F.G. Pan, MQ Wang, JY Xu, C.X. Yang, S. Li, Y. Lu, YD Zhang, B.Q. Liu
The pollution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in edible oils is a serious problem. In the current study, we attempt to remove dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP) from evening primrose oil (EPO) with modified activated clay. The activated clay, commonly used for de-coloration in the oil refining process, was modified by chitosan and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The modifications were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. We further tested the DBP adsorption capacity of CTAB/chitosan-clay and found that the removal rate was 27.56% which was 3.24 times higher than with pristine activated clay. In addition, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite treatment had no significant effect on the quality of evening primrose oil. In summary, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite has a stronger DBP adsorption capacity and can be used as a new adsorbent for removing DBP during the de-coloration process of evening primrose oil.
{"title":"Removal of DBP from evening primrose oil with activated clay modified by chitosan and CTAB","authors":"F.G. Pan, MQ Wang, JY Xu, C.X. Yang, S. Li, Y. Lu, YD Zhang, B.Q. Liu","doi":"10.3989/gya.0438211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0438211","url":null,"abstract":"The pollution of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in edible oils is a serious problem. In the current study, we attempt to remove dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP) from evening primrose oil (EPO) with modified activated clay. The activated clay, commonly used for de-coloration in the oil refining process, was modified by chitosan and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The modifications were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. We further tested the DBP adsorption capacity of CTAB/chitosan-clay and found that the removal rate was 27.56% which was 3.24 times higher than with pristine activated clay. In addition, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite treatment had no significant effect on the quality of evening primrose oil. In summary, the CTAB/chitosan-clay composite has a stronger DBP adsorption capacity and can be used as a new adsorbent for removing DBP during the de-coloration process of evening primrose oil.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48842843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Tavakoli Ghahjaverestani, M. Gharachorloo, M. Ghavami
The bleaching process is an important stage in the edible oil refining operation, and is carried out by using acid-activated bleaching earths. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of coconut fiber ash, shell ash, acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash as compared to the commercial bleaching earth in the bleaching of neutralized soybean oil. Bleaching materials were added to neutralized oil at the concentration of 1% (w/v) with agitation under vacuum at 110 °C for 30 minutes. The values for red and yellow colors, carotenoids, chlorophylls, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, free fatty acid contents, copper and iron levels of the bleached samples were determined. The results indicated that all coconut-based adsorbents have been significantly more effective than commercial bleaching earth in reducing color and the greatest reductions in carotenoid (84.25%) and chlorophyll (82.30%) contents were obtained by using acid-activated fiber ash. The peroxide value for all treatments decreased. The amounts of iron and copper as peroxide compounds decreased considerably (44.59% and 23.53%) by using acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash, respectively. Therefore, coconut fiber and shell as agricultural wastes which have been ignored in the past might be employed as effective agents to bleach crude oils, particularly soybean oil, in refining operations.
{"title":"Application of coconut fiber and shell in the bleaching of soybean oil","authors":"S. Tavakoli Ghahjaverestani, M. Gharachorloo, M. Ghavami","doi":"10.3989/gya.0781211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0781211","url":null,"abstract":"The bleaching process is an important stage in the edible oil refining operation, and is carried out by using acid-activated bleaching earths. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of coconut fiber ash, shell ash, acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash as compared to the commercial bleaching earth in the bleaching of neutralized soybean oil. Bleaching materials were added to neutralized oil at the concentration of 1% (w/v) with agitation under vacuum at 110 °C for 30 minutes. The values for red and yellow colors, carotenoids, chlorophylls, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, free fatty acid contents, copper and iron levels of the bleached samples were determined. The results indicated that all coconut-based adsorbents have been significantly more effective than commercial bleaching earth in reducing color and the greatest reductions in carotenoid (84.25%) and chlorophyll (82.30%) contents were obtained by using acid-activated fiber ash. The peroxide value for all treatments decreased. The amounts of iron and copper as peroxide compounds decreased considerably (44.59% and 23.53%) by using acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash, respectively. Therefore, coconut fiber and shell as agricultural wastes which have been ignored in the past might be employed as effective agents to bleach crude oils, particularly soybean oil, in refining operations.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44253758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effectiveness of two lipophilic derivatives of the natural phenol, gallic acid (GA), synthesized using methyl gallate as starting material was investigated. The antioxidant activities of these novel phenolics compared to GA, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were evaluated in bulk oil, emulsion and the DPPH systems. The results showed that the new compounds effectively delayed lipid oxidation much better than GA and other antioxidants under Rancimat (100-140 °C) and emulsion tests. In the bulk oil system at 65 °C, they still behaved better than GA, but TBHQ had the highest activity. Thus, replacing the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group on GA by covalently linking sterically hindered phenols to its phenyl ring increased its lipophilicity and also resulted in synergistic effects which improved overall antioxidant activity through stabilization of the phenoxy radical. These new antioxidant variants satisfy industrial demands for bioactive ingredients with strong antioxidant potentials under different food processing conditions.
{"title":"Antioxidant properties of two novel lipophilic gallic acid derivatives","authors":"T. M. Olajide, T. Liu, X. Weng, X. Liao, J. Huang","doi":"10.3989/gya.0325211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0325211","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of two lipophilic derivatives of the natural phenol, gallic acid (GA), synthesized using methyl gallate as starting material was investigated. The antioxidant activities of these novel phenolics compared to GA, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were evaluated in bulk oil, emulsion and the DPPH systems. The results showed that the new compounds effectively delayed lipid oxidation much better than GA and other antioxidants under Rancimat (100-140 °C) and emulsion tests. In the bulk oil system at 65 °C, they still behaved better than GA, but TBHQ had the highest activity. Thus, replacing the electron-withdrawing carboxylic group on GA by covalently linking sterically hindered phenols to its phenyl ring increased its lipophilicity and also resulted in synergistic effects which improved overall antioxidant activity through stabilization of the phenoxy radical. These new antioxidant variants satisfy industrial demands for bioactive ingredients with strong antioxidant potentials under different food processing conditions.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47581339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study investigates the detailed lipid classes and their fatty acid (FA) compositions from two parasitic copepods Lernaeocera lusci and Peroderma cylindricum and their respective fish host species Merluccius merluccius and Sardina pilchardus. The lipid classes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), triacylglycerol (TAG), wax ester/cholesterol ester (WE/CE), mono-diacylglycerol (MDG), and free fatty acids (FFA) were separated by thin layer chromatography. The results revealed that TAG and PC were the major lipid classes in parasites; while WE/CE and PS were the most abundant in hosts. As for FA composition, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were recurrently found to be dominant in all lipid classes of the different organisms studied. However, some differences concerning the abundance and the distribution of several FAs were observed. Overall, the obtained results highlighted that despite the quite strong trophic connection between the parasites and their respective hosts, the parasites could be distinguished by specific lipid profiles.
{"title":"Lipid classes and fatty acid composition in two parasitic copepods Peroderma cylindricum and Lernaeocera lusci and their respective fish hosts Sardina pilchardus and Merluccius merluccius from the Tunisian waters","authors":"T. Hajji, K. Telahigue, I. Rabeh, M. El Cafsi","doi":"10.3989/gya.0100211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0100211","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the detailed lipid classes and their fatty acid (FA) compositions from two parasitic copepods Lernaeocera lusci and Peroderma cylindricum and their respective fish host species Merluccius merluccius and Sardina pilchardus. The lipid classes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), triacylglycerol (TAG), wax ester/cholesterol ester (WE/CE), mono-diacylglycerol (MDG), and free fatty acids (FFA) were separated by thin layer chromatography. The results revealed that TAG and PC were the major lipid classes in parasites; while WE/CE and PS were the most abundant in hosts. As for FA composition, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were recurrently found to be dominant in all lipid classes of the different organisms studied. However, some differences concerning the abundance and the distribution of several FAs were observed. Overall, the obtained results highlighted that despite the quite strong trophic connection between the parasites and their respective hosts, the parasites could be distinguished by specific lipid profiles.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42253814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zand-Silakhoor, H. Madani, H. Heidari Sharifabad, M. Mahmoudi, G. Nourmohammadi
This study was carried out to examine the physiological traits, quality of calyx extract and seed oil content of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as affected by irrigation regimes and planting dates. The growth period from seed sowing to calyx harvesting was shortened as planting time was delayed. Stem diameter and plant height were decreased by drought stress or late planting, but calyx yield, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, vitamin C, and calyx water use efficiency increased under mild drought condition. In addition, antioxidant activity and calyx water use efficiency were significantly increased by late planting. It was suggested that an increase in calyx harvest index in delay in planting would be due to better photosynthesis activity and higher assimilate use efficiency because of the increase in sink capacity. Seed oil content decreased considerably due to drought stress and delay in planting date. These findings suggest that mild drought stress improves the quality and quantity of calyx and water use efficiency.
{"title":"Influence of different irrigation regimes and planting times on the quality and quantity of calyx, seed oil content and water use efficiency of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)","authors":"A. Zand-Silakhoor, H. Madani, H. Heidari Sharifabad, M. Mahmoudi, G. Nourmohammadi","doi":"10.3989/gya.0564211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0564211","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to examine the physiological traits, quality of calyx extract and seed oil content of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as affected by irrigation regimes and planting dates. The growth period from seed sowing to calyx harvesting was shortened as planting time was delayed. Stem diameter and plant height were decreased by drought stress or late planting, but calyx yield, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, vitamin C, and calyx water use efficiency increased under mild drought condition. In addition, antioxidant activity and calyx water use efficiency were significantly increased by late planting. It was suggested that an increase in calyx harvest index in delay in planting would be due to better photosynthesis activity and higher assimilate use efficiency because of the increase in sink capacity. Seed oil content decreased considerably due to drought stress and delay in planting date. These findings suggest that mild drought stress improves the quality and quantity of calyx and water use efficiency.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49557210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Bouali, H. Rattouli, W. Herchi, L. Martine, S. Grégoire, A. Albouchi, Enrique Martínez-Force, S. Boukhchina, O. Berdeaux
An investigation on fatty acid, triacylglycerol, tocopherol, and xanthophyll contents and thermal properties of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) kernel oils from two cultivars was carried out. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. The predominant triacylglycerols were OOL, OOO, and OLL (where O stands for oleoyl and L for linoleoyl). Pecan kernel oil is a rich source of tocopherols, mainly γ-tocopherol. Two xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were investigated, and lutein was found to be the major one. Thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pecan nut oil displayed melting and crystallization transitions at low-temperature zones. The difference between DSC parameter values provides a path for distinguishing among cultivars. These data promote pecan kernel oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties (monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and xanthophylls) and reveal, for the first time, the thermal properties of Carya illinoinensis oil.
{"title":"Chemical composition and thermal properties of Tunisian pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] oils","authors":"I. Bouali, H. Rattouli, W. Herchi, L. Martine, S. Grégoire, A. Albouchi, Enrique Martínez-Force, S. Boukhchina, O. Berdeaux","doi":"10.3989/gya.0436211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0436211","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation on fatty acid, triacylglycerol, tocopherol, and xanthophyll contents and thermal properties of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) kernel oils from two cultivars was carried out. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. The predominant triacylglycerols were OOL, OOO, and OLL (where O stands for oleoyl and L for linoleoyl). Pecan kernel oil is a rich source of tocopherols, mainly γ-tocopherol. Two xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were investigated, and lutein was found to be the major one. Thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pecan nut oil displayed melting and crystallization transitions at low-temperature zones. The difference between DSC parameter values provides a path for distinguishing among cultivars. These data promote pecan kernel oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties (monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and xanthophylls) and reveal, for the first time, the thermal properties of Carya illinoinensis oil.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41583631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Plasquy, M. C. Florido, R. R. Sola-Guirado, J. M. García Martos
The cooling of olives stored in containers with a capacity of 400 kg risk accumulation of respiration heat and subsequent fruit deterioration. Pre-cooling the fruit to 5 °C before cold storage was studied as a possible solution to overcome this obstacle. The fruit temperature within the containers was recorded daily for 14 days and oil was extracted at days 0, 4, 8, and 14. A second experiment evaluated a rapid pre-cooling procedure at -18 °C for 3 min. No significant alterations at the level of the examined parameters were recorded. The internal temperature of the control container declined and stabilized at around 12 °C. The temperature of the pre-cooled fruit increased to up to 8 °C. The examined parameters showed no significant alterations in either experiment and the rapid pre-cooling treatment did not lead to any visible ‘chill injuries’. A pre-cooling treatment at 5 °C was successfully introduced at the farm of a small producer.
{"title":"Pre-cooling and cold storage of olives (cv Picual) in containers with a capacity of 400 kg","authors":"E. Plasquy, M. C. Florido, R. R. Sola-Guirado, J. M. García Martos","doi":"10.3989/gya.0558211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0558211","url":null,"abstract":"The cooling of olives stored in containers with a capacity of 400 kg risk accumulation of respiration heat and subsequent fruit deterioration. Pre-cooling the fruit to 5 °C before cold storage was studied as a possible solution to overcome this obstacle. The fruit temperature within the containers was recorded daily for 14 days and oil was extracted at days 0, 4, 8, and 14. A second experiment evaluated a rapid pre-cooling procedure at -18 °C for 3 min. No significant alterations at the level of the examined parameters were recorded. The internal temperature of the control container declined and stabilized at around 12 °C. The temperature of the pre-cooled fruit increased to up to 8 °C. The examined parameters showed no significant alterations in either experiment and the rapid pre-cooling treatment did not lead to any visible ‘chill injuries’. A pre-cooling treatment at 5 °C was successfully introduced at the farm of a small producer.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44052281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arbonés, J. Rufat, M. A. Pérez, M. Pascual, A. Benito, C. De Lorenzo, J. Villar, B. Sastre
The total phenols in virgin olive oil are highly dependent on cultivar, but also on ripening stage and other agronomic factors. The focus of most studies on agronomic factors has been irrigation, while fertilization has received less attention. Most of the fertilization works find that nitrogen over-fertilization leads to a decrease in phenol contents in virgin olive oil (VOO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), under rain-fed or irrigation management. Ortho-diphenols also decrease with high doses of nitrogen, with no effect on secoiridoids. Phosphorous has a minor effect on irrigated trees; while the role of potassium is controversial, with a lack of trials with calcium and micro-nutrients. Due to the great impact of the fertilization on the phenol content and quality of VOO, new research is necessary with focus aimed at different cultivars and agronomic factors.
{"title":"The influence of olive tree fertilization on the phenols in virgin olive oils. A review","authors":"A. Arbonés, J. Rufat, M. A. Pérez, M. Pascual, A. Benito, C. De Lorenzo, J. Villar, B. Sastre","doi":"10.3989/gya.0565211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0565211","url":null,"abstract":"The total phenols in virgin olive oil are highly dependent on cultivar, but also on ripening stage and other agronomic factors. The focus of most studies on agronomic factors has been irrigation, while fertilization has received less attention. Most of the fertilization works find that nitrogen over-fertilization leads to a decrease in phenol contents in virgin olive oil (VOO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), under rain-fed or irrigation management. Ortho-diphenols also decrease with high doses of nitrogen, with no effect on secoiridoids. Phosphorous has a minor effect on irrigated trees; while the role of potassium is controversial, with a lack of trials with calcium and micro-nutrients. Due to the great impact of the fertilization on the phenol content and quality of VOO, new research is necessary with focus aimed at different cultivars and agronomic factors.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42657807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The total phenol content (TPC) in coconut oil varies with extraction method, variety, nature of coconut kernel components and geographical origin. Commonly reported TPCs of coconut oils extracted by dry methods and wet methods are in the range of 70-300 mg/kg and 250-650 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the commonly reported data, the TPC of coconut oil varies by up to 527 mg/kg oil, 180 mg/kg oil, and 172 mg/kg oil due to the influence of the extraction method, coconut variety and the nature of kernel components, respectively. The identity of the phenolic compounds also varies with the extraction method. Caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and syringic acid are present in different quantities in coconut oil when extracted by all methods. However, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, vanillic and epicatechin are present only in some coconut oils. Many free phenolic compounds present in olive oil are also present in coconut oil.
{"title":"Phenolic antioxidants in coconut oil: Factors affecting the quantity and quality. A review","authors":"N. Jayathilaka, K. Seneviratne","doi":"10.3989/gya.0674211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0674211","url":null,"abstract":"The total phenol content (TPC) in coconut oil varies with extraction method, variety, nature of coconut kernel components and geographical origin. Commonly reported TPCs of coconut oils extracted by dry methods and wet methods are in the range of 70-300 mg/kg and 250-650 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the commonly reported data, the TPC of coconut oil varies by up to 527 mg/kg oil, 180 mg/kg oil, and 172 mg/kg oil due to the influence of the extraction method, coconut variety and the nature of kernel components, respectively. The identity of the phenolic compounds also varies with the extraction method. Caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and syringic acid are present in different quantities in coconut oil when extracted by all methods. However, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, vanillic and epicatechin are present only in some coconut oils. Many free phenolic compounds present in olive oil are also present in coconut oil.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42108092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potato cookies were formulated by replacing red palm stearin (RPS) by red palm olein (RPOL) at 0, 17 and 35%, and then baked at 160, 180 and 200 °C for 10, 12 and 15 min. The sensory analysis, using an orthogonal test, showed that a RPS-RPOL ratio of 65:35, baking temperature of 160 ºC, and baking time 12 min were the optimal conditions. Cookies made from 65% RPS + 35% RPOL composition exhibited 0.6 times less squalene, but 1.5 times more β-carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols than the mixture of RPS and RPOL at 100:0. In addition, cookies with superior oxidative stability were obtained at a lower temperature (160 ºC) and short baking time (10 min). This study demonstrates that the application of RPOL and RPS blending can positively enhance the nutritional properties and oxidative stability of baked food, and that using potato in the baking processing may be beneficial.
{"title":"The effect of replacing red palm stearin with red palm olein in baked potato cookies","authors":"J. Xu, Y.Y. Liu, T. M. Olajide, H.A. Liu, X. Weng","doi":"10.3989/gya.0441211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0441211","url":null,"abstract":"Potato cookies were formulated by replacing red palm stearin (RPS) by red palm olein (RPOL) at 0, 17 and 35%, and then baked at 160, 180 and 200 °C for 10, 12 and 15 min. The sensory analysis, using an orthogonal test, showed that a RPS-RPOL ratio of 65:35, baking temperature of 160 ºC, and baking time 12 min were the optimal conditions. Cookies made from 65% RPS + 35% RPOL composition exhibited 0.6 times less squalene, but 1.5 times more β-carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols than the mixture of RPS and RPOL at 100:0. In addition, cookies with superior oxidative stability were obtained at a lower temperature (160 ºC) and short baking time (10 min). This study demonstrates that the application of RPOL and RPS blending can positively enhance the nutritional properties and oxidative stability of baked food, and that using potato in the baking processing may be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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