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Rediscovering the Painting Technique of the 15th Century Panel Painting Depicting the Coronation of the Virgin by Michele di Matteo 重新发现米歇尔-迪-马特奥创作的 15 世纪描绘圣母加冕的镶板画的绘画技法
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010016
Chiara Delledonne, M. Albano, Tomaso Rovetta, Gianmarco Borghi, Mario Gentile, Anna Denia Marvelli, Piero Mezzabotta, Lucia Riga, Elisa Salvini, Marta Trucco, Francesca Volpi, G. Fiocco
The study concerned a diagnostic spectroscopic campaign carried out on the panel painting depicting the Coronation of the Virgin (first half of the 15th century) by the late-Gothic Italian painter Michele di Matteo. The main aims were the identification of the original painting materials and the characterization of the painter’s artistic technique. A combined approach based on non- and micro-invasive techniques was employed. Visible and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence photography was used to select the areas of interest for spectroscopic analyses; X-ray radiography assessed the state of conservation of the support, while X-ray fluorescence and external reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies allowed the chemical identification of pigments, binders, and varnishes. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to visualize and characterize the materials in the pictorial layers. The results highlighted the presence of pigments, possibly applied with an egg binder, consistent with the period of the production of the painting, as well as modern pigments used during subsequent restorations: an imprimitura with lead white and a gypsum-based ground layer. Concerning the gilding, the guazzo technique was confirmed by identifying a red bolo substrate and gold leaf.
这项研究涉及对意大利哥特式晚期画家米歇尔-迪-马特奥(Michele di Matteo)描绘《圣母加冕》(15 世纪上半叶)的板画进行光谱诊断。主要目的是鉴定原始绘画材料和画家的艺术技巧。我们采用了一种基于非侵入式和微侵入式技术的综合方法。利用可见光和紫外线诱导荧光摄影选择感兴趣的区域进行光谱分析;X 射线放射摄影评估了支撑物的保存状况,而 X 射线荧光和外部反射傅立叶变换红外光谱则对颜料、粘合剂和清漆进行了化学鉴定。衰减全反射红外光谱仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱仪被用来观察和鉴定画像层中的材料。研究结果表明,画中使用了可能是鸡蛋粘合剂的颜料,这与画作的制作年代一致,同时还使用了后续修复过程中使用的现代颜料:铅白印迹层和石膏底层。关于镀金,通过鉴定红色波罗底层和金箔,确认了瓜佐技术。
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引用次数: 0
Multianalytical Study of a Painting on Copper 铜上绘画的多重分析研究
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010015
R. Iannaccone, Alessandro Ponzeletti, G. Bartolozzi, Luca Malfatti, Antonio Brunetti
The painting studied, featuring the Virgin contemplating the sleeping Child, is a well-known composition in the religious context, especially popular since the 16th century. The technique, oil on copper plate, and materials were examined applying a multimethodological non-invasive approach. The main goal was to quantitatively characterize the layer composition and thickness. To obtain them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with Monte Carlo simulation was used for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, for this kind of object. This technique was also integrated with more conventional photographic and spectroscopic techniques such as multiband imaging (MBI), Raman spectroscopy, external reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ER FT-IR), and optical microscopy. The obtained data showed the use of a background based on lead white, a wide palette, which includes azurite, vermilion, lead white, and some ochers, and documented the conservation status. Although the investigations contended with the object’s complexity, the results demonstrate the efficacy of the XRF–Monte Carlo simulation approach in characterizing the materials constituting the artwork in a totally non-invasive way.
所研究的这幅画作以圣母沉思熟睡的孩子为主题,是宗教背景下的著名构图,自 16 世纪以来尤为流行。我们采用多种非侵入式方法对铜板油画的技法和材料进行了研究。主要目标是定量描述图层的成分和厚度。据我们所知,为了获得这些信息,我们首次将 X 射线荧光光谱与蒙特卡罗模拟相结合,用于此类物品。这项技术还与多波段成像(MBI)、拉曼光谱、外部反射傅立叶变换红外光谱(ER FT-IR)和光学显微镜等更传统的摄影和光谱技术相结合。所获得的数据显示,背景使用的是铅白,调色板范围很广,包括天青石、朱砂、铅白和一些赭石,并记录了保存状况。尽管调查工作涉及到该艺术品的复杂性,但结果表明 XRF-Monte Carlo 模拟方法能够以完全非侵入性的方式确定艺术品材料的特征。
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引用次数: 0
The Colors in Medieval Illuminations through the Magnificent Scriptorium of Alfonso X, the Learned 通过博学的阿方索十世的宏伟藏书阁了解中世纪插图中的色彩
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010014
Márcia Vieira, M. J. Melo, Paula Nabais, João A. Lopes, Graça Videira Lopes, Laura Fernández Fernández
This pioneering work studied the medieval color palette of four manuscripts produced in the scriptorium of Alfonso X, king of the Crown of Castile (r. 1252-84), including the Songs of Holy Mary (Cantigas de Santa Maria, in Rich Codex and Musicians’ Codex), Lapidary (Lapidario), and Book of Games (Libro de los juegos). Scientific analysis based on fiber-optics reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and Raman spectroscopy showed a color palette based on lapis lazuli, indigo, azurite, vermilion, red lead, orpiment, yellow ochre, two different greens (bottle green and vergaut), lead white, carbon-based black, and most importantly, brazilwood pinks, reds, and purples. So, it is now the first reported use of this lake pigment in European medieval manuscript illumination. The painting technique is also discussed. The diversity of colors and techniques, with the presence of lapis lazuli, brazilwood lake pigments, purple, and gold, demonstrates Alfonso X’s desire to produce sumptuous manuscripts.
这部开创性的作品研究了卡斯蒂利亚王室国王阿方索十世(1252-1284 年)书写室制作的四部中世纪手稿的色调,包括《圣玛丽亚之歌》(Cantigas de Santa Maria,收录于《丰富手抄本》和《音乐家手抄本》)、《青金石》(Lapidario)和《游戏之书》(Libro de los juegos)。基于光纤可见光反射光谱和拉曼光谱的科学分析显示,调色板以青金石、靛蓝、天青石、朱砂、红铅、雌黄、黄赭石、两种不同的绿色(瓶绿和vergaut)、铅白、碳基黑,以及最重要的巴西木粉色、红色和紫色为主。因此,这是目前首次报道欧洲中世纪手稿照明中使用这种湖泊颜料。此外,还讨论了绘画技巧。青金石、巴西木湖泊颜料、紫色和金色的出现以及色彩和技术的多样性表明了阿方索十世制作奢华手稿的愿望。
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引用次数: 0
A Critical History of Formal Pedagogical Strategies for the Valorization of Cultural Heritage in Brazil 巴西文化遗产价值评估正式教学战略的批判史
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010013
Ana Laura Assumpção, Paulo César Castral
The paper in question is focused on (1) valuing the expanded and transdisciplinary approach for the definition of cultural heritage, consolidated in Brazil from the 1970s/1980s onwards, (2) and its subsequent applicability in the field of education, under the influence of a liberating pedagogy proposed by educator Paulo Freire. An important consequence of this process involves the conception of a formal education system structured to promote collectivity, equality, diversity, and educational equity, as a solution towards ensuring both the learning and development of students. (3) The paper discusses the contribution of the expanded context of cultural heritage and its relationship with the field of education in the development of pedagogical strategies that promote educational equity, through the Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), a document that parameterizes the curricula from early childhood education to high school in Brazil. From a bibliographic review, the paper presents the conjuncture on which the new look at cultural heritage has been consolidated, and the consequent redefinition of heritage education actions, and then, as a result, analyzes the approximation between this new approach and the formal educational strategies present in the BNCC, as well as the possibilities of intercommunication between both.
这篇论文的重点是:(1) 重视从 20 世纪 70 年代/80 年代起在巴西得到巩固的文化遗产定义的扩展和跨学科方法,(2) 以及在教育家保罗-弗莱雷提出的解放教学法的影响下,该方法随后在教育领域的适用性。这一过程的一个重要结果是构想了一个正规教育系统,其结构旨在促进集体主义、平等、多样性和教育公平,作为确保学生学习和发展的一种解决方案。(3) 本文讨论了扩大文化遗产范围及其与教育领域的关系在制定促进教育公平的教学 战略方面的贡献,即通过国家课程基地(BNCC)来促进教育公平,该文件规定了巴 西从幼儿教育到高中的课程参数。本文通过文献综述,介绍了文化遗产新视角得以巩固的契机,以及随之而来的遗产教育行动的重新定义,并由此分析了这一新方法与 BNCC 中的正规教育战略之间的近似性,以及二者之间相互交流的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Traditional Knowledge and Biocultural Heritage about Medicinal Plants in a European Transboundary Area (La Raya: Extremadura, Spain—Alentejo, Portugal): Transdisciplinary Research for Curriculum Design in Health Sciences 欧洲跨境地区药用植物的传统知识和生物文化遗产(La Raya:西班牙埃斯特雷马杜拉-葡萄牙阿连特茹):跨学科研究促进健康科学课程设计
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010012
José Ramón Vallejo Villalobos, G. Baptista, Helena Arco, José A. González, Dídac Santos-Fita, Salvador Postigo-Mota
Traditional knowledge about medicinal plants, and the biocultural heritage derived from them, can be a useful tool for curricular design in health sciences. Research on this topic oriented toward university students has an interesting potential from a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary treatment. This field allows for establishing relationships between socioeconomic and environmental problems and the health and well-being of people from the perspective of the intangible heritage of rural communities. On the other hand, traditional knowledge draws from very diverse sources such as empirical, magical, and religious components, primitive medicines, and even from academic medicine itself when it ceases to be scientific. Methodological triangulation is used in terms of data (times, spaces, and people), as well as researchers from different areas of knowledge integrating approaches with an interpretive purpose. Located in a European transboundary territory, the study area contains the mountain ranges of Alor (Spain) and São Mamede (Portugal), two cross-border areas where key informants have been interviewed. The observation unit is people who perform traditional practices to gather natural products, and other randomly selected informants. The study was completed with information collected from the undergraduates of the Escola Superior de Saúde de Portalegre (Portugal). The purpose of this work was to highlight the application of traditional knowledge based on medicinal plants in university studies of health sciences. Based on the results obtained and an epistemological discussion, we propose an educational intervention to broaden the professional mindset from a biocultural perspective. Our proposal directs the student’s gaze toward the investigation of medical history and biocultural heritage to understand the determinants of health and to respect the idiosyncrasies of their communities.
有关药用植物的传统知识及其衍生的生物文化遗产,可以成为健康科学课程设计的有用工具。从多学科或跨学科的角度来看,针对大学生的这一课题研究具有令人感兴趣的潜力。这一领域可以从农村社区非物质遗产的角度,确定社会经济和环境问题与人们的健康和福祉之间的关系。另一方面,传统知识的来源多种多样,如经验、魔法和宗教成分、原始药物,甚至当学术医学不再具有科学性时,也可以从学术医学本身汲取营养。在数据(时间、空间和人物)方面采用了三角测量方法,来自不同知识领域的研究人员以解释为目的整合了各种方法。研究区域位于欧洲跨境地区,包括阿洛尔山脉(西班牙)和圣马梅德山脉(葡萄牙),这两个跨境地区的主要信息提供者都接受了访谈。观察单位是以传统方式采集天然产品的人和其他随机选择的信息提供者。在完成研究的同时,还收集了葡萄牙波塔莱格雷高等卫生学校本科生的信息。这项工作的目的是强调以药用植物为基础的传统知识在大学健康科学研究中的应用。根据所获得的结果和认识论讨论,我们提出了一项教育干预措施,从生物文化的角度拓宽专业思维。我们的建议将学生的视线引向对医学史和生物文化遗产的调查,以了解健康的决定因素并尊重其社区的特质。
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引用次数: 0
The Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Study of a Parchment Object from the National Central Library of Florence: The Hebrew Scroll 佛罗伦萨国家中央图书馆羊皮纸卷的非侵入式光谱研究:希伯来文卷轴
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010011
G. Bartolozzi, A. Casini, Lisa Castelli, C. Cucci, Francesco Grazzi, A. Mazzinghi, Irene Pieralli, Chiara Ruberto, Rachel Sarfati, Alessandro Sidoti, L. Stefani, M. Picollo
The Hebrew Scroll, catalogued as Magliabekian Manuscript III 43 and belonging to the National Central Library of Florence (BNCF), is a membranous richly decorated scroll, with colorful depictions of sacred sites through the Holy Land to Lebanon along with handwritten texts in Hebrew and notes in Italian. Despite the fact that the manuscript was originally catalogued as an “object of no artistic or scientific value”, recent paleographic studies dated it to the XIV century and highlighted it as the oldest scroll still available, depicting holy places from Egypt to Lebanon. Nevertheless, precise dating, authorship, and the interpretation of its original function are still uncertain. A suite of complementary techniques was used, including photographic documentation in visible (VIS) light in diffuse light, grazing light, and transillumination, luminescence induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, imaging spectroscopy (IS), Macro Area X-ray Fluorescence (MA-XRF), and spot analyses such as fiber-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) in the UV, VIS, and near-infrared (NIR) regions, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in external reflectance mode (ER), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results of the non-invasive diagnostic campaign enabled the identification of several constituting materials (parchment, pigments, binder, and inks). The identified materials were consistent with the proposed dating and geographical manufacturing area of the artefact.
这幅希伯来文卷轴编目为《马格里布手稿 III 43》,属于佛罗伦萨国家中央图书馆 (BNCF),是一幅装饰丰富的膜质卷轴,色彩斑斓地描绘了从圣地到黎巴嫩的圣地,并附有希伯来文手写文本和意大利文注释。尽管该手稿最初被列为 "没有艺术或科学价值的物品",但最近的古文字学研究将其年代定为十四世纪,并强调它是目前仍可找到的最古老的卷轴,描绘了从埃及到黎巴嫩的圣地。然而,精确的年代、作者和对其原始功能的解释仍不确定。我们使用了一整套辅助技术,包括可见光(VIS)下的漫射光、掠射光和透射光、紫外线(UV)辐射诱导发光、成像光谱(IS)等摄影记录、微区 X 射线荧光 (MA-XRF),以及点分析,如紫外、可见光和近红外 (NIR) 区域的光纤反射光谱 (FORS)、外反射模式 (ER) 下的傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FT-IR) 和微拉曼光谱。非侵入式诊断活动的结果使我们能够确定几种构成材料(羊皮纸、颜料、粘合剂和油墨)。鉴定出的材料与该文物的拟议年代和地理制造区域一致。
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引用次数: 0
Sharing Heritage through Open Innovation—An Attempt to Apply the Concept of Open Innovation in Heritage Education and the Reconstruction of Cultural Identity 通过开放式创新共享遗产--在遗产教育和文化身份重建中应用开放式创新理念的尝试
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010010
Adam R. Szromek, M. Bugdol
The topic of cultural heritage is the subject of many interdisciplinary studies. So far, these studies have focused on the issues of classifying particular types of heritage, their functions and benefits, components and determinants. However, relatively less attention was paid to the dimension of a methodical approach to education and rebuilding cultural identity through heritage. Meanwhile, generational changes, especially in the dimension of knowledge perception, indicate such a need. The aim of this article is to present the perspective of using open innovations in the transfer of cultural heritage used in shaping cultural identity and education. Our review and conceptual article is an attempt to draw attention to the problem of changes in the perception of cultural heritage by generations born in the era of the digital revolution and the need to take these changes into account in heritage education. Taking these conditions into account allowed the authors to develop a model for generating open innovation in the outside-in process and then to develop a model for making it available through the inside-out process. The role of education in this process was also emphasized.
文化遗产是许多跨学科研究的主题。迄今为止,这些研究主要集中在特定类型遗产的分类、其功能和益处、组成部分和决定 因素等问题上。然而,对通过遗产开展教育和重建文化特性的方法层面的关注相对较少。与此同时,代际变化,尤其是知识认知方面的变化,表明了这种需求。本文旨在从开放式创新的角度介绍文化遗产在塑造文化身份和教育中的应用。我们的评论和概念性文章试图提请人们注意数字革命时代出生的几代人对文化遗产认知的变化问题,以及在遗产教育中考虑这些变化的必要性。考虑到这些情况,作者开发了一个在 "由外而内 "的过程中产生开放式创新的模型,然后又开发了一个通过 "由内而外 "的过程提供创新的模型。教育在这一过程中的作用也得到了强调。
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引用次数: 0
Towards the Contemporary Conservation of Cultural Heritages: An Overview of Their Conservation History 实现文化遗产的当代保护:文化遗产保护历史概述
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010009
Lanxin Li, Yue Tang
This paper seeks contemporary cultural heritage conservation principles by reviewing its history, starting from the 18th century, in practices, international documents, and the literature on this topic. It intends to lay a foundation to avoid damaging cultural heritages by misconducting conservation. This study first found that the conservation objects of cultural heritage include particularly important ones and general ones that are closely related to daily life, and they involve tangible and intangible aspects. Second, cultural heritage conservation involves document-based restoration when necessary as well as identifying the value of them to play their role nowadays. Third, integrating cultural heritage conservation within the context of sustainable development goals is essential for successfully balancing the relationship between the built and natural environments. Fourth, mobilising the public to participate in cultural heritage conservation enables the implementation of conservation to meet the expectations of the public, and may have a positive influence on people’s consciousness. Fifth, as a treasure, cultural heritage conservation is a global responsibility that involves conjoint cooperation. Sixth, more cultural heritage conservation interdisciplinary methods have been developed and could be applied, but this should be limited in order to not destruct their authenticity and integrity.
本文通过回顾 18 世纪以来文化遗产保护的历史、实践、国际文件和相关文献,寻求当代文化遗产保护的原则。它旨在为避免不当保护行为对文化遗产造成破坏奠定基础。本研究首先发现,文化遗产的保护对象包括特别重要的文化遗产和与日常生活密切相关的一般文化遗产,涉及有形和无形两个方面。其次,文化遗产保护包括必要时以文献为基础的修复,以及确定其价值以发挥其当今的作用。第三,将文化遗产保护与可持续发展目标相结合对于成功平衡建筑环境与自然环境之间的关系至关重要。第四,动员公众参与文化遗产保护,可以使保护工作的实施符合公众的期望,并对人们的意识产生积极影响。第五,文化遗产作为一种财富,其保护是一项全球性的责任,需要共同合作。第六,已经开发了更多的文化遗产保护跨学科方法,可以加以应用,但应加以 限制,以免破坏其真实性和完整性。
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引用次数: 0
Diachronic Comparison of Three Historical Skeletal Series from Croatia with Regard to Mandibular Bone Quality 克罗地亚三个历史骨骼系列在下颌骨质量方面的异时空比较
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010008
I. Savić Pavičin, Anita Adamić Hadžić, Tadej Čivljak, J. Dumančić, M. Šlaus, Tomislav Lauc, Ajla Zymber Çeshko
The aim of this study was to assess the quality of mandibular bone using CBCT images in archeological populations that inhabited Croatia from the medieval to the Early Modern Period. A total of 88 human skulls (45 male and 43 female) from three samples (pre-Ottoman (N = 27), Ottoman (N = 32), and Vlach (N = 29)) were analyzed by using CBCT. The mental index, gonion index, antegonion index, panoramic mandibular index, degree of resorption of the alveolar ridge, and cortical index of the mandible were evaluated using the OnDemand3DApp. The results showed an expected higher value of cortex thickness in males when compared to females. Females in the younger groups had higher values of cortical thickness than those in the older age group. The Ottoman sample had significantly lower values of mandibular indices than the other two samples. There were no age-related differences in bone thickness in males, suggesting that hormonal changes have a stronger influence in females. Lower values of mandibular indices in the Ottoman sample may be an indicator of specific factors that influenced this population. Our study of bone changes in archeological populations with different living conditions may contribute to a better understanding of impact of biocultural factors on physiological and pathological processes, which are extremely complex in bone tissue.
本研究的目的是利用 CBCT 图像评估克罗地亚中世纪至现代早期考古人群的下颌骨质量。我们使用 CBCT 分析了来自三个样本(前奥托曼时期(27 个)、奥托曼时期(32 个)和瓦拉几时期(29 个))的 88 个人类头骨(45 个男性和 43 个女性)。使用 OnDemand3DApp 评估了下颌骨的精神指数、龈弓指数、前龈弓指数、下颌骨全景指数、牙槽嵴吸收程度和皮质指数。结果显示,与女性相比,男性皮质厚度的预期值更高。年轻组女性的皮质厚度值高于老年组。奥托曼样本的下颌骨指数值明显低于其他两个样本。男性的骨厚度没有与年龄相关的差异,这表明荷尔蒙变化对女性的影响更大。奥斯曼人样本中下颌骨指数值较低,这可能是影响该人群的特定因素的指标。我们对具有不同生活条件的考古人群骨骼变化的研究可能有助于更好地理解生物文化因素对生理和病理过程的影响,而这些过程在骨组织中极其复杂。
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引用次数: 0
Clarifying Key Concerns about the Dating of Holy Relics: The Holy Chalice of the Last Supper at the Cathedral of Valencia 澄清有关圣物年代的关键问题:巴伦西亚大教堂的最后晚餐圣杯
IF 1.7 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.3390/heritage7010007
Manuel Zarzo
The Cathedral of Valencia, Spain, has preserved the so-called Holy Chalice of the Last Supper since 1437. It consists of a foot, a gold stem, and an upper cup carved in agate stone. Based on a pious tradition, this cup is supposed to be the one used by Jesus of Nazareth to institute the Eucharist. According to an archeological study published in 1960, this agate bowl was crafted around the 2nd–1st centuries BC, but people visiting this famous relic often wonder about its authenticity and about the evidence supporting it as a Hellenistic–Roman cup. Attempting to clarify this concern, a photographical characterization of the agate cup is presented and discussed. The main conclusions are the following: (i) The typology of the bowl is common to classical tableware, but the wall thickness, shape of the rim, and foot are typical of gemstone cups from the Hellenistic–Roman period. (ii) This cup would have been extremely valuable, which agrees with the location of the Cenacle in the aristocratic neighborhood of Jerusalem. This case study highlights the importance of further investigating the dating of historical objects as a key issue to support their authenticity.
西班牙巴伦西亚大教堂自 1437 年以来一直保存着所谓的最后晚餐圣杯。它由一个底座、一个金柄和一个玛瑙石雕刻的上杯组成。根据虔诚的传统,这个杯子应该是拿撒勒人耶稣用来举行圣餐仪式的杯子。根据 1960 年发表的一项考古研究,这个玛瑙碗大约制作于公元前 2-1 世纪,但参观这一著名遗迹的人经常会怀疑它的真实性,以及是否有证据证明它是希腊-罗马时期的杯子。为了澄清这一疑虑,我们展示并讨论了玛瑙杯的照片特征。主要结论如下(i) 碗的类型与古典餐具相同,但杯壁厚度、杯沿形状和杯底则是希腊罗马时期宝石杯的典型特征。(ii) 这只杯子可能非常贵重,这与会幕位于耶路撒冷贵族区的地点相吻合。本案例研究强调了进一步调查历史文物年代的重要性,这是证明其真实性的关键问题。
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引用次数: 0
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