Future microbiology最新文献

The discovery of antibiotics marked a crucial milestone in medical history, widely credited for its pivotal role in saving countless lives. However, the escalating resistance of microbes to traditional antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics) now jeopardizes the effectiveness of these life-saving drugs. The World Health Organization adopted a Global Action Plan (GAP) in 2015, recognizing the looming threat to human health posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As of 2019, 4.95 million global deaths are attributed to AMR, with 1.27 million deaths recorded in that year alone. In this review, a thorough literature survey was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords related to AMR, antibiotic action, the mechanisms of AMR, and treatment of AMR. There was a primary focus on alternative therapies and innovative medicinal advancements, such as bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and synthetic inhibitors for ppGpp nucleotide messengers as potential treatment options to reduce our dependence on antibiotics. These innovative strategies broaden the currently limited scope of treatments against the emerging resistant strains of microorganisms.

Probiotic yeasts have attracted attention for immunological and functional advantages. They alter inflammatory pathways through immune system induction activities, mitigating some cancer-related immune system pathways, and can be an option in treating inflammation-related diseases such as cancer. Current research has directed to survey mechanisms behind the anti-cancer effects of this genus. It has been demonstrated how probiotic yeasts can be used in managing cancer incidence alone or with other current cancer therapies. This could be possible through their potential in suppression of tumor progression by up-regulating apoptosis, activating immune cells, secreting cytokines, managing inflammation by gut microbiome improvement, and helping short-chain fatty acids production. Recent studies have focused on this genus due to its characteristics, ranging from their capacity to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract, resistance to antibiotics, and lack the ability to transfer genetic elements such as antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic microorganisms. This review surveys anti-cancer potential of probiotic yeasts through their distinct effects, such as managing inflammation and modulating the immune system, and summarizes current studies of probiotic yeasts. The literature search was conducted from 2000 to 2025, with 2% of reviewed studies before 2000. The databases used were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that has become increasingly prevalent over the past few years as a result of sedentary lifestyles. Up to 70% of diabetic patients have skin lesions due to deterioration in the skin barrier and changes in the physiological pH of the skin, leading to alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity, which predisposes individuals to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. This article focuses on the superficial mycoses associated with DM. We conducted a search in the following databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Using a date range of 15 years from 2010 to 2025 resulted in 178 articles with the following inclusion criteria: written in English, be relevant to the topic at hand, with Open or institutional access. We observe that these infections remain at the level of the stratum corneum and, in exceptional cases, affect the epidermis and dermis. The three most common types are those caused by dermatophytes (tineas), infections by yeast species of Candida (candidiasis), and non-dermatophyte mold (NDMs). DM increases the risk of these infections, highlighting the need for effective prevention.

The oral microbiome plays a major role in health, while its dysbiosis can contribute to oral and systemic disorders. The oral cavity hosts a complex community of commensal and pathogenic microbes, and disruptions in this balance, through bacterial infections, can contribute to cancer development and progression through chronic inflammation, inhibition of cell-death, and the release of carcinogenic substances. Microbial shifts driven by prolonged inflammation resulting from chronic oral diseases can escalate dysbiosis and promote neoplastic changes. Despite growing interest, oral microbiome-cancer-axis remains an emerging field. Current research focuses on a small number of microorganisms and associated virulence factors within the tumor-microenvironment, underscoring the need for more comprehensive, systems-level analyses. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar (2019-2025), to identify and screen studies examining the association between bacterial infections and oral cancer. This review aims to examine and summarize the existing literature to elucidate risks and potential mitigation strategies associated with concurrent bacterial infections in oral cancer. In conclusion, more comprehensive, large-scale, and interdisciplinary studies are needed to understand the microbial influence on cancer, its impact on therapeutic responses, use of probiotics to enhance chemosensitivity and targeted-antibiotic therapy to reduce pathogenic load.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria in humans. The nose and pharynx constitute two fundamental ecological niches for this bacterium, supporting the asymptomatic carrier state and acting as sources of infection in susceptible organisms. Colonization dynamics depend on the balance between the bacteria's virulence factors, the host's immune response, and the environment. Colonization is favored by attenuated immune responses, with evidence of partial tolerance and low protective antibody titers. Colonization also appears to depend on the microbiome of the colonized site. Genetic, metabolic, lifestyle, and age factors of the host may also contribute to colonization. Global prevalence rates vary widely depending on the geographic, social, and economic context. Recently, emerging strategies such as the use of phages, microbiome modulation, nanoparticles, gene editing technologies, and vaccines have been developed as promising alternatives to prevent colonization and infection by this bacterium. This review summarizes the current evidence on the factors that allow nasal and pharyngeal colonization of S. aureus, as well as therapeutic perspectives to prevent colonization by this bacterium.

Background: Infections caused by Candida albicans pose a significant clinical challenge worldwide due to their opportunistic nature and resistance to treatment.

Research design and methods: Here, compounds derived from isatin were evaluated for pharmacological and antifungal potential against C. albicans.

Results: Out of 19 compounds, only the compound FLA94 reduced the cell viability of C. albicans by 90% at 50 μM. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to reach 50% of inhibition (MIC50) was calculated at 42.8 μM. Fluorescence analysis revealed that FLA94 increased fungal cell membrane permeabilization and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bioinformatic analyses predicted that FLA94 has good gastrointestinal absorption and low toxicity, calculating the LD50 around 3000 mg kg^-1 without significant risk of adverse effects. Target fishing and molecular docking analyses predicted that FLA94 targeted an11d interacted with Secreted Aspartic Peptidase type 2 (SAP2) and an Agglutinin-Like Protein 3 (ALS3) key enzymes for C. albicans virulence and biofilm establishment.

Conclusions: These promising results suggest that satin-derivatives can potentially treat infectious diseases caused by C. albicans.

Background and aim: Endophytes are symbiotic microbes residing within plant tissues and protect plants against pathogens. Tea is a highly valuable and economically important commercial crop. However, little is known about the diversity and potential functions of endophytes in tea plantations. This study explored the diversity and antimicrobial potential of endophytes from the tea roots of the Kangra valley in the Western Himalayas.

Methods: Endophytes were screened for antimicrobial activity using agar over-lay and agar well assay.

Results: A total of 71 endophytes were isolated from the tea roots. Out of these, 19 bacteria and 16 fungi showed antimicrobial activities against one or more pathogens. Bacterial isolates with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity belonged to genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Dyella, Lysinibacillus, Pantoea, Rhodococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, and Terracoccus. Fungal endophytes with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity showed closest identity with Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bjerkandera, Chaunopycnis, Coprinellus, Cryptosporiopsis, Fusarium, Guignardia, Hypocrea, Leptosphaerulina, Mucor, Penicillium, Thanatephorus, and Xylaria.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of tea endophytes as a source of natural bioactive compounds.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate how the presence and absence of S-Layer proteins (SLp) affects bacterial sensitivity to Penicillin-G.

Methods: The phenotypic feature of strains in the presence and absence of SLp was evaluated using disk diffusion and nitrocefin tests. The β-lactam resistance gene (blaZ) was detected by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Viable cell counts were performed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours in Penicillin-G-supplemented medium for strains with and without SLp. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between exposure time and viability.

Results: In the absence of SLp, an increase in the zone diameter of all strains has been observed. In the viability test, Lpb. plantarum DA225 had an initial viability of 8.47 log CFU/mL. After 12 hours without SLp, it lost 4.97, finishing with 3.50 log CFU/mL. Pearson's correlation showed a positive correlation of 0.68 between the 4th and 12th hours, and 0.97 between the 8th and 12th hours.

Conclusions: Suggesting results SLp deficiency does not completely affect the survival of the bacterium, it causes it to become physiologically weaker, and that the SLp has an indirect but significant effect on cell viability.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with poor outcomes and the impact of Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) infection in patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Brazil.

Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study evaluated risk factors for death, treatment failure, or treatment default using multivariable logistic regression, and analyzed survival using Kaplan - Meier method.

Results: MABC was identified as a major predictor of unfavorable results. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with MABC infection had a significantly lower probability of a successful outcome compared to those with other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species (p < 0.01), especially due to a considerably higher rate of treatment failure (p < 0.01). The multivariable regression confirmed that infection by MABC (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.09-1.23), HIV infection (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.21), having only 1 to 3 years of schooling (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.26), renal disease (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.62), alcohol abuse (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.26), and illicit drug use (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.41) were independent risk factors for a poor outcome.

Conclusion: The evidence shows that pulmonary infection by MABC, HIV co-infection, fewer years of schooling, renal disease, alcohol abuse and the use of illicit drugs are associated with poor outcomes.