Graphene oxide (GO) is a versatile material, derivative of graphene, and it has gained significant attention in the field of polymer nanocomposites due to its exceptional properties and unique structural features. These characteristics make it a successful secondary reinforcing agent for enhancing mechanical performance, fatigue resistance, and other various physical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. However, the low fracture toughness of nanocomposite has restricted the overall structural applications. In this research work, the epoxy nanocomposites were prepared with different weights of exfoliated graphene oxide (E-GO) nanoparticles by using a dual mixing probe ultra-sonication for homogeneous distribution and proper dispersion. A substantial enhancement in mechanical performance and fracture toughness of nanocomposite was observed. The good dispersion and interfacial adhesion among E-GO and epoxy matrix were investigated through the critical analysis of the fracture surfaces of the nanocomposite. The enhancement of mechanical performance of E-GO nanofiller-reinforced epoxy composite was observed superior at 1 wt. % of GO60 particle concentration. The maximum increment of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and work of fracture were 40.763, 39.23, and 12.106 % respectively, whereas maximum tensile modulus and flexural modulus were 19.3724, 27.63 % at 1.5 wt. % of GO60 as compared to the neat composite. However, in the case of fracture toughness and energy, maximum improvement of 1.256 Mpa.m1/2 and 0.472 KJ/m2 respectively was observed at 1 wt. % of GO60. Such enhancement was primarily due to the bolstering of in-plane crack propagation resistance in the nanocomposites. Additionally, the highlight point in thermomechanical properties of the polymer nanocomposite is optimal storage modulus and damping factor such as 4066.75 MPa, and 0.46 respectively, for the GO60 at 1 wt.% nanocomposite. Moreover, GO60 at 1 wt.% demonstrates greater thermal stability, withstanding up to 50% material degradation at 413.65°C.
{"title":"Analysis of the impact of exfoliated graphene oxide on the mechanical performance and in-plane fracture resistance of epoxy-based nanocomposite","authors":"Sandeep Kumar Singh, Thingujam Jackson Singh, Biswajeet Nayak, Puneet Kumar Sonker, Meinam Annebushan Singh","doi":"10.1177/09540083241278209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241278209","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene oxide (GO) is a versatile material, derivative of graphene, and it has gained significant attention in the field of polymer nanocomposites due to its exceptional properties and unique structural features. These characteristics make it a successful secondary reinforcing agent for enhancing mechanical performance, fatigue resistance, and other various physical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. However, the low fracture toughness of nanocomposite has restricted the overall structural applications. In this research work, the epoxy nanocomposites were prepared with different weights of exfoliated graphene oxide (E-GO) nanoparticles by using a dual mixing probe ultra-sonication for homogeneous distribution and proper dispersion. A substantial enhancement in mechanical performance and fracture toughness of nanocomposite was observed. The good dispersion and interfacial adhesion among E-GO and epoxy matrix were investigated through the critical analysis of the fracture surfaces of the nanocomposite. The enhancement of mechanical performance of E-GO nanofiller-reinforced epoxy composite was observed superior at 1 wt. % of GO60 particle concentration. The maximum increment of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and work of fracture were 40.763, 39.23, and 12.106 % respectively, whereas maximum tensile modulus and flexural modulus were 19.3724, 27.63 % at 1.5 wt. % of GO60 as compared to the neat composite. However, in the case of fracture toughness and energy, maximum improvement of 1.256 Mpa.m<jats:sup>1/2</jats:sup> and 0.472 KJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> respectively was observed at 1 wt. % of GO60. Such enhancement was primarily due to the bolstering of in-plane crack propagation resistance in the nanocomposites. Additionally, the highlight point in thermomechanical properties of the polymer nanocomposite is optimal storage modulus and damping factor such as 4066.75 MPa, and 0.46 respectively, for the GO60 at 1 wt.% nanocomposite. Moreover, GO60 at 1 wt.% demonstrates greater thermal stability, withstanding up to 50% material degradation at 413.65°C.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1177/09540083241280706
Lei Jiang, Bing Liang, Jiapeng Long
9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-N-Aminoethylpiperazine (DOPO-AEP), a phosphorus and nitrogen intumescent flame retardant curing agent was prepared by using acetonitrile as solvent using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and N-aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) as raw materials. The structure of the flame retardant curing agent DOPO-AEP was analyzed Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the synthesis method of the target product was determined. In addition, the content of char residue was determined by thermogravimetric analyzer, and its thermal properties were comprehensively explored, and based on the obtained results, the curable epoxy resin was selected to prepare DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites. According to the amount of DOPO-AEP added product, different proportions of DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites were prepared, and the actual impact of flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resin in different proportions was explored. When the content of DOPO-AEP is 35%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP reaches 29.9, which has a significant increase compared with the limiting oxygen index of pure epoxy resin of 19.8, but compared with the content of DOPO-AEP of 30%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP is 28.7, and there is no significant increase change. Comprehensive analysis shows that when the component content of DOPO-AEP is 30%, the flame retardant system has a tensile strength of 29.0 MPa, an impact strength of 4.5Kj/m2 and a flexural strength of 73.9 MPa, and its limiting oxygen index is as high as 28.7, and the comprehensive performance of the system is the best. By testing the surface morphology of the flame retardant composites after combustion by SEM, it was found that a dense char layer was formed on the surface of the epoxy resin cured char residue and foamed obviously, indicating that the flame retardant curing performance of DOPO-AEP was good.
{"title":"Preparation of halogen-free flame retardant curing agent and its application in epoxy resin","authors":"Lei Jiang, Bing Liang, Jiapeng Long","doi":"10.1177/09540083241280706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241280706","url":null,"abstract":"9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-N-Aminoethylpiperazine (DOPO-AEP), a phosphorus and nitrogen intumescent flame retardant curing agent was prepared by using acetonitrile as solvent using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and N-aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) as raw materials. The structure of the flame retardant curing agent DOPO-AEP was analyzed Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the synthesis method of the target product was determined. In addition, the content of char residue was determined by thermogravimetric analyzer, and its thermal properties were comprehensively explored, and based on the obtained results, the curable epoxy resin was selected to prepare DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites. According to the amount of DOPO-AEP added product, different proportions of DOPO-AEP/EP flame retardant composites were prepared, and the actual impact of flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resin in different proportions was explored. When the content of DOPO-AEP is 35%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP reaches 29.9, which has a significant increase compared with the limiting oxygen index of pure epoxy resin of 19.8, but compared with the content of DOPO-AEP of 30%, the limiting oxygen index of DOPO-AEP/EP is 28.7, and there is no significant increase change. Comprehensive analysis shows that when the component content of DOPO-AEP is 30%, the flame retardant system has a tensile strength of 29.0 MPa, an impact strength of 4.5Kj/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and a flexural strength of 73.9 MPa, and its limiting oxygen index is as high as 28.7, and the comprehensive performance of the system is the best. By testing the surface morphology of the flame retardant composites after combustion by SEM, it was found that a dense char layer was formed on the surface of the epoxy resin cured char residue and foamed obviously, indicating that the flame retardant curing performance of DOPO-AEP was good.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quercetin (Q), one of the most abundant molecules in nature, remains relatively unexplored in the realm of bio-based thermosets. In line with the pursuit of sustainability, we report the successful synthesis of a novel bio-based phthalonitrile (PN) monomer (Q-Ph) using Q. The synthesis involved a nitro displacement reaction with 4-nitrophthalonitrile (4-NPN). Confirmation of the monomer’s structure utilized hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonances (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and elemental analysis. Curing characteristics were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polymerization was analyzed using FTIR. The resulting monomers showed a wide processing window and low melt viscosity via rheological analysis. Thermal and thermomechanical properties were assessed using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing lower curing and polymerization temperatures compared to petroleum-based counterparts. The synthesized resin achieved a high Tg exceeding 400°C, a char yield of 79% at 1000°C, and T5% and T10% values of 564 and 660°C, respectively. The Q-Ph polymer demonstrated superior performance, with evidence of an autocatalytic curing mechanism. These results highlight quercetin as a promising petrochemical replacement for the preparation of self-curable PN thermosets, especially for high-performance applications.
{"title":"Bio-based phthalonitrile resin derived from quercetin as a sustainable molecular scaffold: Synthesis, curing reaction and comparison with petroleum-based counterparts","authors":"Abdelwahed Berrouane, Mehdi Derradji, Karim Khiari, Oussama Mehelli, Slimane Abdous, Abdelmalek Habes, Wenbin Liu, Azzedine Khadraoui","doi":"10.1177/09540083241279281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241279281","url":null,"abstract":"Quercetin (Q), one of the most abundant molecules in nature, remains relatively unexplored in the realm of bio-based thermosets. In line with the pursuit of sustainability, we report the successful synthesis of a novel bio-based phthalonitrile (PN) monomer (Q-Ph) using Q. The synthesis involved a nitro displacement reaction with 4-nitrophthalonitrile (4-NPN). Confirmation of the monomer’s structure utilized hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonances (<jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H and <jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and elemental analysis. Curing characteristics were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polymerization was analyzed using FTIR. The resulting monomers showed a wide processing window and low melt viscosity via rheological analysis. Thermal and thermomechanical properties were assessed using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing lower curing and polymerization temperatures compared to petroleum-based counterparts. The synthesized resin achieved a high T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub> exceeding 400°C, a char yield of 79% at 1000°C, and T<jats:sub>5%</jats:sub> and T<jats:sub>10%</jats:sub> values of 564 and 660°C, respectively. The Q-Ph polymer demonstrated superior performance, with evidence of an autocatalytic curing mechanism. These results highlight quercetin as a promising petrochemical replacement for the preparation of self-curable PN thermosets, especially for high-performance applications.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The disadvantage of poor thermal performance of epoxy resin limits its application in special fields, therefore we improve the thermal performance of epoxy resin by copolymerizing it with phthalonitrile resin. A novel self-promoted curing phthalonitrile monomer containing pyridine rings and amino groups (APNH) was successfully synthesized using 2-amino-4-hydroxypyridine and 4-nitrophthalonitril, and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectra. DSC confirmed that the APNH monomer exhibits curing behavior that is self-promoting. Copolymerizing the APNH monomer with epoxy resin enhances the thermal performance of the epoxy resin. The curing behavior of the EPNH copolymer was studied using DSC, which revealed two distinct curing peaks. FTIR analysis showed that the EPNH copolymer has formed structures such as triazine, phthalocyanine, and isoindoline. The presence of cyano groups significantly enhances the thermal properties of the copolymer, surpassing those of traditional epoxy resins. This enhancement in thermal performance amplifies with an increase in the content of the APNH monomer. The research indicates that the EPNH copolymer exhibits superior thermal stability and elevated glass transition temperatures, facilitating the application of epoxy resin in specialized areas.
{"title":"Copolymerization of novel self-promoted curing phthalonitrile with epoxy resin and its thermal property","authors":"Huaijie Yan, Zhiyi Jia, Dianqiu Jia, Zhipeng Li, Jianxin Rong, Qingxin Zhang, Fuqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1177/09540083241259983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241259983","url":null,"abstract":"The disadvantage of poor thermal performance of epoxy resin limits its application in special fields, therefore we improve the thermal performance of epoxy resin by copolymerizing it with phthalonitrile resin. A novel self-promoted curing phthalonitrile monomer containing pyridine rings and amino groups (APNH) was successfully synthesized using 2-amino-4-hydroxypyridine and 4-nitrophthalonitril, and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectra. DSC confirmed that the APNH monomer exhibits curing behavior that is self-promoting. Copolymerizing the APNH monomer with epoxy resin enhances the thermal performance of the epoxy resin. The curing behavior of the EPNH copolymer was studied using DSC, which revealed two distinct curing peaks. FTIR analysis showed that the EPNH copolymer has formed structures such as triazine, phthalocyanine, and isoindoline. The presence of cyano groups significantly enhances the thermal properties of the copolymer, surpassing those of traditional epoxy resins. This enhancement in thermal performance amplifies with an increase in the content of the APNH monomer. The research indicates that the EPNH copolymer exhibits superior thermal stability and elevated glass transition temperatures, facilitating the application of epoxy resin in specialized areas.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1177/09540083241279209
Aniket A Talanikar, Samadhan S Nagane, Prakash P Wadgaonkar, Gajanan S Rashinkar
A homo- and three co-polycarbonates (PC-NBs) bearing pendant norbornenyl groups were synthesized via solution polycondensation of triphosgene with 4, 4'-(bicyclo (2.2.1) hept-5-en-2 yl methylene) bis (2-methoxyphenol) (BPA-NB) or various mol % compositions of BPA-NB and bisphenol-A, respectively. 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure and composition of PC-NBs. Inherent viscosity and number-average molecular weight (Mn) values of PC-NBs were in the range 0.44 – 0.64 dL g−1 and 21,800 – 34,100 g mol−1, respectively, indicating the formation of polymers of medium to reasonably high molecular weights. Tough, transparent, and flexible films of PC-NBs could be cast from chloroform solution. X-Ray diffraction studies indicated the amorphous nature of PC-NBs. Glass transition temperature (Tg) values, determined by DSC analysis, of PC-NBs were in the range 154 – 175°C and Tg values increased with the increase in mol % of BPA-NB. The post-polymerization modification of a representative PC-NB was demonstrated using 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine via tetrazine-ene reaction.
{"title":"Aromatic (Co)polycarbonates bearing pendant norbornenyl groups: Synthesis, characterization and post-polymerization modification","authors":"Aniket A Talanikar, Samadhan S Nagane, Prakash P Wadgaonkar, Gajanan S Rashinkar","doi":"10.1177/09540083241279209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241279209","url":null,"abstract":"A homo- and three co-polycarbonates (PC-NBs) bearing pendant norbornenyl groups were synthesized via solution polycondensation of triphosgene with 4, 4'-(bicyclo (2.2.1) hept-5-en-2 yl methylene) bis (2-methoxyphenol) (BPA-NB) or various mol % compositions of BPA-NB and bisphenol-A, respectively. 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure and composition of PC-NBs. Inherent viscosity and number-average molecular weight (Mn) values of PC-NBs were in the range 0.44 – 0.64 dL g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and 21,800 – 34,100 g mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, respectively, indicating the formation of polymers of medium to reasonably high molecular weights. Tough, transparent, and flexible films of PC-NBs could be cast from chloroform solution. X-Ray diffraction studies indicated the amorphous nature of PC-NBs. Glass transition temperature (T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub>) values, determined by DSC analysis, of PC-NBs were in the range 154 – 175°C and T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub> values increased with the increase in mol % of BPA-NB. The post-polymerization modification of a representative PC-NB was demonstrated using 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine via tetrazine-ene reaction.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reducing the dependence of epoxy resin preparation on petroleum resources and developing thermosetting epoxy resins with excellent comprehensive performance are important directions for the current development of epoxy resins. This article uses biomass resource magnolol as the main raw material to prepare magnolol epoxy monomer (DGEM). Then, using 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent, the DGEM and bisphenol A epoxy resin (E44) were blended and cured. The results showed a dual modification effect of DGEM on the toughening and strengthening of E44 epoxy resin. When the mass ratio of DGEM to E44 is 30:70, the bending strength of the cured blended resin is 18.7% higher than that of the E44 system, and the tensile strength is 57.7% higher. When the mass ratio of DGEM to E44 is 5:95, the cured blended resin exhibits the optimal impact strength (5.10 kJ/mol), which is 22.9% higher than the pure E44 system. However, the addition of DGEM reduced the glass transition temperature and crosslinking degree of the blended resin system. The addition of DGEM improves the heat resistance and flame retardancy of the blended resin. When the mass ratio of DGEM: E44 was 50:50, the vertical combustion reached UL-94 V-0 level.
{"title":"Modification of bisphenol a type epoxy resin by biobased magnolol epoxy","authors":"Ming Yuan Wang, Shou Wu Yu, Chen Jing Zhao, Tian Yu Zhang, Gui Xiang Hou","doi":"10.1177/09540083241273941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241273941","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the dependence of epoxy resin preparation on petroleum resources and developing thermosetting epoxy resins with excellent comprehensive performance are important directions for the current development of epoxy resins. This article uses biomass resource magnolol as the main raw material to prepare magnolol epoxy monomer (DGEM). Then, using 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent, the DGEM and bisphenol A epoxy resin (E44) were blended and cured. The results showed a dual modification effect of DGEM on the toughening and strengthening of E44 epoxy resin. When the mass ratio of DGEM to E44 is 30:70, the bending strength of the cured blended resin is 18.7% higher than that of the E44 system, and the tensile strength is 57.7% higher. When the mass ratio of DGEM to E44 is 5:95, the cured blended resin exhibits the optimal impact strength (5.10 kJ/mol), which is 22.9% higher than the pure E44 system. However, the addition of DGEM reduced the glass transition temperature and crosslinking degree of the blended resin system. The addition of DGEM improves the heat resistance and flame retardancy of the blended resin. When the mass ratio of DGEM: E44 was 50:50, the vertical combustion reached UL-94 V-0 level.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1177/09540083241274320
Guohao Zhu, Jilei Xu, Huimin Sun, Ping Chen
A novel phenylethynyl-terminated siloxane-containing ortho-hydroxy polyimide (O-SPI) was synthesized and physically blended with thermoplastic polyimide (PI) to enhance both the thermal and mechanical properties of polyimide, addressing the growing demand for high-performance materials in harsh environments. The blend underwent conversion to semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ( semi-IPNs) and benzoxazole structures through thermal curing of reactive phenylethynyl groups and thermal rearrangement of ortho-hydroxy imide units. The trends in thermal and mechanical properties were investigated in relation to the chemical structures and varying mass fraction of O-SPI. The covalent incorporation of semi-IPNs and rigid benzoxazole structures restrict segmental motion while the backbone linkage confers the toughness of the blends. These synergistic effects insure the cured blends with high glass transition temperatures (472.51°C) and tensile strength (117.81 MPa) simultaneously, demonstrating their potential for applications in challenging conditions.
{"title":"Enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of blends with novel phenylethynyl-terminated siloxane-containing ortho-hydroxy polyimide","authors":"Guohao Zhu, Jilei Xu, Huimin Sun, Ping Chen","doi":"10.1177/09540083241274320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241274320","url":null,"abstract":"A novel phenylethynyl-terminated siloxane-containing ortho-hydroxy polyimide (O-SPI) was synthesized and physically blended with thermoplastic polyimide (PI) to enhance both the thermal and mechanical properties of polyimide, addressing the growing demand for high-performance materials in harsh environments. The blend underwent conversion to semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ( semi-IPNs) and benzoxazole structures through thermal curing of reactive phenylethynyl groups and thermal rearrangement of ortho-hydroxy imide units. The trends in thermal and mechanical properties were investigated in relation to the chemical structures and varying mass fraction of O-SPI. The covalent incorporation of semi-IPNs and rigid benzoxazole structures restrict segmental motion while the backbone linkage confers the toughness of the blends. These synergistic effects insure the cured blends with high glass transition temperatures (472.51°C) and tensile strength (117.81 MPa) simultaneously, demonstrating their potential for applications in challenging conditions.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to improve the PI resin’s processability and thermal properties, a novel diamine monomer bis(p-aminophenylethynyl)dimethylsilane was designed and synthesized by introducing silicon and alkyne groups in this paper. And a new thermosetting polyimide resin SiOPI with silicon and alkynyl structures in the main chain was prepared using 4,4′-oxobis (phthalic anhydride) (ODPA) as the dianhydride monomer with this diamine monomer. The structures of the diamine monomer and the polyimide were characterized by H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The incorporation of silyl groups into the PI increases the flexibility of the resin and provides good solubility and processability. The SiOPI is well soluble in DMF, DMSO and THF. The resin has a viscosity of less than 200 Pa·s at 50–88°C and has a wide processability range. By virtue of the introduction of alkyne groups, the cured polyimide forms dense reticulated structures, analogous to the benzene ring, giving the resin excellent heat resistance and mechanical property. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of SiOPI reached 367°C, and the heat loss temperature at 5% (Td5) is 540.9°C, the heat loss temperature at 10% (Td10) is 592.2°C, and the residual carbon rate at 800°C (R800°C) is 65.76% in a nitrogen atmosphere. The tensile strength of c-SiOPI is 257.6 MPa at room temperature and 232.9 MPa with a retention rate of 90.41% at 300°C, respectively.
{"title":"Design of novel silicon-containing alkynyl diamines and their related thermosetting polyimide resins","authors":"Yumeng Liu, Xiwei Liu, Jiyu Xia, Yitian Wang, Jianke Hu, Yanhong Hu","doi":"10.1177/09540083241266225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241266225","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the PI resin’s processability and thermal properties, a novel diamine monomer bis(p-aminophenylethynyl)dimethylsilane was designed and synthesized by introducing silicon and alkyne groups in this paper. And a new thermosetting polyimide resin SiOPI with silicon and alkynyl structures in the main chain was prepared using 4,4′-oxobis (phthalic anhydride) (ODPA) as the dianhydride monomer with this diamine monomer. The structures of the diamine monomer and the polyimide were characterized by H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrometry (MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The incorporation of silyl groups into the PI increases the flexibility of the resin and provides good solubility and processability. The SiOPI is well soluble in DMF, DMSO and THF. The resin has a viscosity of less than 200 Pa·s at 50–88°C and has a wide processability range. By virtue of the introduction of alkyne groups, the cured polyimide forms dense reticulated structures, analogous to the benzene ring, giving the resin excellent heat resistance and mechanical property. The glass transition temperature (T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub>) of SiOPI reached 367°C, and the heat loss temperature at 5% (T<jats:sub>d5</jats:sub>) is 540.9°C, the heat loss temperature at 10% (T<jats:sub>d10</jats:sub>) is 592.2°C, and the residual carbon rate at 800°C (R<jats:sub>800°C</jats:sub>) is 65.76% in a nitrogen atmosphere. The tensile strength of c-SiOPI is 257.6 MPa at room temperature and 232.9 MPa with a retention rate of 90.41% at 300°C, respectively.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141784157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1177/09540083241264625
Yuxia Zhang, Haojie Liu, Min Liu, Yitian Zhang, Chenjing Ding, Yunyun Gong
The application of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is hindered by the trade-off between proton conductivity and ion selectivity. To optimize its performance, the metal-organic frameworks loaded with phytic acid (PA-UiO-66-NH2) are introduced into the SPEEK matrix to construct a proton-selective transport channel. Better proton conductivity and ion selectivity are achieved in composite membranes due to the unique porous structure and chemical characteristics of PA-UiO-66-NH2 fillers. When the PA-UiO-66-NH2 content is at 2 wt%, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane exhibits higher proton conductivity (35.3 mS cm−1) and ion selectivity (41.0 × 103 S min cm−3) compared to other composite membranes, pristine SPEEK and commercial Nafion 212 membranes. As a result, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane shows excellent energy efficiencies (88.1%-74.0%) at current densities ranging from 60 to 180 mA cm−2. The cell efficiencies maintain stability during the 300 times charge-discharge cycle, proving the outstanding stability and durability of the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane in a strong acidic and oxidizing environment. These results suggest that the combination of phytic acid and metal-organic framework can effectively improve the performance of the membranes, and it also can be further utilized to solve other challenges in the membrane separation field.
磺化聚（醚醚酮）（SPEEK）膜在钒氧化还原液流电池（VRFB）中的应用因质子传导性和离子选择性之间的权衡而受到阻碍。为了优化其性能，在 SPEEK 基质中引入了含有植酸（PA-UiO-66-NH2）的金属有机框架，以构建质子选择性传输通道。由于 PA-UiO-66-NH2 填料独特的多孔结构和化学特性，复合膜具有更好的质子传导性和离子选择性。当 PA-UiO-66-NH2 含量为 2 wt% 时，与其他复合膜、原始 SPEEK 和商用 Nafion 212 膜相比，S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 膜具有更高的质子传导性（35.3 mS cm-1）和离子选择性（41.0 × 103 S min cm-3）。因此，S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 膜在 60 到 180 mA cm-2 的电流密度范围内显示出卓越的能量效率（88.1%-74.0%）。电池效率在 300 次充放电循环中保持稳定，证明了 S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 膜在强酸和强氧化环境中的出色稳定性和耐用性。这些结果表明，植酸与金属有机框架的结合能有效提高膜的性能，而且还能进一步用于解决膜分离领域的其他难题。
{"title":"Composite membrane containing phytic acid-functionalized metal-organic frameworks for enhanced ion selectivity","authors":"Yuxia Zhang, Haojie Liu, Min Liu, Yitian Zhang, Chenjing Ding, Yunyun Gong","doi":"10.1177/09540083241264625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241264625","url":null,"abstract":"The application of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is hindered by the trade-off between proton conductivity and ion selectivity. To optimize its performance, the metal-organic frameworks loaded with phytic acid (PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) are introduced into the SPEEK matrix to construct a proton-selective transport channel. Better proton conductivity and ion selectivity are achieved in composite membranes due to the unique porous structure and chemical characteristics of PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> fillers. When the PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> content is at 2 wt%, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-2 membrane exhibits higher proton conductivity (35.3 mS cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) and ion selectivity (41.0 × 10<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> S min cm<jats:sup>−3</jats:sup>) compared to other composite membranes, pristine SPEEK and commercial Nafion 212 membranes. As a result, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-2 membrane shows excellent energy efficiencies (88.1%-74.0%) at current densities ranging from 60 to 180 mA cm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>. The cell efficiencies maintain stability during the 300 times charge-discharge cycle, proving the outstanding stability and durability of the S/PA-UiO-66-NH<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-2 membrane in a strong acidic and oxidizing environment. These results suggest that the combination of phytic acid and metal-organic framework can effectively improve the performance of the membranes, and it also can be further utilized to solve other challenges in the membrane separation field.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.1177/09540083241253165
Yashesh J Rathwa, Sanjay K Parmar, Navin P Chikhaliya
The present study has focused on exploring new 2-pyridine-bridge-based polybenzimidazole (2-Py-PBIs) based materials for various energy-related uses in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). An electrochemical device, which transforms chemical energy into electrical energy, is known as fuel cell. Using solution polymerization with polyphosphoric acid as a solvent, a series of 2-Py-PBIs were synthesised from the 4,4'-([2,4′-bipyridine]-2′,6′-diyl)bis (benzene-1,2-diamine). 2-Pyridine bridge Polybenzimidazoles are cross-linked with poly (vinylphosphonic acid), which helps us to improve membrane properties like mechanical properties and proton conductivities. FT-IR was used to characterize chemical structure, Ubbelohde viscometer was employed to determine the inherent viscosity. Additionally investigated were the oxidative stability, swelling ratio, ion exchange capability, and water uptake for 2-Py-PBIs. Thermogravimetric analysis is used to evaluate thermal stability. The obtained 2-Py-PBIs membranes were thermally stable and mechanically strong when compared with conventional polybenzimidazole-based membranes. The 2-Py-PBIs:PVPA membranes showed proton conductivity between 0.10 µS/m to 4.65 µS/m.
{"title":"The characteristics of high temperature polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell based on 2-pyridene based polybenzimidazole blended with poly(vinyl-phosphonic acid)","authors":"Yashesh J Rathwa, Sanjay K Parmar, Navin P Chikhaliya","doi":"10.1177/09540083241253165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09540083241253165","url":null,"abstract":"The present study has focused on exploring new 2-pyridine-bridge-based polybenzimidazole (2-Py-PBIs) based materials for various energy-related uses in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). An electrochemical device, which transforms chemical energy into electrical energy, is known as fuel cell. Using solution polymerization with polyphosphoric acid as a solvent, a series of 2-Py-PBIs were synthesised from the 4,4'-([2,4′-bipyridine]-2′,6′-diyl)bis (benzene-1,2-diamine). 2-Pyridine bridge Polybenzimidazoles are cross-linked with poly (vinylphosphonic acid), which helps us to improve membrane properties like mechanical properties and proton conductivities. FT-IR was used to characterize chemical structure, Ubbelohde viscometer was employed to determine the inherent viscosity. Additionally investigated were the oxidative stability, swelling ratio, ion exchange capability, and water uptake for 2-Py-PBIs. Thermogravimetric analysis is used to evaluate thermal stability. The obtained 2-Py-PBIs membranes were thermally stable and mechanically strong when compared with conventional polybenzimidazole-based membranes. The 2-Py-PBIs:PVPA membranes showed proton conductivity between 0.10 µS/m to 4.65 µS/m.","PeriodicalId":12932,"journal":{"name":"High Performance Polymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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