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Study of the operational conditions for ethyl esters production using residual frying oil and KF/clay catalyst in a continuous system 用残煎炸油和KF/粘土催化剂在连续系统中生产乙酯的操作条件研究
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0322211
D. Zempulski, N. Postaue, N. Stevanato, H. Alves, C. Silva
The transesterification of residual frying oil (RFO) with pressurized ethanol was carried out in a continuous reactor containing KF/clay as a heterogeneous catalyst. In the experiments, different oil:ethanol mass ratios were evaluated at 275 and 300 ºC and 20 MPa. In the sequence, the operational stability of the catalyst was evaluated for 8 hours, as well as the conduct of the reaction in two steps (testing new and recycled catalyst). An esters yield of ~90% was achieve at 275 ºC, for15 min and at 1:1.5 oil:ethanol mass ratio. Under these conditions, the catalyst provided a stable yield in the first 3 hours of operation, and a total decrease of 29% after 8 hours. This result can be attributed mainly to the leaching of the K+ cations for the reactions in which the catalyst was exposed to long operating times. The two-step reaction served to increase the RFO conversion to esters, with low thermal decomposition.
以KF/粘土为多相催化剂,在连续反应器中进行了剩余油(RFO)与加压乙醇的酯交换反应。实验中,在275℃和300℃、20 MPa条件下对不同的油:乙醇质量比进行了评价。在此过程中,对催化剂的运行稳定性进行了8小时的评价,并分两步进行了反应(测试新催化剂和回收催化剂)。在275℃、15 min、1:1.5油乙醇质量比条件下,酯收率可达90%。在此条件下,该催化剂在前3小时运行时产率稳定,8小时后总产率下降29%。这一结果主要是由于催化剂在长时间操作下反应中K+阳离子的浸出。两步反应提高了RFO转化为酯的转化率,热分解率低。
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引用次数: 1
Chemical-functional composition of Terminalia catappa oils from different varieties 不同品种卡塔帕油的化学功能组成
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0102211
O. Santos, S. Soares, P. Dias, S. Duarte, M. Santos, F. Nascimento, B. E. TEIXEIRA-COSTA
This study aimed to extract and physical-chemically characterize Terminalia catappa L. kernel oil from purple (CR) and yellow (CA) varieties. Physical-chemical parameters, composition of fatty acids, nutritional quality indices, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of both oil varieties were evaluated according to the literature. Both oils presented low levels of acidity and peroxides, besides the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids, ~63% of oleic and ~26% of linoleic acids, which influenced its nutritional indices. The CR oil variety exhibited a higher content in anthocyanin (18.3 ± 1.5 mg·100 g-1), ascorbic acid (68.4 ± 2.02 mg·100 g-1) and total polyphenol contents (152.3 ± 2.4 mg GAE·g-1), and a good antioxidant activity (38.6 ± 2.2 μg TE·g-1) determined by TEAC assay, when compared to the CA oil (p < 0.05). Therefore, the results confirm the importance of T. catappa as a lipid source for human consumption to be used in the development of food products.
本研究旨在从紫色(CR)和黄色(CA)品种中提取菝葜仁油,并对其进行理化性质表征。根据文献对两种油的理化参数、脂肪酸组成、营养品质指标、生物活性成分和抗氧化能力进行了评价。两种油的酸度和过氧化物水平均较低,且不饱和脂肪酸占主导地位,油酸占~63%,亚油酸占~26%,影响了其营养指标。花青素含量(18.3±1.5 mg·100 g-1)、抗坏血酸含量(68.4±2.02 mg·100 g-1)、总多酚含量(152.3±2.4 mg GAE·g-1)显著高于黄油(p < 0.05),抗氧化活性(38.6±2.2 μ TE·g-1)显著高于黄油(p < 0.05)。因此,研究结果证实了蛇麻果作为人类食用的脂质来源在食品开发中的重要性。
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引用次数: 4
Acidic and enzymatic pre-treatment effects on cold-pressed pumpkin, terebinth and flaxseed oils 酸性和酶促预处理对冷榨南瓜油、大麻素油和亚麻籽油的影响
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0324211
Ş. Özkılıç, D. Arslan
Oil yield and the properties of oil can be improved with various enzymatic pre-treatments before obtaining oil from oilseeds by cold-press extraction. A commercial mixture of pectolytic enzymes was used in this study. In addition, apple seed meal as a source of β-glucosidase enzyme and citric acid were applied to oilseeds (pumpkin, terebinth and flaxseed) as pre-treatments. The results were evaluated by comparing the effects of the pre-treatments on oil yield and properties. Enzyme preparate could increase the oil yield of pumpkin seeds (~300%) and flaxseed (151%). Significant increases in the phenolic contents of terebinth (from 91.67 to 319.33 mg GAE/kg) and flaxseed oils (from 12.03 to 40.47 mg GAE/kg) were achieved by citric acid and enzymatic pre-treatments. These two pre-treatments were also effective in terms of peroxide formation and oxidative stability in terebinth oil. With the help of the pre-treatments applied to oilseeds it was possible to increase the transition of phenolics from seeds to oil for terebinth oil with increase ratios of 245% for citric acid, 248% for the enzymatic process compared to the control.
在冷榨榨油前,采用各种酶促预处理可以提高出油率和油的性质。在本研究中使用了市售的果胶水解酶混合物。此外,将苹果籽粕作为β-葡萄糖苷酶和柠檬酸的来源,应用于油籽(南瓜、大麻子和亚麻籽)作为预处理。通过比较预处理对油产量和性质的影响来评价结果。酶制剂可提高南瓜籽(~300%)和亚麻籽(151%)的出油率。通过柠檬酸和酶促预处理,terebin和亚麻籽油的酚类含量显著增加(从91.67 mg GAE/kg增加到319.33 mg GAE/kg)。这两种预处理在terebinth油中的过氧化物形成和氧化稳定性方面也是有效的。在应用于油籽的预处理的帮助下,与对照相比,terebinth油可以增加酚类物质从种子到油的转化,柠檬酸的转化率为245%,酶促过程的转化率增加248%。
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引用次数: 2
Color of extra virgin olive oils enriched with carotenoids from microalgae: influence of ultraviolet exposure and heating 富含微藻类胡萝卜素的特级初榨橄榄油的颜色:紫外线照射和加热的影响
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0104211
M. Murillo, A. García, T. Lafarga, M. Melgosa, R. Bermejo
A carotenoid-rich extract containing 2.5 mg/mL of lutein and 3.3 mg/mL of β-carotene from the microalga Scenedesmus almeriensis was added to ten extra virgin olive oils from four Spanish cultivars with differing degrees of ripeness, obtaining carotenoid enriched oils with lutein and β-carotene concentrations of 0.082 and 0.11 mg/mL, respectively. Extra virgin olive oils enriched with carotenoids from microalgae were studied by analyzing the effect on color of three different treatments: ultraviolet exposure, microwave heating and immersion bath heating. The methodology was designed to simulate, in controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of household treatments. Spectrophotometric color measurements were then performed to monitor color changes in the enriched and non-enriched extra virgin olive oil samples. Enriched oils are much more chromatic, darker and redder than natural oils. After 55 days UV irradiation, 40 min microwave heating, and 72 hours thermostatic heating, the average color differences for natural/enriched extra virgin olive oils were 98/117, 15/9 and 57/28 CIELAB units, respectively. In general, increasing temperature and ultraviolet exposure produced higher CIELAB color differences in the non-enriched samples. The addition of microalga extracts to extra virgin olive oils was found to induce some color stability and may constitute a future way of increasing the daily intake of beneficial bioactive compounds such as carotenoids.
将含有2.5 mg/mL叶黄素和3.3 mg/mL β-胡萝卜素的almeriensis微藻富含类胡萝卜素的提取物添加到4种不同成熟度的西班牙品种的10种特级初榨橄榄油中,得到叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素浓度分别为0.082和0.11 mg/mL的类胡萝卜素富集油。通过分析紫外、微波和浸浴加热三种不同处理方式对微藻类胡萝卜素橄榄油颜色的影响,研究了微藻类胡萝卜素橄榄油的特级初榨橄榄油。该方法旨在模拟在受控的实验室条件下,家庭处理的效果。然后进行分光光度法颜色测量,以监测富集和非富集特级初榨橄榄油样品的颜色变化。富集油比天然油颜色更丰富,颜色更深,颜色更红。经过55天的紫外线照射、40分钟的微波加热和72小时的恒温加热,天然/浓缩特级初榨橄榄油的平均色差分别为98/117、15/9和57/28 CIELAB单位。一般来说,增加温度和紫外线照射在非富集样品中产生更高的CIELAB色差。在特级初榨橄榄油中添加微藻提取物被发现可以诱导一定程度的颜色稳定性,并可能成为未来增加有益生物活性化合物(如类胡萝卜素)每日摄入量的一种方式。
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引用次数: 7
Determination of nutritional health indexes of fresh bovine milk using near infrared spectroscopy 近红外光谱法测定新鲜牛乳营养健康指标
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0450211
I. Lobos-Ortega, N. Pizarro-Aránguiz, N. Urrutia, M. Silva-Lemus, P. Pavez-Andrades, I. Subiabre-Riveros, D. Torres-Püschel
Bovine milk is one of the most complete foods that exist. During the last decades, milk FA have shown to improve human health due to the reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and related pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) reflectance analysis to predict the nutritional value, fatty acid (FA) composition, and health index of fresh milk from dairy cows of pastoral systems. The prediction of Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity indexes, along with other FA ratios in fresh milk samples by NIRS were precise and accurate. In addition, the calibration model obtained by NIRS provides an opportunity for the routine quantification of milk’s healthy FA such as omega-3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), with applications in the dairy industry for food labeling, and at the farm level for management of the dairy cow’s diet.
牛奶是现存最完整的食物之一。在过去的几十年里,由于降低了心血管疾病和相关疾病的风险,牛奶FA已被证明可以改善人类健康。本研究的目的是评估近红外光谱(NIRS)反射分析预测牧区奶牛鲜奶营养价值、脂肪酸(FA)成分和健康指数的可行性。近红外光谱法对鲜奶样品中的动脉粥样硬化性和血栓形成性指数以及其他FA比率的预测是准确的。此外,NIRS获得的校准模型为牛奶的健康FA(如ω-3和共轭亚油酸(CLA))的常规定量提供了机会,并在乳制品行业应用于食品标签,在农场层面应用于奶牛饮食管理。
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引用次数: 2
Optimization of date seed oil extraction using the assistance of hydrothermal and ultrasound technologies 水热和超声波辅助提取椰枣籽油的工艺优化
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.3989/gya.0109211
A. Mrabet, G. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, R. Guillén-Bejarano, R. Rodríguez-Arcos, M. Sindic, A. Jiménez-Araujo
The date seed is a by-product from the date industry. Its use as a source of added-value compounds is of great interest. Oil accounts for 5-13% of the seed’s weight. Soxhlet extraction with organic solvents is the traditional method for obtaining oil from seeds. In this work, hydrothermal pre-treatments and sonication are proposed to make the extraction a more environmentally friendly process. Factors such as sonication time and temperature and hexane-to-seed ratio (H/S) have been considered. Response surface methodology was applied for optimization. Hydrothermal treatments increased oil recovery. H/S was the most influential factor, and was close to 7 mL/g seeds for both samples. 71% recovery was achieved for native seeds after 15 min sonication at 45 ºC, and 80% for 180 ºC-treated seeds after 45 min at 35 ºC when compared to Soxhlet extraction. These conditions comply with our initial aim. Pre-treatments seem to have a negative effect on oil stability, although this observation needs to be confirmed.
椰枣籽是椰枣工业的副产品。它作为附加值化合物来源的用途引起了极大的兴趣。油占种子重量的5-13%。有机溶剂索氏提取法是从种子中提取油脂的传统方法。在这项工作中,提出了水热预处理和超声处理,以使提取过程更加环保。已经考虑了诸如超声处理时间和温度以及己烷与种子的比率(H/S)等因素。采用响应面法进行优化。水热处理提高了石油采收率。H/S是影响最大的因素,两种样品的种子数均接近7mL/g。与Soxhlet提取相比,在45℃超声处理15分钟后,天然种子的回收率为71%,在35℃超声处理45分钟后,180℃处理的种子回收率为80%。这些条件符合我们最初的目标。预处理似乎对油的稳定性有负面影响,尽管这一观察结果需要证实。
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引用次数: 6
Physico-chemical characteristics and oxidative stability of oils from different Peruvian castor bean ecotypes 秘鲁不同生态型蓖麻油的理化特性和氧化稳定性
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.3989/gya.1016202
L. Huamán, S. Huincho, E. Aguirre, G. Rodríguez, A. Brandolini, A. Hidalgo
The aim of this research was to assess the physico-chemical properties and shelf-life of oils press-extracted at two temperatures (60 °C and 80 °C) from five Peruvian castor bean ecotypes. A wide variation for all traits was observed. Low acidity index, low peroxide index and absence of p-anisidine were recorded. The total tocopherol contents ranged from 798 to 1040 mg/kg. A higher antioxidant capacity was detected in methanolic extracts than in hexane extract. From the Rancimat performed at 150-170 °C, the predicted shelf-life at 25 °C ranged from 0.15 to 8.93 years; the higher extraction temperature led to a longer shelf-life, probably because of enzyme inactivation.
本研究的目的是评估在两个温度(60°C和80°C)下从五种秘鲁蓖麻生态型中压榨提取的油的物理化学性质和保质期。观察到所有性状都有很大的变异。记录了低酸度指数、低过氧化物指数和不存在对苯胺。总生育酚含量范围为798至1040毫克/公斤。甲醇提取物的抗氧化能力高于己烷提取物。根据在150-170°C下进行的Rancimat,25°C下的预测保质期为0.15至8.93年;提取温度越高,保质期越长,这可能是因为酶失活。
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引用次数: 0
Solvent-free synthesis of oleic acid-based wax esters using recyclable acidic deep eutectic solvent 利用可回收酸性深共熔溶剂无溶剂合成油酸基蜡酯
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.3989/gya.1007202
Z. Li, W. Liu, G. Yang
Wax esters have been widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Oleic acid wax esters can be used to replace spermaceti oil or jojoba oil. In this work, the acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid (1:4, mol/mol) was used as an efficient recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of oleic acid-based liquid wax esters through an esterification reaction. The esterification conversion of cetyl alcohol reached 99.1% under the following optimal reaction conditions: 5% DES as catalyst, molar ratio of fatty acid to alcohol of 1.3:1 and reaction temperature of 70 oC for 3h. The catalyst recovery experiments showed that this low-price acidic DES catalyst could be reused five times with uniform activity. Moreover, DES-catalyzed solvent-free esterification could be applied in the preparation of other oleic acid-based wax esters and excellent conversions (> 96%) could be obtained under such mild conditions.
蜡酯在化妆品和医药产品中有着广泛的应用。油酸蜡酯可用来代替精鲸油或荷荷巴油。以氯化胆碱与对甲苯磺酸(1:4,mol/mol)组成的酸性深共熔溶剂(DES)为催化剂,通过酯化反应合成油酸基液态蜡酯。最佳反应条件为:催化剂为5% DES,脂肪酸与醇的摩尔比为1.3:1,反应温度为70℃,反应3h,十六醇的酯化转化率达99.1%。催化剂回收实验表明,该廉价酸性DES催化剂可重复使用5次,且活性均匀。此外,des催化的无溶剂酯化反应可用于制备其他油酸基蜡酯,在这种温和的条件下可获得良好的转化率(> 96%)。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from different chemotypes of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl 不同化学型樟树精油化学成分及抑菌活性的比较研究Presl
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.3989/gya.1014202
N. Wan, Y. Li, X.Y. Huang, Y.H. Li, Q. Zheng, Z.F. Wu
The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl leaves (CCPL) from 5 different habitats in China by GC-MS, and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against 3 foodborne pathogens, using a paper disc diffusion method. A total of 30 compounds were identified with a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes, including linalool (42.65%-96.47%), eucalyptol (39.07%-55.35%) and camphor (26.08%) as well as monoterpene hydrocarbons such as sabinene (6.18%-12.93%) and α-terpineol (8.19%-13.81%). Through cluster analysis, CCPL from 5 different habitats can be well divided into 2 categories. Combining with principal component analysis, the habitats can be better correlated with the chemical constituents of the essential oils. The antimicrobial activities of 5 extracted essential oils against 2 gram-negative bacteria and one gram-positive bacteria were assessed. It showed that the essential oil extracted from the CCPL harvested in Jinxi had the strongest antibacterial property. The results of this study provided basis for resource identification of CCPL and quality difference identification of essential oils. Research on the antibacterial properties of several pathogenic strains has proved its application value as a natural food preservative.
采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了我国5个不同产地香樟叶挥发油的化学成分,并用纸片扩散法评价了其对3种食源性病原体的抗菌活性。共鉴定出30个以含氧单萜类化合物为主的化合物,包括芳樟醇(42.65%-96.47%)、桉树醇(39.07%-55.35%)和樟脑(26.08%),以及沙宾烯(6.18%-12.93%)和α-萜品醇(8.19%-13.81%)等单萜烃。结合主成分分析,可以更好地将生境与精油的化学成分联系起来。评价了5种提取精油对2种革兰氏阴性菌和1种革兰氏阳性菌的抗菌活性。结果表明,从金溪采收的中药复方提取物中提取的精油具有最强的抗菌性能。研究结果为中药饮片的资源鉴定和精油的质量差异鉴定提供了依据。通过对几种致病菌株的抗菌性能研究,证明了其作为天然食品防腐剂的应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Antioxidant activity, polyphenolic composition and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of tea seed oil 茶籽油的抗氧化活性、多酚组成及体外抗菌、抗真菌活性
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.3989/gya.1229202
H. K. Ruto, J. Yugi, S. O. Ochanda, C. Bii
The polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of tea seed oil from C. sinensis TRFK 301/5 (green colored) and TRFK 306 (purple colored) and C. oleifera were evaluated. The total polyphenolic content, total catechins and catechin fractions were significantly different in the oils. C. oleifera contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher amounts of catechins and polyphenols than C. sinensis. C. oleifera also exhibited a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.81 ± 0.46%) compared to C. sinensis (TRFK 306; 15.98 ± 0.13 and TRFK 301/5; 14.73 ± 0.47%). The antimicrobial activities of tea seed oil and two selected oils (olive and eucalyptus oil), were also evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candinda albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. S. aureus was significantly inhibited by the oils compared to E. coli. The oils inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes and C. albicans, although they had no effect on C. neoformans. Tea seed oil is a potential source of beneficial phytochemicals and potent antimicrobial agents.
研究了茶籽油的多酚组成及抗氧化活性。中华鳖TRFK 301/5(绿色)和TRFK 306(紫色)和C。对油进行了评价。油中的总多酚含量、总儿茶素和儿茶素组分差异显著。C。油籽中儿茶素和多酚含量显著高于油籽(p≤0.05)。中华鳖。C。油桐对DPPH自由基的清除活性也高于油桐(18.81±0.46%)。茶籽油和两种油(橄榄油和桉树油)对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌和毛癣菌的抗菌活性也进行了评价。S。与E。大肠杆菌。这些油抑制了T。须生植物和C。白色念珠菌,尽管它们对C。新生代。茶籽油是有益植物化学物质和强效抗菌剂的潜在来源。
{"title":"Antioxidant activity, polyphenolic composition and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of tea seed oil","authors":"H. K. Ruto, J. Yugi, S. O. Ochanda, C. Bii","doi":"10.3989/gya.1229202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1229202","url":null,"abstract":"The polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of tea seed oil from C. sinensis TRFK 301/5 (green colored) and TRFK 306 (purple colored) and C. oleifera were evaluated. The total polyphenolic content, total catechins and catechin fractions were significantly different in the oils. C. oleifera contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher amounts of catechins and polyphenols than C. sinensis. C. oleifera also exhibited a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.81 ± 0.46%) compared to C. sinensis (TRFK 306; 15.98 ± 0.13 and TRFK 301/5; 14.73 ± 0.47%). The antimicrobial activities of tea seed oil and two selected oils (olive and eucalyptus oil), were also evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candinda albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. S. aureus was significantly inhibited by the oils compared to E. coli. The oils inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes and C. albicans, although they had no effect on C. neoformans. Tea seed oil is a potential source of beneficial phytochemicals and potent antimicrobial agents.","PeriodicalId":12839,"journal":{"name":"Grasas y Aceites","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48191779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Grasas y Aceites
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