to sequester carbon (C) in soil. However, the effect of afforestation on soil organic C (SOC) accumulation is still debated due to the contrasting features of particulate and mineral-associated organic C (POC and MAOC). We conducted a field investigation of 144 paired sampling sites by comparing afforested and non-afforested lands to investigate the POC and MAOC dynamics after afforestation across the Danjiangkou basin in subtropical China, where forests are dominated by Platycladus orientalis, Quercus variabilis and Pinus massoniana. The average contents of SOC, POC, and MAOC were significantly increased by afforestation; however, POC and MAOC responded differently to afforestation type. All afforestation types promoted the POC content, and MAOC also showed positive responses to afforestation except that afforestation with P. massoniana from shrubland significantly reduced the MAOC content. With increasing SOC content, the POC grew at a faster rate than MAOC at high SOC levels. Afforestation hindered the growth rate of POC, while it promoted the growth rate of MAOC as SOC accrued, which potentially obscured the distinct patterns of C accumulation triggered by afforestation. The variation partitioning suggests that, under afforestation, microbial traits had a higher contribution to both POC and MAOM variations compared with non-afforested land. These results suggest that the robust buildup of microbial biomass due to increased plant C input following afforestation could contribute to soil C accumulation by promoting microbial necromass.

人们普遍认为植树造林可以固碳。然而,植树造林对土壤有机碳(SOC)积累的影响仍存在争议,因为颗粒有机碳和矿物相关有机碳(POC 和 MAOC)具有截然不同的特征。我们在中国亚热带丹江口盆地的 144 个配对采样点进行了实地调查,对比了造林地和非造林地,研究了造林后 POC 和 MAOC 的动态变化。造林显著提高了SOC、POC和MAOC的平均含量,但POC和MAOC对造林类型的响应不同。所有造林类型都提高了 POC 含量,MAOC 也对造林表现出积极的反应,只有从灌木林造林到马尾松造林明显降低了 MAOC 含量。随着 SOC 含量的增加,在高 SOC 水平下,POC 的生长速度快于 MAOC。植树造林阻碍了 POC 的增长速度,而随着 SOC 的增加,则促进了 MAOC 的增长速度,这可能掩盖了植树造林引发的不同的 C 累积模式。变化分区表明,与非植树造林地相比,植树造林下微生物特征对 POC 和 MAOM 变化的贡献更大。这些结果表明,植树造林后植物碳输入的增加会导致微生物生物量的强劲增长,这可能会通过促进微生物坏死来促进土壤碳积累。
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引用次数: 0
Global Estimates of Particulate Organic Carbon Concentration From the Surface Ocean to the Base of the Mesopelagic 表层海洋至中深海底层颗粒有机碳浓度的全球估计值
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008149
James Fox, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Kimberly H. Halsey, Jason R. Graff

The gravitational settling of organic particles from the surface to the deep ocean is an important export pathway and one of the largest components of the ocean carbon pump. The strength and efficiency of the gravitational pump are often measured using metrics reliant on reference depths and empirical formulations that parameterize the relationship between depth and the flux or concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC). Here, BGC-Argo profiles were used to identify the isolume where POC concentration, [POC], starts to decline, revealing attenuation trends below this isolume that are remarkably consistent across the global ocean. We developed a simple empirical approach that uses observations from the first optical depth to predict [POC] from the surface ocean to the base of the mesopelagic (1,000 m), allowing assessments of spatial and temporal variability in gravitational pump efficiencies. We find that rates of [POC] attenuation are high in areas of high biomass and low in areas of low biomass, supporting the view that bloom events sometimes result in a relatively weak deep biological pump that is characterized by low transfer efficiency to the base of the mesopelagic. Our isolume-based attenuation model was applied to satellite data to yield the first remote sensing-based estimate of integrated global POC stock of 3.02 Pg C over the top 1,000 m, with an uncertainty of 0.69 Pg C. Of this total stock, approximately 1.02 Pg was located above the reference isolume where [POC] begins to attenuate.

有机颗粒从表层向深海的重力沉降是一个重要的输出途径,也是海洋碳泵的最大组成部分之一。重力泵的强度和效率通常使用依赖于参考深度和经验公式的指标来测量,这些经验公式将深度与颗粒有机碳(POC)通量或浓度之间的关系参数化。在这里,我们利用 BGC-Argo 剖面图确定了 POC 浓度([POC])开始下降的隔离层,揭示了该隔离层以下的衰减趋势,而这种衰减趋势在全球海洋中非常一致。我们开发了一种简单的经验方法,利用第一光学深度的观测数据来预测从表层海洋到中层海洋底部(1000 米)的[POC],从而评估重力泵效率的时空变化。我们发现,生物量高的区域[POC]衰减率高,生物量低的区域[POC]衰减率低,这支持了一种观点,即水华事件有时会导致相对较弱的深层生物泵,其特点是向中层底层的传输效率低。我们将基于隔离层的衰减模型应用于卫星数据,首次通过遥感估算出全球 POC 总储量为 3.02 Pg C(最高 1000 米),不确定性为 0.69 Pg C。
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引用次数: 0
Gradients of Deposition and In Situ Production Drive Global Glacier Organic Matter Composition 沉积梯度和原地生产驱动全球冰川有机物质构成
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008212
Amy D. Holt, Amy M. McKenna, Anne M. Kellerman, Tom I. Battin, Jason B. Fellman, Eran Hood, Hannes Peter, Martina Schön, Vincent De Staercke, Michail Styllas, Matteo Tolosano, Robert G. M. Spencer

Runoff from rapidly melting mountain glaciers is a dominant source of riverine organic carbon in many high-latitude and high-elevation regions. Glacier dissolved organic carbon is highly bioavailable, and its composition likely reflects internal (e.g., autotrophic production) and external (i.e., atmospheric deposition) sources. However, the balance of these sources across Earth's glaciers is poorly understood, despite implications for the mineralization and assimilation of glacier organic carbon within recipient ecosystems. We assessed the molecular-level composition of dissolved organic matter from 136 mountain glacier outflows from 11 regions covering six continents using ultrahigh resolution 21 T mass spectrometry. We found substantial diversity in organic matter composition with coherent and predictable (80% accuracy) regional patterns. Employing stable and radiocarbon isotopic analyses, we demonstrate that these patterns are inherently linked to atmospheric deposition and in situ production. In remote regions like Greenland and New Zealand, the glacier organic matter pool appears to be dominated by in situ production. However, downwind of industrial centers (e.g., Alaska and Nepal), fossil fuel combustion byproducts likely underpin organic matter composition, resulting in older and more aromatic material being exported downstream. These findings highlight that the glacier carbon cycle is spatially distinct, with ramifications for predicting the dynamics and fate of glacier organic carbon concurrent with continued retreat and anthropogenic perturbation.

在许多高纬度和高海拔地区,快速融化的高山冰川径流是河流有机碳的主要来源。冰川溶解的有机碳具有很高的生物可利用性,其组成可能反映了内部(如自养生产)和外部(如大气沉积)来源。然而,尽管冰川有机碳对受体生态系统中冰川有机碳的矿化和同化具有影响,但人们对地球冰川中这些来源的平衡却知之甚少。我们利用超高分辨率 21 T 质谱仪评估了六大洲 11 个地区 136 个高山冰川流出物中溶解有机物的分子级组成。我们发现,有机物的组成具有很大的多样性,并具有连贯和可预测(准确率为 80%)的区域模式。通过稳定同位素和放射性碳同位素分析,我们证明了这些模式与大气沉积和原地生产有着内在联系。在格陵兰岛和新西兰等偏远地区,冰川有机物库似乎以原地生产为主。然而,在工业中心(如阿拉斯加和尼泊尔)的下风向,化石燃料燃烧的副产品很可能是有机物组成的基础,导致更古老、更芳香的物质向下游输出。这些发现凸显了冰川碳循环在空间上的独特性,对预测冰川有机碳在持续退缩和人为干扰下的动态和命运具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneous Hot and Dry Extreme-Events Increase Wetland Methane Emissions: An Assessment of Compound Extreme-Event Impacts Using Ameriflux and FLUXNET-CH4 Site Data Sets 同时发生的干热极端事件增加了湿地甲烷排放量:利用 Ameriflux 和 FLUXNET-CH4 站点数据集评估复合极端事件的影响
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008201
T. J. R. Lippmann, Y. van der Velde, K. Naudts, G. Hensgens, J. E. Vonk, H. Dolman

Wetlands are the largest natural source of global atmospheric methane (CH4). Despite advances to our understanding of changes in temperature and precipitation extremes, their impacts on carbon-rich ecosystems such as wetlands, remain significantly understudied. Here, we quantify the impacts of extreme temperature, precipitation, and dry events on wetland CH4 dynamics by investigating the effects of both compound and discrete extreme-events. We use long-term climate data to identify extreme-events and 45 eddy covariance sites data sets sourced from the FLUXNET-CH4 database and Ameriflux project to assess impacts on wetland CH4 emissions. These findings reveal that compound hot + dry extreme-events lead to large increases in daily CH4 emissions. However, per event, discrete dry-only extreme-events cause the largest total decrease in CH4 emissions, due to their long duration. Despite dry-only extreme-events leading to an overall reduction in CH4 emissions, enhanced fluxes are often observed for the first days of dry-only extreme-events. These effects differ depending on wetland type, where marsh sites tend to be sensitive to most types of extreme-events. Lagged impacts are significant for at least the 12 months following several types of extreme-events. These findings have implications for understanding how extreme-event impacts may evolve in the context of climate change, where changes in the frequency and intensity of temperature and precipitation extreme-events are already observed. With increasing occurrences of enhanced CH4 fluxes in response to hot-only extreme-events and hot + wet extreme-events and fewer occurrences of reduced CH4 fluxes during cold-only extreme-events, the impact of wetland CH4 emissions on climate warming may be increasing.

湿地是全球大气中甲烷 (CH4) 的最大天然来源。尽管我们对极端气温和降水变化的理解有所进步,但它们对湿地等富碳生态系统的影响研究仍显不足。在这里,我们通过研究复合极端事件和离散极端事件的影响,量化极端温度、降水和干旱事件对湿地 CH4 动态的影响。我们利用长期气候数据来识别极端事件,并利用来自 FLUXNET-CH4 数据库和 Ameriflux 项目的 45 个涡度协方差站点数据集来评估对湿地 CH4 排放的影响。这些研究结果表明,干热复合极端事件会导致每天的甲烷排放量大幅增加。然而,就每个事件而言,由于持续时间较长,离散的纯干燥极端事件导致的甲烷排放总降幅最大。尽管仅干燥的极端事件会导致 CH4 排放量的总体减少,但在仅干燥的极端事件发生的头几天,往往会观察到通量的增加。这些影响因湿地类型而异,沼泽地往往对大多数类型的极端事件敏感。在几种极端事件发生后的至少 12 个月内,滞后影响都很明显。这些发现对于理解极端事件的影响在气候变化背景下如何演变具有重要意义,因为在气候变化背景下,温度和降水极端事件的频率和强度已经发生了变化。随着仅在炎热极端事件和炎热+潮湿极端事件中CH4通量增加的情况越来越多,而在仅在寒冷极端事件中CH4通量减少的情况越来越少,湿地CH4排放对气候变暖的影响可能会越来越大。
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引用次数: 0
The Changing Biological Carbon Pump of the South Atlantic Ocean 南大西洋不断变化的生物碳泵
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008202
L. Delaigue, O. Sulpis, G.-J. Reichart, M. P. Humphreys

Global marine anthropogenic CO2 inventories have traditionally emphasized the North Atlantic's role in the carbon cycle, while Southern hemisphere processes are less understood. The South Subtropical Convergence (SSTC) in the South Atlantic, a juncture of distinct nutrient-rich waters, offers a valuable study area for discerning the potential impacts of climate change on the ocean's biological carbon pump (Csoft). Using discrete observations from GLODAPv2.2022 and BGC-Argo at 40°S in the Atlantic Ocean from 1972 to 2023, an increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of +1.44 ± 0.11 μmol kg−1 yr−1 in surface waters was observed. While anthropogenic CO2 played a role, variations in the contribution of Csoft were observed. Discrepancies emerged in assessing Csoft based on the tracers employed: when using AOU, Csoft(AOU) recorded an increase of +0.20 ± 0.03 μmol kg−1 yr−1, while using nitrate as the reference, Csoft(NO3) displayed an increase of +0.85 ± 0.07 μmol kg−1 yr−1. Key processes such as water mass composition shifts, changes in oxygenation, remineralization in the Southern Ocean, and the challenges they pose in accurately representing the evolving Csoft are discussed. These findings highlight that while global studies primarily attribute DIC increase to anthropogenic CO2, observations at 40°S reveal an intensified biological carbon pump, showing that regional DIC changes are more complex than previously thought and emphasizing the need for better parameterizations to compute the BCP in the marine carbon budget.

全球海洋人为二氧化碳清单历来强调北大西洋在碳循环中的作用,而对南半球的碳循环过程了解较少。南大西洋的南亚热带辐合带(SSTC)是一个富含营养物质的独特水域交界处,它为研究气候变化对海洋生物碳泵(Csoft)的潜在影响提供了一个宝贵的研究区域。利用 GLODAPv2.2022 和 BGC-Argo 从 1972 年到 2023 年在大西洋南纬 40 度的离散观测数据,观测到表层水的溶解无机碳(DIC)增加了 +1.44 ± 0.11 μmol kg-1 yr-1。虽然人为 CO2 起了一定作用,但观察到 Csoft 的贡献存在差异。根据所使用的示踪剂评估 Csoft 时出现了差异:当使用 AOU 时,Csoft(AOU)记录的增幅为 +0.20 ± 0.03 μmol kg-1 yr-1,而使用硝酸盐作为参照物时,Csoft(NO3)显示的增幅为 +0.85 ± 0.07 μmol kg-1 yr-1。讨论了南大洋水团组成变化、含氧量变化、再矿化等关键过程,以及这些过程在准确表示不断变化的 Csoft 方面所面临的挑战。这些发现突出表明,虽然全球研究主要将 DIC 的增加归因于人为 CO2,但在南纬 40 度的观测结果显示,生物碳泵得到加强,表明区域 DIC 变化比以前认为的更为复杂,并强调需要更好的参数化来计算海洋碳预算中的 BCP。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Mesozooplankton Growth and Reproduction on Plankton and Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Marine Biogeochemical Model 海洋生物地球化学模型中的中浮游生物生长和繁殖对浮游生物和有机碳动态的影响
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008153
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Nielja Knecht, Meike Vogt, Olivier Aumont

Marine mesozooplankton play an important role for marine ecosystem functioning and global biogeochemical cycles. Their size structure, varying spatially and temporally, heavily impacts biogeochemical processes and ecosystem services. Mesozooplankton exhibit size changes throughout their life cycle, affecting metabolic rates and functional traits. Despite this variability, many models oversimplify mesozooplankton as a single, unchanging size class, potentially biasing carbon flux estimates. Here, we include mesozooplankton ontogenetic growth and reproduction into a 3-dimensional global ocean biogeochemical model, PISCES-MOG, and investigate the subsequent effects on simulated mesozooplankton phenology, plankton distribution, and organic carbon export. Utilizing an ensemble of statistical predictive models calibrated with a global set of observations, we generated monthly climatologies of mesozooplankton biomass to evaluate the simulations of PISCES-MOG. Our analyses reveal that the model and observation-based biomass distributions are consistent (rpearson ${mathrm{r}}_{mathit{pearson}}$ = 0.40, total epipelagic biomass: 137 TgC from observations vs. 232 TgC in the model), with similar seasonality (later bloom as latitude increases poleward). Including ontogenetic growth in the model induced cohort dynamics and variable seasonal dynamics across mesozooplankton size classes and altered the relative contribution of carbon cycling pathways. Younger and smaller mesozooplankton transitioned to microzooplankton in PISCES-MOG, resulting in a change in particle size distribution, characterized by a decrease in large particulate organic carbon (POC) and an increase in small POC generation. Consequently, carbon export from the surface was reduced by 10%. This study underscores the importance of accounting for ontogenetic growth and reproduction in models, highlighting the interconnectedness between mesozooplankton size, phenology, and their effects on marine carbon cycling.

海洋中生浮游生物在海洋生态系统功能和全球生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用。它们的大小结构在空间和时间上各不相同,对生物地球化学过程和生态系统服务有着重大影响。中浮游生物在整个生命周期中都会发生体型变化,从而影响新陈代谢率和功能特征。尽管存在这种变化,许多模型仍将中浮游生物过度简化为单一、不变的大小类别,从而可能导致碳通量估算出现偏差。在此,我们将中生浮游生物的本体生长和繁殖纳入三维全球海洋生物地球化学模式 PISCES-MOG,并研究其对模拟中生浮游生物物候学、浮游生物分布和有机碳输出的影响。我们利用一组经全球观测数据校准的统计预测模型,生成了中浮游生物生物量的月度气候学数据,以评估 PISCES-MOG 的模拟结果。我们的分析表明,模式和基于观测的生物量分布是一致的(r pearson ${mathrm{r}}_mathit{pearson}}$ = 0.40,表层生物总量:观测值为 137 TgC,而模式为 232 TgC),具有相似的季节性(随着纬度向极地增加,浮游植物的开花期推迟)。将本体生长纳入模型会引起不同大小的中浮游生物的同群动态和不同的季节动态,并改变碳循环途径的相对贡献。在 PISCES-MOG 中,较年轻和较小的中浮游动物过渡到微浮游动物,导致粒径分布发生变化,其特点是大颗粒有机碳(POC)减少,小颗粒有机碳生成增加。因此,从海面输出的碳减少了 10%。这项研究强调了在模型中考虑本体生长和繁殖的重要性,突出了中浮游动物的大小、物候及其对海洋碳循环的影响之间的相互联系。
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引用次数: 0
Indian Ocean Acidification and Its Driving Mechanisms Over the Last Four Decades (1980–2019) 过去四十年(1980-2019 年)印度洋的酸化及其驱动机制
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008139
Kunal Chakraborty, A. P. Joshi, Prasanna Kanti Ghoshal, Balaji Baduru, Vinu Valsala, V. V. S. S. Sarma, Nicolas Metzl, Marion Gehlen, Frédéric Chevallier, Claire Lo Monaco

This paper aims to study the changes in the Indian Ocean seawater pH in response to the changes in sea-surface temperature, sea-surface salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (ALK) over the period 1980–2019 and its driving mechanisms using a high-resolution regional model outputs. The analysis indicates that the rate of change of declining pH in the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BoB), and the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) is −0.014 ± $pm $ 0.002, −0.014 ± $pm $ 0.001, and −0.015 ± $pm $ 0.001 unit dec−1, respectively. Both in AS and BoB (EIO), the highest (lowest) decadal DIC trend is found during 2000–2009. The surface acidification rate has accelerated throughout the IO region during 2010–2019 compared to the previous decades. Further, our analysis indicates that El Ninõ and positive Indian Ocean Dipole events lead to an enhancement of the Indian Ocean acidification. The increasing anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean dominantly controls 80% (94.5% and 85.7%) of the net pH trend (1980–2019) in AS (BoB and EIO), whereas ocean warming controls 14.4% (13.4% and 7.0%) of pH trends in AS (BoB and EIO). The changes in ALK contribute to enhancing the pH trend of AS by 5.0%. ALK dominates after DIC in the EIO and, similar to the AS, contributes to increasing the negative pH trend by 10.7%. In contrast, it has a buffering effect in the BoB, suppressing the pH trend by −5.4%.

本文旨在利用高分辨率区域模式输出结果,研究1980-2019年间印度洋海水pH值随海面温度、海面盐度、溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(ALK)变化的变化及其驱动机制。分析表明,阿拉伯海(AS)、孟加拉湾(BoB)和赤道印度洋(EIO)的 pH 值下降速率分别为-0.014 ± $pm $ 0.002、-0.014 ± $pm $ 0.001 和 -0.015 ± $pm $ 0.001 单位 dec-1。在2000-2009年期间,AS和BoB(EIO)的十年DIC趋势最高(最低)。与前几十年相比,2010-2019年整个IO区域的地表酸化速度加快。此外,我们的分析表明,厄尔尼诺和正印度洋偶极子事件导致印度洋酸化加剧。海洋人为二氧化碳吸收量的增加主要控制了印度洋酸化区(BoB 和 EIO)pH 净趋势(1980-2019 年)的 80%(94.5% 和 85.7%),而海洋变暖控制了印度洋酸化区(BoB 和 EIO)pH 净趋势的 14.4%(13.4% 和 7.0%)。ALK 的变化使 AS 的 pH 变化趋势提高了 5.0%。在 EIO 中,ALK 在 DIC 之后占主导地位,与 AS 相似,它使负 pH 值趋势增加了 10.7%。与此相反,ALK 在 BoB 中具有缓冲作用,将 pH 值趋势抑制了-5.4%。
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引用次数: 0
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Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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