Martin Depret, Yannick Bruni, A. Dassargues, A. Defourny, J. Marion, H. Vanderschueren, F. Hatert
Numerous naturally CO2-rich mineral water springs, locally called pouhons, occur in the Stavelot-Venn Massif. These water springs show a particular composition with a high content of iron, manganese and lithium, and are characterised by a red-orange colour resulting from iron hydroxide precipitation near the land surface. Radon measurements have shown that these ferruginous deposits are weakly radioactive. The Upper Cambrian black shales of the La Gleize Formation are also known to display radioactive anomalies. These rocks show enrichment in HFSE (Pb, U, Y, Ce, Zr, Ti, Nb) and are depleted in transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn). Specific minerals such as florencite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon have been identified and are probably at the origin of the radioactive anomalies. Uranium was gradually leached from these minerals, transported in solution, and finally concentrated in ferruginous muds. These muds are mainly composed of goethite (most often amorphous), residual quartz and calcite in some samples. The most probable hypothesis is that uranium is adsorbed in small concentrations on the goethite surface. On the other hand, the Ottré Formation (Ordovician) appears to be the main source of lithium, iron and manganese. Pouhon waters have therefore probably leached rocks of various mineralogy and chemical composition during their sub-surface circulation.
{"title":"Mineralogical and hydrogeological study of \"pouhons\" in the lower Palaeozoic formations of the Stavelot-Venn Massif, Belgium","authors":"Martin Depret, Yannick Bruni, A. Dassargues, A. Defourny, J. Marion, H. Vanderschueren, F. Hatert","doi":"10.20341/gb.2021.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2021.001","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous naturally CO2-rich mineral water springs, locally called pouhons, occur in the Stavelot-Venn Massif. These water springs show a particular composition with a high content of iron, manganese and lithium, and are characterised by a red-orange colour resulting from iron hydroxide precipitation near the land surface. Radon measurements have shown that these ferruginous deposits are weakly radioactive. The Upper Cambrian black shales of the La Gleize Formation are also known to display radioactive anomalies. These rocks show enrichment in HFSE (Pb, U, Y, Ce, Zr, Ti, Nb) and are depleted in transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn). Specific minerals such as florencite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon have been identified and are probably at the origin of the radioactive anomalies. Uranium was gradually leached from these minerals, transported in solution, and finally concentrated in ferruginous muds. These muds are mainly composed of goethite (most often amorphous), residual quartz and calcite in some samples. The most probable hypothesis is that uranium is adsorbed in small concentrations on the goethite surface. On the other hand, the Ottré Formation (Ordovician) appears to be the main source of lithium, iron and manganese. Pouhon waters have therefore probably leached rocks of various mineralogy and chemical composition during their sub-surface circulation.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88784353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meriem L. Moulana, A. Hubert‐Ferrari, M. Guendouz, M. El Ouahabi, A. Boutaleb, F. Boulvain
The Messinian (Upper Miocene) is characterized at the level of its marginal basins by the development of numerous carbonate platforms. This study concerns the Messinian platform of the Boukadir region in the south of the Chelif Basin in Algeria. It is composed of a lower prograding rimmed platform and an upper aggradational homoclinal ramp resting upon the Tortonian–Lower Messinian Blue Marl Formation, and its thickness reaches ~280 m in the Chelif Basin. The upper red-algae unit is uniform and subhorizontal with a minimum thickness of 90 m. Petrographic analysis of the upper ramp reveals three different microfacies, characterized by Lithothamnium, foraminifera, high porosity, and a microsparitic matrix. MF1 is a packstone, MF2 a packstone/bindstone deposited above the fair-weather wave base and MF3 is a wackestone to packstone deposited below this level. The upper unit is made up entirely of autochthonous biogenic elements without significant external fluvial contribution. It was formed in a shallow marine environment, with very high productivity and a significant export of the sediments produced. This aggradation was followed by a rapid exhumation (regression) transforming all the aragonite into calcite. The platforms correspond to the T2 complex reef formation (6.7–5.95 Ma) documented on the other Messinian carbonate platforms in the South of the Alboran Sea that formed just before the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
{"title":"Contribution to the sedimentology of the Messinian carbonates of the Chelif Basin (Boukadir, Algeria)","authors":"Meriem L. Moulana, A. Hubert‐Ferrari, M. Guendouz, M. El Ouahabi, A. Boutaleb, F. Boulvain","doi":"10.20341/gb.2021.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2021.002","url":null,"abstract":"The Messinian (Upper Miocene) is characterized at the level of its marginal basins by the development of numerous carbonate platforms. This study concerns the Messinian platform of the Boukadir region in the south of the Chelif Basin in Algeria. It is composed of a lower prograding rimmed platform and an upper aggradational homoclinal ramp resting upon the Tortonian–Lower Messinian Blue Marl Formation, and its thickness reaches ~280 m in the Chelif Basin. The upper red-algae unit is uniform and subhorizontal with a minimum thickness of 90 m. Petrographic analysis of the upper ramp reveals three different microfacies, characterized by Lithothamnium, foraminifera, high porosity, and a microsparitic matrix. MF1 is a packstone, MF2 a packstone/bindstone deposited above the fair-weather wave base and MF3 is a wackestone to packstone deposited below this level. The upper unit is made up entirely of autochthonous biogenic elements without significant external fluvial contribution. It was formed in a shallow marine environment, with very high productivity and a significant export of the sediments produced. This aggradation was followed by a rapid exhumation (regression) transforming all the aragonite into calcite. The platforms correspond to the T2 complex reef formation (6.7–5.95 Ma) documented on the other Messinian carbonate platforms in the South of the Alboran Sea that formed just before the Messinian Salinity Crisis.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81116876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction The Centre Gregoire Fournier (CGF) is part of the Maredsous Abbey (Denee, southern Belgium) and is home to the most important collection of invertebrates (e.g., brachiopods, echinoids, graptolites) and vertebrates (fishes) from the Visean (Moliniacian) ‘black marble’ of Denee, which ranks among the few fossil conservation deposits of the Belgian Carboniferous (see references in Mottequin, 2008a and Mottequin et al., 2015). Although the other palaeontological collections gathered by Dom Gregoire Fournier (1863-1931) cannot be compared with those of the ‘black marble’ of Denee, they include some types and illustrated specimens, notably of goniatites (Delepine, 1940) and fishes (Leriche, 1908), but also worthwhile material generally coming from Ordovician–Carboniferous sections located around Maredsous. The Centre Gregoire Fournier was originally the museum of natural sciences of the abbatial school of the Maredsous Abbey (Genard, 2018, 2019). Besides the mineralogical and palaeontological collections, this local museum comprises archaeological, botanical, petrological and zoological ones (Henrard, 1951; Parent, 1977, 1979). The three first objectives of the paper are related to the Centre Gregoire Fournier. This contribution aims at (1) providing brief information on its mineralogical and petrological (meteorites) collections, (2) documenting the types and illustrated specimens included in its palaeontological collections (to the exception of those from the ‘b
{"title":"Earth science collections of the Centre Grégoire Fournier (Maredsous) with comments on Middle Devonian–Carboniferous brachiopods and trilobites from southern Belgium","authors":"Bernard Mottequin","doi":"10.20341/GB.2020.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/GB.2020.028","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Centre Gregoire Fournier (CGF) is part of the Maredsous Abbey (Denee, southern Belgium) and is home to the most important collection of invertebrates (e.g., brachiopods, echinoids, graptolites) and vertebrates (fishes) from the Visean (Moliniacian) ‘black marble’ of Denee, which ranks among the few fossil conservation deposits of the Belgian Carboniferous (see references in Mottequin, 2008a and Mottequin et al., 2015). Although the other palaeontological collections gathered by Dom Gregoire Fournier (1863-1931) cannot be compared with those of the ‘black marble’ of Denee, they include some types and illustrated specimens, notably of goniatites (Delepine, 1940) and fishes (Leriche, 1908), but also worthwhile material generally coming from Ordovician–Carboniferous sections located around Maredsous. The Centre Gregoire Fournier was originally the museum of natural sciences of the abbatial school of the Maredsous Abbey (Genard, 2018, 2019). Besides the mineralogical and palaeontological collections, this local museum comprises archaeological, botanical, petrological and zoological ones (Henrard, 1951; Parent, 1977, 1979). The three first objectives of the paper are related to the Centre Gregoire Fournier. This contribution aims at (1) providing brief information on its mineralogical and petrological (meteorites) collections, (2) documenting the types and illustrated specimens included in its palaeontological collections (to the exception of those from the ‘b","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83809283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction The Antwerp harbour region (Belgium) is well known for its thick and fossil-rich Pliocene successions (e.g. Vervoenen, 1995; Marquet, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005; Marquet et al., 2009; Duboys de Lavigerie et al., 2020; Tsai et al., 2020). To the east these units become thin and discontinuous and often are affected by decalcification and reworking and the stratigraphic subdivision is not well understood (Marquet, 1980; Bisconti & Bosselaers, 2020; Bosselaers et al., 2004). To the southeast of Antwerp a Pliocene fauna has been documented that has a specific taphonomic character and species composition (Marquet, 1980; Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003). This so-called Broechem fauna is found in brown-reddish spherical sandstone nodules of up to circa 15 cm long, and is dominated by single and paired specimens of a number of large bivalve species, partially as moulds, including Cyrtodaria angusta, Arctica islandica, Acanthocardia aff. aculeata, Cardiidae indet. (sensu Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003) and Callista chione. The presence of Pygocardia rustica forma tumida implies an Early Pliocene age (Marquet, 1980; Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003; Bosch & Wesselingh, 2006). Marquet (1980) reported the Broechem fauna mostly ex situ from a gravel interval supposedly attributed to the Kattendijk Formation overlying upper Miocene Diest Formation deposits at temporary outcrops for the construction of a water basin between the villages of Broechem and Oelegem. How
1. 安特卫普港区(比利时)以其厚厚的和富含化石的上新世序列而闻名(例如Vervoenen, 1995;Marquet, 1998,2002, 2004, 2005;Marquet et al.， 2009;Duboys de Lavigerie et al.， 2020;Tsai等人，2020)。在东部，这些单元变得薄而不连续，经常受到脱钙化和改造的影响，地层细分不清楚(Marquet, 1980;Bisconti & Bosselaers, 2020;Bosselaers et al.， 2004)。在安特卫普东南部，有记录的上新世动物群具有特定的地语学特征和物种组成(Marquet, 1980;Wesselingh in van Bakel et al.， 2003)。这种所谓的Broechem动物群是在长约15厘米的棕红色球形砂岩结核中发现的，主要是一些大型双壳类物种的单个和成对标本，部分为霉菌，包括Cyrtodaria angusta, Arctica islandica, Acanthocardia affa . aculeata, Cardiidae indet。(sensu Wesselingh in van Bakel et al.， 2003)和Callista chione。Pygocardia rustica forma tumida的存在暗示了上新世早期(Marquet, 1980;Wesselingh in van Bakel et al.， 2003;Bosch & Wesselingh, 2006)。Marquet(1980)报道说，Broechem动物群大多来自一个砾石层，据推测是由Kattendijk组在上中新世Diest组沉积物上形成的，这些沉积物是为了在Broechem和Oelegem村庄之间建造一个盆地而临时露头的。如何
{"title":"Observations on the Pliocene sediments exposed at Antwerp International Airport (northern Belgium) constrain the stratigraphic position of the Broechem fauna","authors":"F. Wesselingh, F. Busschers, Stijn Goolaerts","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.026","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Antwerp harbour region (Belgium) is well known for its thick and fossil-rich Pliocene successions (e.g. Vervoenen, 1995; Marquet, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005; Marquet et al., 2009; Duboys de Lavigerie et al., 2020; Tsai et al., 2020). To the east these units become thin and discontinuous and often are affected by decalcification and reworking and the stratigraphic subdivision is not well understood (Marquet, 1980; Bisconti & Bosselaers, 2020; Bosselaers et al., 2004). To the southeast of Antwerp a Pliocene fauna has been documented that has a specific taphonomic character and species composition (Marquet, 1980; Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003). This so-called Broechem fauna is found in brown-reddish spherical sandstone nodules of up to circa 15 cm long, and is dominated by single and paired specimens of a number of large bivalve species, partially as moulds, including Cyrtodaria angusta, Arctica islandica, Acanthocardia aff. aculeata, Cardiidae indet. (sensu Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003) and Callista chione. The presence of Pygocardia rustica forma tumida implies an Early Pliocene age (Marquet, 1980; Wesselingh in van Bakel et al., 2003; Bosch & Wesselingh, 2006). Marquet (1980) reported the Broechem fauna mostly ex situ from a gravel interval supposedly attributed to the Kattendijk Formation overlying upper Miocene Diest Formation deposits at temporary outcrops for the construction of a water basin between the villages of Broechem and Oelegem. How","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73642516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.20341/gb.2020.021-sm1
K. D. Nil, Marleen De Ceukelaire, Marleen Van Damme
Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 as the resulting dataset from 'De Nil, K., De Ceukelaire, M. & Van Damme, M., 2020. A reference dataset for the Neogene lithostratigraphy in Flanders, Belgium. Geologica Belgica, 23/3-4. https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.021' Table 2. The general and different (sub)reference datasets resulting from the individual Neogene 2020 papers, with their DOV URL. Table 3. List of the individual boreholes and (temporary) outcrops of the Neogene reference set, with reference to the different individual papers of this collection, sorted by location as mentioned in the papers. *Complete ‘https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be/data/boring/’ with this unique code. **Complete http://collections.naturalsciences.be/ssh-geology-archives/arch/ with this unique code. Table 4. List of the individual CPT’s with reference to the different individual papers of this collection, sorted by DOV name.
表2、表3和表4是来自'De Nil, K.， De Ceukelaire, M. & Van Damme, M.， 2020年的结果数据集。比利时法兰德斯新近系岩石地层参考资料。地质比利时，23/3-4。https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.021表2。单个Neogene 2020论文的一般和不同(子)参考数据集，以及它们的DOV URL。表3。新第三系参考集的单个钻孔和(临时)露头列表，参考该集合的不同单个论文，按论文中提到的位置排序。*用这个独特的代码完成' https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be/data/boring/ '。**用这个独特的代码完成http://collections.naturalsciences.be/ssh-geology-archives/arch/。表4。个别CPT的列表，参考不同的个别论文的这个集合，按DOV名称排序。
{"title":"The Neogene 2020 reference dataset (De Nil et al., 2020)","authors":"K. D. Nil, Marleen De Ceukelaire, Marleen Van Damme","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.021-sm1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.021-sm1","url":null,"abstract":"Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 as the resulting dataset from 'De Nil, K., De Ceukelaire, M. & Van Damme, M., 2020. A reference dataset for the Neogene lithostratigraphy in Flanders, Belgium. Geologica Belgica, 23/3-4. https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.021' \u0000\u0000Table 2. The general and different (sub)reference datasets resulting from the individual Neogene 2020 papers, with their DOV URL.\u0000\u0000Table 3. List of the individual boreholes and (temporary) outcrops of the Neogene reference set, with reference to the different individual papers of this collection, sorted by location as mentioned in the papers. *Complete ‘https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be/data/boring/’ with this unique code. **Complete http://collections.naturalsciences.be/ssh-geology-archives/arch/ with this unique code.\u0000\u0000Table 4. List of the individual CPT’s with reference to the different individual papers of this collection, sorted by DOV name.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82189459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction The Neogene state-of-the-art compilation by the Subcommission for Neogene and Paleogene Lithostratigraphy of Belgium, formed an excellent opportunity to collect the data points to which the individual publications refer and to identify these data in the federal and regional databases. Two main data holders provide structured information concerning boreholes and outcrops of the geological subsurface of the northern region of Belgium, where Neogene deposits underlie the Quaternary sediments: (1) the regional Flanders Soil and Subsoil Database (Databank Ondergrond Vlaanderen or DOV), and (2) the federal Geological Survey of Belgium of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (GSB-RBINS). DOV (https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be; 2020) is the public web portal for open data concerning geology, natural resources, soil, hydrogeology, geotechnical characteristics and groundwater licenses of the (sub)soil of Flanders. The Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development (VPO) of the Department of Environment & Spatial Development is responsible for the durable management and use of the subsurface, including the natural resources and the deep subsurface (-500 m TAW) (Departement Omgeving, 2020). VPO is also responsible for the geological data and information available on the DOV-platform. In addition, VPO manages the soil data in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders in that domain and coordinates the development of DOV. The GSB-RBINS manages a
1. 由比利时新近系和古近系岩石地层学小组委员会编写的新近系最先进的汇编形成了一个极好的机会，可以收集个人出版物所参考的数据点，并在联邦和地区数据库中识别这些数据。两个主要的数据保存方提供了有关比利时北部地区(新近系沉积物位于第四纪沉积物之下)地质地下钻孔和露头的结构化信息:(1)区域法兰德斯土壤和地下土壤数据库(Databank Ondergrond Vlaanderen或DOV)，(2)比利时皇家自然科学研究所的比利时联邦地质调查局(GSB-RBINS)。多夫(https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be;(2020)是关于佛兰德斯(地下)土壤的地质、自然资源、土壤、水文地质、岩土特征和地下水许可的开放数据的公共门户网站。环境与空间发展部的佛兰德环境与空间发展规划局(VPO)负责地下资源的持久管理和使用，包括自然资源和深层地下(-500 m TAW)(部门管理，2020年)。VPO还负责dov平台上可用的地质数据和信息。此外，VPO与该领域的所有相关利益相关者合作管理土壤数据，并协调DOV的发展。GSB-RBINS管理一个
{"title":"A reference dataset for the Neogene lithostratigraphy in Flanders, Belgium","authors":"K. D. Nil, M. D. Ceukelaire, Marleen Van Damme","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.021","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Neogene state-of-the-art compilation by the Subcommission for Neogene and Paleogene Lithostratigraphy of Belgium, formed an excellent opportunity to collect the data points to which the individual publications refer and to identify these data in the federal and regional databases. Two main data holders provide structured information concerning boreholes and outcrops of the geological subsurface of the northern region of Belgium, where Neogene deposits underlie the Quaternary sediments: (1) the regional Flanders Soil and Subsoil Database (Databank Ondergrond Vlaanderen or DOV), and (2) the federal Geological Survey of Belgium of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (GSB-RBINS). DOV (https://www.dov.vlaanderen.be; 2020) is the public web portal for open data concerning geology, natural resources, soil, hydrogeology, geotechnical characteristics and groundwater licenses of the (sub)soil of Flanders. The Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development (VPO) of the Department of Environment & Spatial Development is responsible for the durable management and use of the subsurface, including the natural resources and the deep subsurface (-500 m TAW) (Departement Omgeving, 2020). VPO is also responsible for the geological data and information available on the DOV-platform. In addition, VPO manages the soil data in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders in that domain and coordinates the development of DOV. The GSB-RBINS manages a","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89344180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Louwye, J. Deckers, J. Verhaegen, R. Adriaens, N. Vandenberghe
1. Introduction The North Sea was a semi-enclosed basin during the Neogene. The marine connection between the southern North Sea Basin and the Channel was prevented by the Weald-Artois ridge, while in the north an open marine connection with the Norwegian-Greenland Sea existed (Ziegler, 1990; Rasmussen et al., 2008; Rasmussen et al., 2010). Tectonic uplift of northern Belgium during late Oligocene time pushed the southern coastline of the North Sea northwards, and late Oligocene sedimentation in Belgium was limited to a thin cover of glauconitic sand in northern Belgium; it is only well developed in the subsiding Roer Valley Graben (RVG) in the very northeast (Dusar et al., 2020, this volume). At the beginning of the Miocene, during the global sea-level rise after the Mi1 glacial maximum (Miller et al., 1991), sea levels rose and northern Belgium was invaded by a marine transgression from a northern to northwestern direction (Louwye, 2005). Furthermore, Munsterman & Deckers (2020, this volume) recorded in two wells in the northeastern part of the Campine latest Oligocene – earliest Miocene (Aquitanian – early Burdigalian) deposits and proposed a transgressive phase from the Roer Valley Graben towards the Campine area. The marine and continental lower and middle Miocene deposits are restricted to northern Belgium and crop out in the vicinity of the city of Antwerp (Fig. 1). In the Campine area, east of Antwerp, lower and middle Miocene sediments are present in the subsurface
1. 新近纪北海是一个半封闭的盆地。北海盆地南部和英吉利海峡之间的海洋连接被Weald-Artois海脊阻断，而在北部则与挪威-格陵兰海存在开放的海洋连接(Ziegler, 1990;Rasmussen et al.， 2008;Rasmussen et al.， 2010)。晚渐新世比利时北部的构造隆升将北海南部海岸线向北推进，晚渐新世比利时北部沉积仅限于海绿石砂薄盖层;它只在最东北部的下沉的Roer Valley地堑(RVG)中发育良好(Dusar et al.， 2020，本卷)。中新世之初，在Mi1冰期极大期后全球海平面上升期间(Miller et al.， 1991)，海平面上升，比利时北部受到从北向西北方向的海侵(Louwye, 2005)。此外，Munsterman & Deckers(2020，本卷)在Campine晚渐新世-早中新世(Aquitanian - burdigian早期)沉积的东北部的两口井中进行了记录，并提出了从Roer Valley地堑向Campine地区的海侵阶段。海相和陆相中新世下和中沉积物局限于比利时北部，并在安特卫普市附近出现(图1)。在安特卫普以东的Campine地区，下中新世和中中新世沉积物存在于地下
{"title":"A review of the lower and middle Miocene of northern Belgium","authors":"S. Louwye, J. Deckers, J. Verhaegen, R. Adriaens, N. Vandenberghe","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.010","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The North Sea was a semi-enclosed basin during the Neogene. The marine connection between the southern North Sea Basin and the Channel was prevented by the Weald-Artois ridge, while in the north an open marine connection with the Norwegian-Greenland Sea existed (Ziegler, 1990; Rasmussen et al., 2008; Rasmussen et al., 2010). Tectonic uplift of northern Belgium during late Oligocene time pushed the southern coastline of the North Sea northwards, and late Oligocene sedimentation in Belgium was limited to a thin cover of glauconitic sand in northern Belgium; it is only well developed in the subsiding Roer Valley Graben (RVG) in the very northeast (Dusar et al., 2020, this volume). At the beginning of the Miocene, during the global sea-level rise after the Mi1 glacial maximum (Miller et al., 1991), sea levels rose and northern Belgium was invaded by a marine transgression from a northern to northwestern direction (Louwye, 2005). Furthermore, Munsterman & Deckers (2020, this volume) recorded in two wells in the northeastern part of the Campine latest Oligocene – earliest Miocene (Aquitanian – early Burdigalian) deposits and proposed a transgressive phase from the Roer Valley Graben towards the Campine area. The marine and continental lower and middle Miocene deposits are restricted to northern Belgium and crop out in the vicinity of the city of Antwerp (Fig. 1). In the Campine area, east of Antwerp, lower and middle Miocene sediments are present in the subsurface","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88443943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Barros, A. Defourny, A. Collignon, P. Jobe, A. Dassargues, K. Piessens, K. Welkenhuysen
Naturally CO2-rich mineral water springs (pouhons) in east Belgium occur in the context of the Rhenohercynian domain of the Variscan fold-and-thrust belt, mostly within the Cambro-Ordovician Stavelot-Venn Massif. The origin of the CO2 is still unclear, although different hypotheses exist. In this review study, we show pouhon waters are of the calcium bicarbonate type (~310 mg/l HCO3- on average), with notable Fe (~15 mg/l) and some Ca (~43 mg/l). Pouhon waters are primarily meteoric waters, as evidenced by H and O isotopic signature. The δ13C of CO2 varies from -7.8 to +0.8‰ and contains up to ~15% He from magmatic origin, reflecting a combination of carbonate rocks and mantle as CO2 sources at depth. Dinantian and Middle Devonian carbonates at 2–6 km depth could be potential sources, with CO2 generated by dissolution. However, carbonates below the Stavelot-Venn Massif are only predicted by structural models that assume in-sequence thrusting, not by the more generally accepted out-of-sequence thrust models. The mantle CO2 might originate from degassing of the Eifel magmatic plume or an unknown shallower magmatic reservoir. Deep rooted faults are thought to act as preferential pathways. Overall low temperatures of pouhons (~10 °C) and short estimated residence times (up to 60 years) suggest magmatic CO2 is transported upwards to meet infiltrating groundwater at shallower depths, with partial to full isotopic exchange with carbonate rocks along its path, resulting in mixed magmatic-carbonate signature. Although the precise role and interaction of the involved subsurface processes remains debatable, this review study provides a baseline for future investigations.
{"title":"A review of the geology and origin of CO2 in mineral water springs in east Belgium","authors":"R. Barros, A. Defourny, A. Collignon, P. Jobe, A. Dassargues, K. Piessens, K. Welkenhuysen","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.023","url":null,"abstract":"Naturally CO2-rich mineral water springs (pouhons) in east Belgium occur in the context of the Rhenohercynian domain of the Variscan fold-and-thrust belt, mostly within the Cambro-Ordovician Stavelot-Venn Massif. The origin of the CO2 is still unclear, although different hypotheses exist. In this review study, we show pouhon waters are of the calcium bicarbonate type (~310 mg/l HCO3- on average), with notable Fe (~15 mg/l) and some Ca (~43 mg/l). Pouhon waters are primarily meteoric waters, as evidenced by H and O isotopic signature. The δ13C of CO2 varies from -7.8 to +0.8‰ and contains up to ~15% He from magmatic origin, reflecting a combination of carbonate rocks and mantle as CO2 sources at depth. Dinantian and Middle Devonian carbonates at 2–6 km depth could be potential sources, with CO2 generated by dissolution. However, carbonates below the Stavelot-Venn Massif are only predicted by structural models that assume in-sequence thrusting, not by the more generally accepted out-of-sequence thrust models. The mantle CO2 might originate from degassing of the Eifel magmatic plume or an unknown shallower magmatic reservoir. Deep rooted faults are thought to act as preferential pathways. Overall low temperatures of pouhons (~10 °C) and short estimated residence times (up to 60 years) suggest magmatic CO2 is transported upwards to meet infiltrating groundwater at shallower depths, with partial to full isotopic exchange with carbonate rocks along its path, resulting in mixed magmatic-carbonate signature. Although the precise role and interaction of the involved subsurface processes remains debatable, this review study provides a baseline for future investigations.","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90074429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Solé, V. Fischer, J. Denayer, R. Speijer, Morgane Fournier, Kévin Le Verger, Sandrine Ladevèze, A. Folie, T. Smith
1. Introduction The Quercy region (southwestern France; Fig. 1) contains many deposits with more than 80 distinct mammal localities that correspond to karstic fissure fillings. These paleokarst faunas range from the lower Eocene to the lower Miocene (Renaud et al., 1978; Remy et al., 1987; Sige et al., 1991; Legendre et al., 1992; Maitre et al., 2006, 2008; Escarguel et al., 2008; Maitre, 2014). This expanded temporal record, in addition to the quality and richness of the mammal fossils makes Quercy a key area for understanding the evolution of the European Paleogene mammals (Remy et al., 1987; Legendre & Hartenberger, 1992; Escarguel et al., 2008). However, from the beginning of the exploitation of the Quercy Phosphorites Formation in 1870 until its end in 1907, the exact sources of the fossils have rarely been recorded, and only toponyms were provided (e.g., Caylus, Lamandine, Bach). These names do not correspond to clearly defined fossiliferous sites, but that of close-by villages, resulting in occasional mixing of faunas of different ages. The fossils collected during that period make up for the so-called ‘old Quercy collections’ (see Rage, 2006: p.162; Maitre, 2014: p.143). However, since 1965, paleontologists from the Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc at Montpellier (now part of the Universite de Montpellier), the Universite Paris 6 (former Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, UMPC, now Sorbonne Universite), the Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, and later
1. Quercy地区(法国西南部;图1)包含许多沉积物，其中有80多个不同的哺乳动物位置，与岩溶裂隙充填相对应。这些古岩溶动物群的范围从始新世下至中新世下(Renaud et al.， 1978;Remy et al.， 1987;Sige et al.， 1991;Legendre et al.， 1992;Maitre et al.， 2006, 2008;Escarguel et al.， 2008;管家,2014)。这种扩展的时间记录，加上哺乳动物化石的质量和丰富程度，使Quercy成为了解欧洲古近系哺乳动物进化的关键地区(Remy et al.， 1987;Legendre & Hartenberger, 1992;Escarguel et al.， 2008)。然而，从1870年开始对Quercy磷矿地层进行开采到1907年结束，化石的确切来源很少有记录，只提供了地名(如Caylus, Lamandine, Bach)。这些名字并不对应于明确定义的化石遗址，而是对应于附近的村庄，导致不同时代的动物偶尔混在一起。在此期间收集的化石弥补了所谓的“旧Quercy收藏品”(见Rage, 2006: p.162;Maitre, 2014:第143页)。然而，自1965年以来，来自蒙彼利埃朗格多克科学技术大学(现为蒙彼利埃大学的一部分)，巴黎第六大学(前皮埃尔和玛丽居里大学，UMPC，现索邦大学)，克劳德-伯纳德里昂第一大学以及后来的古生物学家
{"title":"The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections","authors":"F. Solé, V. Fischer, J. Denayer, R. Speijer, Morgane Fournier, Kévin Le Verger, Sandrine Ladevèze, A. Folie, T. Smith","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.006","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The Quercy region (southwestern France; Fig. 1) contains many deposits with more than 80 distinct mammal localities that correspond to karstic fissure fillings. These paleokarst faunas range from the lower Eocene to the lower Miocene (Renaud et al., 1978; Remy et al., 1987; Sige et al., 1991; Legendre et al., 1992; Maitre et al., 2006, 2008; Escarguel et al., 2008; Maitre, 2014). This expanded temporal record, in addition to the quality and richness of the mammal fossils makes Quercy a key area for understanding the evolution of the European Paleogene mammals (Remy et al., 1987; Legendre & Hartenberger, 1992; Escarguel et al., 2008). However, from the beginning of the exploitation of the Quercy Phosphorites Formation in 1870 until its end in 1907, the exact sources of the fossils have rarely been recorded, and only toponyms were provided (e.g., Caylus, Lamandine, Bach). These names do not correspond to clearly defined fossiliferous sites, but that of close-by villages, resulting in occasional mixing of faunas of different ages. The fossils collected during that period make up for the so-called ‘old Quercy collections’ (see Rage, 2006: p.162; Maitre, 2014: p.143). However, since 1965, paleontologists from the Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc at Montpellier (now part of the Universite de Montpellier), the Universite Paris 6 (former Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, UMPC, now Sorbonne Universite), the Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, and later","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89971853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Introduction During 2008 and 2010 the National Institute for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials (ONDRAF/NIRAS) organized two comprehensive field test campaigns (Wouters & Schiltz, 2013) situated in the NE of Flanders. The subject of these field campaigns was a hydrogeological safety study for a disposal facility for low radioactive waste storage. This investigation area is situated in the NE of the Flanders region in Belgium, at the Dessel nuclear site and a surrounding safety area on the territory of the Dessel–Geel–Kasterlee communities (Fig. 1). This field test campaign consisted in seven cored and logged boreholes and of about 200 CPTs (depth up to 35 m) in a regular grid of ~1 km² over an area of ~60 km² in the Dessel–Geel–Kasterlee area. This area is situated in a geological setting where, under a thin (1–4 m) cover of Quaternary sediments, Miocene sandy sediments outcrop (Fig. 1). In some preliminary minor field campaigns one of the cored boreholes revealed the presence of a ~10 m thick clayey layer on a stratigraphic level that was supposed to be sandy. Obviously the primary objective of the large number of CPTs was determining the presence and extension of this aquitard. It turned out that these data were also valuable in the discussion of the complex detail stratigraphy of the area. Therefore CPT data have been integrated in the unravelling of the local stratigraphy as presented in Vandenberghe et al. (2020, this volume). More information on the CP
{"title":"On the use of CPTs in stratigraphy: recent observations and some illustrative cases","authors":"Marco Schiltz","doi":"10.20341/gb.2020.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.019","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction During 2008 and 2010 the National Institute for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials (ONDRAF/NIRAS) organized two comprehensive field test campaigns (Wouters & Schiltz, 2013) situated in the NE of Flanders. The subject of these field campaigns was a hydrogeological safety study for a disposal facility for low radioactive waste storage. This investigation area is situated in the NE of the Flanders region in Belgium, at the Dessel nuclear site and a surrounding safety area on the territory of the Dessel–Geel–Kasterlee communities (Fig. 1). This field test campaign consisted in seven cored and logged boreholes and of about 200 CPTs (depth up to 35 m) in a regular grid of ~1 km² over an area of ~60 km² in the Dessel–Geel–Kasterlee area. This area is situated in a geological setting where, under a thin (1–4 m) cover of Quaternary sediments, Miocene sandy sediments outcrop (Fig. 1). In some preliminary minor field campaigns one of the cored boreholes revealed the presence of a ~10 m thick clayey layer on a stratigraphic level that was supposed to be sandy. Obviously the primary objective of the large number of CPTs was determining the presence and extension of this aquitard. It turned out that these data were also valuable in the discussion of the complex detail stratigraphy of the area. Therefore CPT data have been integrated in the unravelling of the local stratigraphy as presented in Vandenberghe et al. (2020, this volume). More information on the CP","PeriodicalId":12812,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Belgica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90605957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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