During the third millennium cal BC, the Indus communities exploited great quantities of chert from the Rohri Hills mines in Upper Sindh for making different types of artifacts. This paper discusses the way chert was transported to the Indus Civilization centers and the problems related to the type, quantity, and quality of raw material and artifacts that were transported, including when, why, and where. This paper raises the question of land and water transport. Both these methods were probably used according to the landscape location of the Indus sites. Another problem concerns the landscape characteristics of the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age before the climate changes that took place around the end of the third millennium cal BC and the disappearance of the Hakra River, which was an important watercourse during the Indus phase. What do we know of the way the Indus communities exploited, transported, and circulated knappable chert? Why have the Indus settlements excavated around the Rohri Hills, the largest chert mines of the Indian Subcontinent, yielded little evidence of chert artifacts and nodules? What do we know of this important problem, which is strictly related to the everyday life of the Indus communities and their economy? Why this problem has been systematically neglected by most archaeologists despite its importance?
{"title":"Exploitation, Transport, and Circulation of the Rohri Hills Chert (Sindh, Pakistan) during the Indus Period","authors":"Paolo Biagi","doi":"10.3390/heritage7080200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080200","url":null,"abstract":"During the third millennium cal BC, the Indus communities exploited great quantities of chert from the Rohri Hills mines in Upper Sindh for making different types of artifacts. This paper discusses the way chert was transported to the Indus Civilization centers and the problems related to the type, quantity, and quality of raw material and artifacts that were transported, including when, why, and where. This paper raises the question of land and water transport. Both these methods were probably used according to the landscape location of the Indus sites. Another problem concerns the landscape characteristics of the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age before the climate changes that took place around the end of the third millennium cal BC and the disappearance of the Hakra River, which was an important watercourse during the Indus phase. What do we know of the way the Indus communities exploited, transported, and circulated knappable chert? Why have the Indus settlements excavated around the Rohri Hills, the largest chert mines of the Indian Subcontinent, yielded little evidence of chert artifacts and nodules? What do we know of this important problem, which is strictly related to the everyday life of the Indus communities and their economy? Why this problem has been systematically neglected by most archaeologists despite its importance?","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper gives an overview of findings, connected with metallurgical activity, at the Pržanj archeological site near Ljubljana, Slovenia. More than 230 kg of slag and other remains connected with early medieval (from the 5th to the 12th century AD) metallurgical activities was found at the excavation site. The remains were grouped into four categories, i.e., furnace remains, ore, slag and a ferrous product, and analyzed in detail to obtain their chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, and mineral phase composition. The furnace wall remains, identified by their morphology and chemical composition, revealed an intensive iron processing activity at the site. The iron ore at the site was identified as goethite (FeO(OH)), a surprising find in Slovenia where limonite is typically used, and its presence suggests the potential exploitation of local bog iron ore, given the site’s geological context. Abundant slag remains at the site, identified by their shape, molten microstructure, and mineral components like wuestite, fayalite, and hercynite, indicated sophisticated smelting practices, including the use of CaO-rich materials to lower the melting temperature, a technique likely preserved from antiquity. Findings of ferrous products at ancient metallurgical sites are rare due to their value, but the discovery of a corroded iron bloom conglomerate at this site, initially mistaken for furnace remains, highlights the challenges in identifying small, corroded ferrous fragments that are often misidentified as ore. The results indicate extensive metallurgical activity at the excavation site, marking it as the first documented early medieval iron smelting production site in Slovenia.
{"title":"Characterization of Bloom Iron Smelting Site Remains in Pržanj, Slovenia","authors":"J. Burja, B. Šetina Batič, Daša Pavlovič","doi":"10.3390/heritage7080185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080185","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives an overview of findings, connected with metallurgical activity, at the Pržanj archeological site near Ljubljana, Slovenia. More than 230 kg of slag and other remains connected with early medieval (from the 5th to the 12th century AD) metallurgical activities was found at the excavation site. The remains were grouped into four categories, i.e., furnace remains, ore, slag and a ferrous product, and analyzed in detail to obtain their chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, and mineral phase composition. The furnace wall remains, identified by their morphology and chemical composition, revealed an intensive iron processing activity at the site. The iron ore at the site was identified as goethite (FeO(OH)), a surprising find in Slovenia where limonite is typically used, and its presence suggests the potential exploitation of local bog iron ore, given the site’s geological context. Abundant slag remains at the site, identified by their shape, molten microstructure, and mineral components like wuestite, fayalite, and hercynite, indicated sophisticated smelting practices, including the use of CaO-rich materials to lower the melting temperature, a technique likely preserved from antiquity. Findings of ferrous products at ancient metallurgical sites are rare due to their value, but the discovery of a corroded iron bloom conglomerate at this site, initially mistaken for furnace remains, highlights the challenges in identifying small, corroded ferrous fragments that are often misidentified as ore. The results indicate extensive metallurgical activity at the excavation site, marking it as the first documented early medieval iron smelting production site in Slovenia.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study applies both a minimal and an extended approach for a comprehensive picture of chemical components in wall paintings, including evidence of degradation. Pigments and ligands were characterized via a multi-methodological investigation, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman micro-spectroscopy, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS. Particularly, the procedure was tested on wall paintings recently excavated from a Roman domus in Santa Maria Capua Vetere. The hypothesis of a very wealthy owner is supported by the evidence of a multi-layer preparation, a rich variety of pigments, and organic ligands (both terpenic resins and animal glue). The absence of calcite in the pictorial layer (via optical and Raman microscopy) and the presence of organic binders (via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) clearly indicates the a secco technique.
这项研究采用了最小化和扩展方法，以全面了解壁画中的化学成分，包括降解的证据。通过多种方法，包括光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、拉曼微光谱、气相色谱-质谱和液相色谱-质谱/质谱，对颜料和配体进行了表征。特别是对最近从圣玛丽亚-卡普亚-维泰雷（Santa Maria Capua Vetere）的罗马宅邸中出土的壁画进行了测试。多层制备、丰富的颜料种类和有机配体（萜类树脂和动物胶）的证据支持了主人非常富有的假设。画像层中没有方解石（通过光学和拉曼显微镜），但存在有机粘合剂（通过气相色谱-质谱和液相色谱-质谱/质谱），这清楚地表明这是一种 secco 技术。
{"title":"On the Identification of the a fresco or a secco Preparative Technique of Wall Paintings","authors":"Georgia Ntasi, Manuela Rossi, Miriam Alberico, Antonella Tomeo, Leila Birolo, Alessandro Vergara","doi":"10.3390/heritage7080184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080184","url":null,"abstract":"The study applies both a minimal and an extended approach for a comprehensive picture of chemical components in wall paintings, including evidence of degradation. Pigments and ligands were characterized via a multi-methodological investigation, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman micro-spectroscopy, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS. Particularly, the procedure was tested on wall paintings recently excavated from a Roman domus in Santa Maria Capua Vetere. The hypothesis of a very wealthy owner is supported by the evidence of a multi-layer preparation, a rich variety of pigments, and organic ligands (both terpenic resins and animal glue). The absence of calcite in the pictorial layer (via optical and Raman microscopy) and the presence of organic binders (via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) clearly indicates the a secco technique.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The architectural heritage of a particular place, in most cases, is characterised by vernacular and unique constructions that have been adapted to local climate conditions. For this purpose, specific materials and construction methods have traditionally been used that, in addition to the durability of the construction, also allow for the consideration of the energy efficiency of the building itself. The present intersection of climate change and architecture has led to new exposure to the external agents for which constructions were designed, forcing, in most cases, a review of building envelopes and very costly proposals. From the point of view of efficiency, intervention strategies with passive measures are proposed that not only improve the energy performance and maintenance of buildings themselves, but also lower the overall energy consumption. Using a heritage case study of the city of Seville, the Moroccan Pavilion, at Expo 92, this work includes an analysis and proposal of effective action through a methodological study of energy efficiency. The problem of high energy consumption during the summer months in Seville is tested in the Pavilion. The results indicate an urgent need for renovation, and among different options, new intervention measures are recommended as an alternative to consumption based on knowledge and tradition; moreover, passive construction elements are proposed in accordance with the climatic reality of the environment for optimal conservation in new climate scenarios.
{"title":"Sustainable Conservation of Architectural Heritage to Reduce Environmental Impact: The Morocco Pavilion on Cartuja Island in Seville","authors":"Manuel V. Castilla, Francisco Lopez","doi":"10.3390/heritage7080182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080182","url":null,"abstract":"The architectural heritage of a particular place, in most cases, is characterised by vernacular and unique constructions that have been adapted to local climate conditions. For this purpose, specific materials and construction methods have traditionally been used that, in addition to the durability of the construction, also allow for the consideration of the energy efficiency of the building itself. The present intersection of climate change and architecture has led to new exposure to the external agents for which constructions were designed, forcing, in most cases, a review of building envelopes and very costly proposals. From the point of view of efficiency, intervention strategies with passive measures are proposed that not only improve the energy performance and maintenance of buildings themselves, but also lower the overall energy consumption. Using a heritage case study of the city of Seville, the Moroccan Pavilion, at Expo 92, this work includes an analysis and proposal of effective action through a methodological study of energy efficiency. The problem of high energy consumption during the summer months in Seville is tested in the Pavilion. The results indicate an urgent need for renovation, and among different options, new intervention measures are recommended as an alternative to consumption based on knowledge and tradition; moreover, passive construction elements are proposed in accordance with the climatic reality of the environment for optimal conservation in new climate scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the status of earthen architectural heritage (EAH) in the Gourara region of Algeria in light of contemporary developments and the sovereign decisions taken by the Algerian state, specifically the upgrading of the region to a wilaya (province) in 2019, and the accompanying direct impact on the oasis system, which is renowned for its fragile character. The research started by focusing on perplexing questions: What factors contribute to the region’s abandonment of earthen architecture? Moreover, could documentation serve as the optimal method for its preservation? In an attempt to explore and comprehend this distinctive heritage, characterized by its diversity, durability, and sustainability, this heritage has been linked to identity and local civilization dating back to prehistoric times, with evidence of their existence still present. Following a research approach and with the prospective purpose of preserving these buildings and what remains of them, the associated skills, materials, and construction techniques used in their development were investigated based on a descriptive, analytical, and documentary historical approach. Finally, the authors interviewed several qualified builders to collect knowledge of the local indigenous building practices. The research findings suggest that there is an urgency to consider a new perspective and strategies to preserve and protect EAH.
{"title":"Earthen Architectural Heritage in the Gourara Region of Algeria: Building Typology, Materials, and Techniques","authors":"Younes Kassou, Djamel Alkama, S. Bouzaher","doi":"10.3390/heritage7070181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070181","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the status of earthen architectural heritage (EAH) in the Gourara region of Algeria in light of contemporary developments and the sovereign decisions taken by the Algerian state, specifically the upgrading of the region to a wilaya (province) in 2019, and the accompanying direct impact on the oasis system, which is renowned for its fragile character. The research started by focusing on perplexing questions: What factors contribute to the region’s abandonment of earthen architecture? Moreover, could documentation serve as the optimal method for its preservation? In an attempt to explore and comprehend this distinctive heritage, characterized by its diversity, durability, and sustainability, this heritage has been linked to identity and local civilization dating back to prehistoric times, with evidence of their existence still present. Following a research approach and with the prospective purpose of preserving these buildings and what remains of them, the associated skills, materials, and construction techniques used in their development were investigated based on a descriptive, analytical, and documentary historical approach. Finally, the authors interviewed several qualified builders to collect knowledge of the local indigenous building practices. The research findings suggest that there is an urgency to consider a new perspective and strategies to preserve and protect EAH.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence has inspired a significant number of studies on the interface between cultural heritage and photography. The aims of these studies are, among others, to streamline damage monitoring or diagnoses for heritage preservation, enhance the production of high-fidelity 3D models of cultural assets, or improve the analysis of heritage images using computer vision. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review to highlight the recent state of these studies, published in the last five years and available in the Scopus, Web of Science, and JSTOR databases. The aim is to identify the potential and challenges of artificial intelligence through the connection between cultural heritage and photography, the latter of which represents a relevant methodological aspect in these investigations. In addition to the advances exemplified, the vast majority of studies indicate that there are also many obstacles to overcome. In particular, there is a need to improve artificial intelligence methods that still have significant flaws. These include inaccuracy in the automatic classification of images and limitations in the applications of the results. This article also aims to reflect on the meaning of these innovations when considering the direction of the relationship between cultural heritage and photography.
人工智能激发了大量关于文化遗产与摄影之间关系的研究。这些研究的目的包括：简化遗产保护的损坏监测或诊断，增强文化资产高保真三维模型的制作，或利用计算机视觉改进对遗产图像的分析。本文介绍了系统性文献综述的结果，重点介绍了过去五年中发表的、可在 Scopus、Web of Science 和 JSTOR 数据库中找到的这些研究的最新情况。其目的是通过文化遗产与摄影之间的联系来确定人工智能的潜力和挑战，后者是这些研究的一个相关方法论方面。除了所展示的进步之外，绝大多数研究表明，还有许多障碍需要克服。特别是，人工智能方法仍存在重大缺陷，需要加以改进。这些缺陷包括图像自动分类的不准确性和结果应用的局限性。本文还旨在思考这些创新在考虑文化遗产与摄影之间关系的发展方向时所具有的意义。
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence at the Interface between Cultural Heritage and Photography: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Carmen Silva, Lídia Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/heritage7070180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070180","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence has inspired a significant number of studies on the interface between cultural heritage and photography. The aims of these studies are, among others, to streamline damage monitoring or diagnoses for heritage preservation, enhance the production of high-fidelity 3D models of cultural assets, or improve the analysis of heritage images using computer vision. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review to highlight the recent state of these studies, published in the last five years and available in the Scopus, Web of Science, and JSTOR databases. The aim is to identify the potential and challenges of artificial intelligence through the connection between cultural heritage and photography, the latter of which represents a relevant methodological aspect in these investigations. In addition to the advances exemplified, the vast majority of studies indicate that there are also many obstacles to overcome. In particular, there is a need to improve artificial intelligence methods that still have significant flaws. These include inaccuracy in the automatic classification of images and limitations in the applications of the results. This article also aims to reflect on the meaning of these innovations when considering the direction of the relationship between cultural heritage and photography.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip Reeder, Harry Jol, A. McClymont, Paul Bauman, Michael Barrow
A common practice used by the Germans and collaborators in World War II, as part of the Holocaust, was to use existing Jewish cemeteries as places for mass burial. Research was completed at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga, Latvia, the Livas Jewish Cemetery in Liepaja, Latvia, and the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga was adjacent to the Riga Ghetto and was used to bury individuals murdered in the ghetto. In Kaunas, an area of the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery is devoid of grave stones, and literature sources and testimony indicate that this area was used for the mass burial of Jews from the Kaunas Ghetto and other mass killings. In Liepaja, the local Jewish Heritage Foundation believes that there are mass graves within the Livas Cemetery. Methodologies for this research include the use of a pulseEkko Pro 500-megahertz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were collected through a linear array of electrodes coupled to a direct current (DC) resistivity transmitter and receiver. Analysis of aerial photography and satellite images was also employed at each location. ERT and GPR data indicate three separate trench anomalies in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga. The presence of these anomalies corroborates Holocaust survivor testimony that bodies were buried in mass graves in that area. In the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, ERT and GPR data indicate an anomaly in the western part of the cemetery, and ERT data further indicate two other possible mass graves. In Liepaja, preliminary GPR analysis indicates an anomaly in a cleared section of the cemetery. Based on the presence of geophysical anomalies in all three cemeteries, which correlate with literature sources and Holocaust survivor testimony, there is a high probability that mass graves are present at each site. Future research directions include expanding the search areas in each cemetery, additional literature and testimony-based research, and the addition of other geophysical methodologies.
{"title":"Using Geophysics to Locate Holocaust Era Mass Graves in Jewish Cemeteries: Examples from Latvia and Lithuania","authors":"Philip Reeder, Harry Jol, A. McClymont, Paul Bauman, Michael Barrow","doi":"10.3390/heritage7070179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070179","url":null,"abstract":"A common practice used by the Germans and collaborators in World War II, as part of the Holocaust, was to use existing Jewish cemeteries as places for mass burial. Research was completed at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga, Latvia, the Livas Jewish Cemetery in Liepaja, Latvia, and the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga was adjacent to the Riga Ghetto and was used to bury individuals murdered in the ghetto. In Kaunas, an area of the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery is devoid of grave stones, and literature sources and testimony indicate that this area was used for the mass burial of Jews from the Kaunas Ghetto and other mass killings. In Liepaja, the local Jewish Heritage Foundation believes that there are mass graves within the Livas Cemetery. Methodologies for this research include the use of a pulseEkko Pro 500-megahertz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were collected through a linear array of electrodes coupled to a direct current (DC) resistivity transmitter and receiver. Analysis of aerial photography and satellite images was also employed at each location. ERT and GPR data indicate three separate trench anomalies in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga. The presence of these anomalies corroborates Holocaust survivor testimony that bodies were buried in mass graves in that area. In the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, ERT and GPR data indicate an anomaly in the western part of the cemetery, and ERT data further indicate two other possible mass graves. In Liepaja, preliminary GPR analysis indicates an anomaly in a cleared section of the cemetery. Based on the presence of geophysical anomalies in all three cemeteries, which correlate with literature sources and Holocaust survivor testimony, there is a high probability that mass graves are present at each site. Future research directions include expanding the search areas in each cemetery, additional literature and testimony-based research, and the addition of other geophysical methodologies.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study concerns the characterization of the color palette of Michelino da Besozzo, one of the leading painters and illuminators of the Late Gothic period in Northern Italy. The artist’s relationship with the color blue was investigated by considering the recipe for lapis lazuli given by the artist to Giovanni Alcherio in Venice in 1410 and found in the medieval treatise of Jean Lebegue. The paper highlights this important evidence for the study of painting technique in the first half of the 15th century with an analytical and technical study of two paintings: The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (Siena, Pinacoteca Nazionale, inv. 171) and The Madonna of the Rose Garden (Verona, Museo di Castelvecchio, inv. 173-1B359). These two case studies were approached through analyses carried out with non-invasive and portable techniques such as Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS). The results show a color palette based on ultramarine, azurite, verdigris or copper resinate; earths, cinnabar or vermillion; and lead white, yellow and red ochre and lac. These preliminary results made it possible to clarify certain aspects of the artist’s style and his painting technique and identify common elements between the two works of art.
本研究涉及米开朗基罗-达-贝索佐（Michelino da Besozzo）调色板的特征描述，他是意大利北部哥特晚期的主要画家和插图画家之一。通过研究该艺术家于 1410 年在威尼斯给乔瓦尼-阿尔切里奥（Giovanni Alcherio）的青金石配方，并在让-勒贝格（Jean Lebegue）的中世纪论文中发现该配方，研究了该艺术家与蓝色的关系。本文通过对两幅画作的分析和技术研究，强调了这一研究 15 世纪上半叶绘画技术的重要证据：圣凯瑟琳的神秘婚礼》（锡耶纳，国家绘画收藏馆，藏品编号 171）和《玫瑰园的圣母》（维罗纳，卡斯特尔韦基奥博物馆，藏品编号 173-1B359）。对这两个案例的研究采用了非侵入性和便携式技术，如能量色散 X 射线荧光 (ED-XRF) 光谱法和光纤反射光谱法 (FORS)。结果显示，调色板基于群青、天青石、翠玉或树脂铜；泥土、朱砂或朱红；以及铅白、黄和红赭石以及漆。这些初步结果使我们得以澄清艺术家风格和绘画技巧的某些方面，并找出两件艺术品之间的共同元素。
{"title":"The Iridescent Painting Palette of Michelino da Besozzo: First Results of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Analyses","authors":"Anna Delle Foglie, Anna Felici","doi":"10.3390/heritage7060141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060141","url":null,"abstract":"This study concerns the characterization of the color palette of Michelino da Besozzo, one of the leading painters and illuminators of the Late Gothic period in Northern Italy. The artist’s relationship with the color blue was investigated by considering the recipe for lapis lazuli given by the artist to Giovanni Alcherio in Venice in 1410 and found in the medieval treatise of Jean Lebegue. The paper highlights this important evidence for the study of painting technique in the first half of the 15th century with an analytical and technical study of two paintings: The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (Siena, Pinacoteca Nazionale, inv. 171) and The Madonna of the Rose Garden (Verona, Museo di Castelvecchio, inv. 173-1B359). These two case studies were approached through analyses carried out with non-invasive and portable techniques such as Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS). The results show a color palette based on ultramarine, azurite, verdigris or copper resinate; earths, cinnabar or vermillion; and lead white, yellow and red ochre and lac. These preliminary results made it possible to clarify certain aspects of the artist’s style and his painting technique and identify common elements between the two works of art.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Curić Curić, Ivan Jerković Jerković, Fabio Cavalli, Ivana Kružić Kružić, Tina Bareša, Andrej Bašić Bašić, Marko Mladineo Mladineo, Robert Jozić, Goran Balić, Duje Matetić, Deni Tojčić, Krešimir Dolić, Ivan Skejić, Ž. Bašić
Reconstructing the face from the skull is important not only for forensic identification but also as a tool that can provide insight into the appearance of individuals from past populations. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines anthropological knowledge, advanced imaging methods, and artistic skills. In the present study, we demonstrate this process on the skull of an early medieval warrior from Croatia. The skeletal remains were prepared and scanned using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and examined using standard anthropological and radiological methods. The analysis revealed that the remains belonged to a 35–45-year-old male individual who had suffered severe cranial trauma, probably causing his death. From MSCT images, we reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull, on which we digitally positioned cylinders demarking the soft tissue thickness and created the face with a realistic texture. A 3D model of the face was then optimized, printed, and used to produce a clay model. Sculpturing techniques added skin textures and facial features with scars and trauma manifestations. Finally, after constructing a plaster model, the model was painted and refined by adding fine details like eyes and hair, and it was prepared for presentation in the form of a sculpture.
{"title":"The Return of the Warrior: Combining Anthropology, Imaging Advances, and Art in Reconstructing the Face of the Early Medieval Skeleton","authors":"Ana Curić Curić, Ivan Jerković Jerković, Fabio Cavalli, Ivana Kružić Kružić, Tina Bareša, Andrej Bašić Bašić, Marko Mladineo Mladineo, Robert Jozić, Goran Balić, Duje Matetić, Deni Tojčić, Krešimir Dolić, Ivan Skejić, Ž. Bašić","doi":"10.3390/heritage7060142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060142","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing the face from the skull is important not only for forensic identification but also as a tool that can provide insight into the appearance of individuals from past populations. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines anthropological knowledge, advanced imaging methods, and artistic skills. In the present study, we demonstrate this process on the skull of an early medieval warrior from Croatia. The skeletal remains were prepared and scanned using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and examined using standard anthropological and radiological methods. The analysis revealed that the remains belonged to a 35–45-year-old male individual who had suffered severe cranial trauma, probably causing his death. From MSCT images, we reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull, on which we digitally positioned cylinders demarking the soft tissue thickness and created the face with a realistic texture. A 3D model of the face was then optimized, printed, and used to produce a clay model. Sculpturing techniques added skin textures and facial features with scars and trauma manifestations. Finally, after constructing a plaster model, the model was painted and refined by adding fine details like eyes and hair, and it was prepared for presentation in the form of a sculpture.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federico Bernardini, M. Montagnari Kokelj, M. Velicogna, Nicolò Barago, Davide Lenaz, Angelo De Min, Elena Leghissa
This paper explores the development of pottery technology in the Trieste Karst region (North-East Italy) from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (EBA). It also seeks to identify cultural links with other areas by examining potentially imported vessels. Archaeometric analyses (X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy) reveal significant differences between Neolithic ceramics (Danilo–Vlaška Group) and the majority of Late Copper Age (LCA)/Early Bronze Age (EBA) pottery (primarily associated with the Ljubljana Culture and a few with the Cetina Culture). Neolithic pottery displays consistent characteristics across all vessel types, including coarse grain, prevalent sparry calcite temper, and the absence of grog. In contrast, most LCA and EBA vessels exhibit distinct features such as very fine-grained paste, no sparry calcite, notable use of grog temper, higher quartz, muscovite, and flint content. Notably, from a technological perspective, the analyzed Cetina vessels bear a strong resemblance to the majority of LCA ceramics. The differences between Neolithic and LCA/EBA vessels clearly suggest the use of new raw materials, recipes, and techniques, likely reflecting changes in cultural and social contexts and potential connections with the core area of the Ljubljana Culture.
{"title":"Continuity and Innovation in Pottery Technology: The Karst Region (North-East Italy) from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age","authors":"Federico Bernardini, M. Montagnari Kokelj, M. Velicogna, Nicolò Barago, Davide Lenaz, Angelo De Min, Elena Leghissa","doi":"10.3390/heritage7060139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060139","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the development of pottery technology in the Trieste Karst region (North-East Italy) from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (EBA). It also seeks to identify cultural links with other areas by examining potentially imported vessels. Archaeometric analyses (X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy) reveal significant differences between Neolithic ceramics (Danilo–Vlaška Group) and the majority of Late Copper Age (LCA)/Early Bronze Age (EBA) pottery (primarily associated with the Ljubljana Culture and a few with the Cetina Culture). Neolithic pottery displays consistent characteristics across all vessel types, including coarse grain, prevalent sparry calcite temper, and the absence of grog. In contrast, most LCA and EBA vessels exhibit distinct features such as very fine-grained paste, no sparry calcite, notable use of grog temper, higher quartz, muscovite, and flint content. Notably, from a technological perspective, the analyzed Cetina vessels bear a strong resemblance to the majority of LCA ceramics. The differences between Neolithic and LCA/EBA vessels clearly suggest the use of new raw materials, recipes, and techniques, likely reflecting changes in cultural and social contexts and potential connections with the core area of the Ljubljana Culture.","PeriodicalId":12934,"journal":{"name":"Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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