Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352275
R. Arockiasamy, S. K. Sud, S. Solai
EVs are the promise of future transportation in urban as well as rural areas. Ideal EVs of the future will have no engine, no chemical batteries and will derive the required energy from conventional power grid or from non-conventional generating stations ranging from solar, nuclear, microhydel, wind generators, biomass/biogas plants or wave generators. The problem at that time will be an economically viable storage medium. Such a medium is on the horizon for some time. Typical contestants are flywheel, Li-ion, ultra caps and Zn-air. The present technology available does not support economic use of the above storage mediums. However in special circumstances such as remote or hilly area transportation or defence, Li-ion and flywheel can be considered.
{"title":"Road Trials on Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"R. Arockiasamy, S. K. Sud, S. Solai","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352275","url":null,"abstract":"EVs are the promise of future transportation in urban as well as rural areas. Ideal EVs of the future will have no engine, no chemical batteries and will derive the required energy from conventional power grid or from non-conventional generating stations ranging from solar, nuclear, microhydel, wind generators, biomass/biogas plants or wave generators. The problem at that time will be an economically viable storage medium. Such a medium is on the horizon for some time. Typical contestants are flywheel, Li-ion, ultra caps and Zn-air. The present technology available does not support economic use of the above storage mediums. However in special circumstances such as remote or hilly area transportation or defence, Li-ion and flywheel can be considered.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117338182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352294
P. Suryavanshi, V.K. Sharma, R. Sharma
This paper presents an overview of advance signal processors and computer systems in present day hybrid vehicles. The increase in processing speeds of the present day digital signal processors has helped in development of hybrid cars at commercial level. Hybrid vehicles make use of computer control systems that are extremely complicated. The recent advances in processing speed and power, the invention of graphical software environments, and real-time operating systems, have contributed towards the development of these complex hybrid vehicles. The use of a high-speed 'communication bus' on the vehicle, known as CAN (controller area network), play an important role. These communication buses allow the embedded controller to communicate with each another.
{"title":"Advance Computer Communication Systems in Hybrid Vehicles","authors":"P. Suryavanshi, V.K. Sharma, R. Sharma","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352294","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of advance signal processors and computer systems in present day hybrid vehicles. The increase in processing speeds of the present day digital signal processors has helped in development of hybrid cars at commercial level. Hybrid vehicles make use of computer control systems that are extremely complicated. The recent advances in processing speed and power, the invention of graphical software environments, and real-time operating systems, have contributed towards the development of these complex hybrid vehicles. The use of a high-speed 'communication bus' on the vehicle, known as CAN (controller area network), play an important role. These communication buses allow the embedded controller to communicate with each another.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125480010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352291
V. Sreedhar
With increasing concern over the environment and ever-stringent emissions regulations, the electric vehicle has been investigated as an alternative form of transportation. However, the electric vehicle suffers from relatively short range and long charging times and consequently has not become an acceptable solution to the automotive consumer. The addition of an internal combustion engine to extend the range of the electric vehicle is one method of exploiting the high efficiency and lack of emissions of the electric vehicle while retaining the range and convenient refueling times of a conventional gasoline powered vehicle. The term that describes this type of vehicle is a hybrid electric vehicle. Many configurations of hybrid electric vehicles have been designed and implemented, namely the series, parallel and power-split configurations. This paper describes parallel hybrid electric vehicles that are battery dominant and have the ability to externally recharge from the wall socket. Both component selection and control strategy is discussed. Additionally, a definition of the degree of hybridization, or a description of the relative size of the electric motor to the internal combustion engine is presented. Finally the discussion will illustrate that an increasing degree of hybridization leads to higher overall vehicle efficiency, namely fuel and energy economy.
{"title":"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Full Performance","authors":"V. Sreedhar","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352291","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing concern over the environment and ever-stringent emissions regulations, the electric vehicle has been investigated as an alternative form of transportation. However, the electric vehicle suffers from relatively short range and long charging times and consequently has not become an acceptable solution to the automotive consumer. The addition of an internal combustion engine to extend the range of the electric vehicle is one method of exploiting the high efficiency and lack of emissions of the electric vehicle while retaining the range and convenient refueling times of a conventional gasoline powered vehicle. The term that describes this type of vehicle is a hybrid electric vehicle. Many configurations of hybrid electric vehicles have been designed and implemented, namely the series, parallel and power-split configurations. This paper describes parallel hybrid electric vehicles that are battery dominant and have the ability to externally recharge from the wall socket. Both component selection and control strategy is discussed. Additionally, a definition of the degree of hybridization, or a description of the relative size of the electric motor to the internal combustion engine is presented. Finally the discussion will illustrate that an increasing degree of hybridization leads to higher overall vehicle efficiency, namely fuel and energy economy.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129448330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352281
G.S. Modak, S. Sane
Transmission system is the heart of any automobile. An efficient transmission system always leads to better fuel economy. As we know, parallel hybrid vehicles use electric as well as fuel power simultaneously to drive the vehicle. For specific power developed, since (Power) = (Torque)middot(Speed), for a specific speed, optimum torque will be well defined. If we use conventional gearbox in the transmission train, we get stepped speeds. It is not possible to tap any intermediate speed from conventional drive. Concept of 'Proportional Loss of Speed' says that if we want a specific speed, which is not available in the conventional gear train for a particular instant, the higher or lower speed chosen, causes loss of power. Since electrical as well as mechanical efficiencies are both defining the total efficiency of the drive, it is not desirable to allow loss of power at any instant. That means we must use such a drive in which any particular speed in the given range can be tapped. This is possible using continuously variable transmission (CVT). This paper will discuss mechanical transmission system design and CVT control philosophy to optimize energy efficiency of the system.
{"title":"Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) for Parallel Hybrid vehicle","authors":"G.S. Modak, S. Sane","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352281","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission system is the heart of any automobile. An efficient transmission system always leads to better fuel economy. As we know, parallel hybrid vehicles use electric as well as fuel power simultaneously to drive the vehicle. For specific power developed, since (Power) = (Torque)middot(Speed), for a specific speed, optimum torque will be well defined. If we use conventional gearbox in the transmission train, we get stepped speeds. It is not possible to tap any intermediate speed from conventional drive. Concept of 'Proportional Loss of Speed' says that if we want a specific speed, which is not available in the conventional gear train for a particular instant, the higher or lower speed chosen, causes loss of power. Since electrical as well as mechanical efficiencies are both defining the total efficiency of the drive, it is not desirable to allow loss of power at any instant. That means we must use such a drive in which any particular speed in the given range can be tapped. This is possible using continuously variable transmission (CVT). This paper will discuss mechanical transmission system design and CVT control philosophy to optimize energy efficiency of the system.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115887930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352288
M. Santhi, R. Rajaram, I. Raj
The purpose of this paper is to develop power conversion circuit for battery-fuel cell hybrid systems. First of all, the various reduced parts power conversion systems (PCS) are overviewed and an advanced ZVCS LC-resonant push-pull DC-DC converter is proposed. Theoretical explanation and informative simulation are provided, along with the evaluation of the developed topologies in performance points of view.
{"title":"A ZVCS LC-Resonant Push-Pull Power Converter Circuit for Battery-Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems","authors":"M. Santhi, R. Rajaram, I. Raj","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352288","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to develop power conversion circuit for battery-fuel cell hybrid systems. First of all, the various reduced parts power conversion systems (PCS) are overviewed and an advanced ZVCS LC-resonant push-pull DC-DC converter is proposed. Theoretical explanation and informative simulation are provided, along with the evaluation of the developed topologies in performance points of view.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132229904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352283
M. Alam, T. Moeller, A. Maly
In this paper, a bajaj three wheeler was first analyzed and designed for similar vehicle requirements. Placement of vehicle components have been calculated and proposed. An automatic hybrid controller for the vehicle power management is also proposed. The preliminary design is simulated as a series hybrid fuel cell Li-ion battery vehicle model in PSAT software. Further a brief economic and environmental analysis has been done for the proposed vehicle by calculating the pay back period and using the GREET software respectively. This design can be implemented in the longer run on general vehicles; thus creating independence from fossil fuels.
{"title":"Conversion of an Indian Three Wheeler Scooter into Hybrid Fuel Cell Ni-MH Battery Vehicle and Validation of the Vehicle Model for the Bajaj Three Wheeler Scooter","authors":"M. Alam, T. Moeller, A. Maly","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352283","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a bajaj three wheeler was first analyzed and designed for similar vehicle requirements. Placement of vehicle components have been calculated and proposed. An automatic hybrid controller for the vehicle power management is also proposed. The preliminary design is simulated as a series hybrid fuel cell Li-ion battery vehicle model in PSAT software. Further a brief economic and environmental analysis has been done for the proposed vehicle by calculating the pay back period and using the GREET software respectively. This design can be implemented in the longer run on general vehicles; thus creating independence from fossil fuels.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123823523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352293
S. Pathak, R. Prakash
In its efforts to give best to the consumers, REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) has developed the REVAi - a new model with a high performance AC drive train. The REVAi offers benefits to user in terms of increased power resulting in a higher top speed, 35% better acceleration and grade ability. A new optimized algorithm and higher efficiency motor extends the range. In addition features such as hill restraint and boost power mode enhance drivability. Addition of anti roll bar provides excellent handling of the car. The new AC drive REVA cars are more efficient, reliable and almost maintenance free, as the motors do not need any brush replacements. This has set up a new technology platform for future models involving advanced batteries applications, as the electronics used in the AC DRIVE car are compatible with future generation lithium ion batteries. Development of the AC drive train needed a totally new look at the EMI issues and EMI certification in Europe. REVAi is available in 100% recyclable, color impregnated, lightweight ABS in standard colors, 2000 optional colours. REVAi presently uses cutting edge proprietary technologies with micro process based and also remote vehicle diagnostics. These two on-board computers are provided for energy management and data acquisition for quick diagnostics. The EMS extends range by 15 % and battery life by 25%.
{"title":"Development of High Performance AC Drive Train","authors":"S. Pathak, R. Prakash","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352293","url":null,"abstract":"In its efforts to give best to the consumers, REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) has developed the REVAi - a new model with a high performance AC drive train. The REVAi offers benefits to user in terms of increased power resulting in a higher top speed, 35% better acceleration and grade ability. A new optimized algorithm and higher efficiency motor extends the range. In addition features such as hill restraint and boost power mode enhance drivability. Addition of anti roll bar provides excellent handling of the car. The new AC drive REVA cars are more efficient, reliable and almost maintenance free, as the motors do not need any brush replacements. This has set up a new technology platform for future models involving advanced batteries applications, as the electronics used in the AC DRIVE car are compatible with future generation lithium ion batteries. Development of the AC drive train needed a totally new look at the EMI issues and EMI certification in Europe. REVAi is available in 100% recyclable, color impregnated, lightweight ABS in standard colors, 2000 optional colours. REVAi presently uses cutting edge proprietary technologies with micro process based and also remote vehicle diagnostics. These two on-board computers are provided for energy management and data acquisition for quick diagnostics. The EMS extends range by 15 % and battery life by 25%.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123380556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352295
G. Venkatesh
IC engines lose 42% of their energy to exhaust. So a number of methods to increase the performance of the internal combustion automobile engines have been established. A better method of utilizing the exhaust is being achieved by this paper. The method uses the exhaust gases from an optimal sized engine currently used. This pressure and temperature is being used and sent through a nozzle or set of nozzles which reduces the pressure to about 1.3 bars and generates high velocity gases at exit. This high velocity gas is being utilized to drive a turbo generator (turbine coupled with a generator) which powers the auxiliary units such as the car batteries head lights etc. so fuel economy is greatly saved which is the need of the hour. This paper thus incorporates the use of axial flow impulse turbine which is better than radial flow proven by current researches. The power obtained is better than conventional systems using the exhaust gases. The aim thus ascertains that power is given to all auxiliary systems such as the air conditioners, head lights, can be used to charge the batteries of the car implying that fuel economy is increased.
{"title":"Power Production Technique Using Exhaust Gas From Present Automobiles via Convergent-Divergent Nozzle","authors":"G. Venkatesh","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352295","url":null,"abstract":"IC engines lose 42% of their energy to exhaust. So a number of methods to increase the performance of the internal combustion automobile engines have been established. A better method of utilizing the exhaust is being achieved by this paper. The method uses the exhaust gases from an optimal sized engine currently used. This pressure and temperature is being used and sent through a nozzle or set of nozzles which reduces the pressure to about 1.3 bars and generates high velocity gases at exit. This high velocity gas is being utilized to drive a turbo generator (turbine coupled with a generator) which powers the auxiliary units such as the car batteries head lights etc. so fuel economy is greatly saved which is the need of the hour. This paper thus incorporates the use of axial flow impulse turbine which is better than radial flow proven by current researches. The power obtained is better than conventional systems using the exhaust gases. The aim thus ascertains that power is given to all auxiliary systems such as the air conditioners, head lights, can be used to charge the batteries of the car implying that fuel economy is increased.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123396818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352292
S. Pathak, J. Das, J. Rangarajan, S. R. Choudhury, R. Prakash
Most of the automotive majors are working seriously to be the first to make commercially viable cars powered by the revolutionary fuel cell technology. The fuel cell (FC) will be as big a technological marvel as the internal combustion (IC) engine has been a century ago as compared to the heavy old external combustion steam engines. Automotive companies also know that fossil fuels are nearing to an end and that FC power train will be the propulsion system for future vehicles. REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) has developed the world's smallest fuel cell powered prototype vehicle. The electric car that is powered by a set of EV tubular lead acid batteries now has fuel cell energy constantly charging the batteries. Its 70 N-m high torque motor gives it quick acceleration and speed. The fuel cell system is powered by high-pressure hydrogen. The main components: fuel cell, high-pressure hydrogen tank etc. are modularized by integrating and completely placing over rear seats. This paper presents the development of prototype phosphoric acid fuel cell pick-up electric vehicle by RECC along with Naval Materials Research Lab (NMRL), Ambernath, District Thane, Maharashtra State, India. The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) mounted at the rear of the vehicle obviates the need of carrying a hydrogen cylinder on board. The main components of the fuel cell; Methanol storage tank, pumps, reformer, fuel cell and electrical energy regulation and control system are modularized and integrated with the vehicle energy management system.
{"title":"Development of Prototype Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Pick-Up Electric Vehicle","authors":"S. Pathak, J. Das, J. Rangarajan, S. R. Choudhury, R. Prakash","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352292","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the automotive majors are working seriously to be the first to make commercially viable cars powered by the revolutionary fuel cell technology. The fuel cell (FC) will be as big a technological marvel as the internal combustion (IC) engine has been a century ago as compared to the heavy old external combustion steam engines. Automotive companies also know that fossil fuels are nearing to an end and that FC power train will be the propulsion system for future vehicles. REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) has developed the world's smallest fuel cell powered prototype vehicle. The electric car that is powered by a set of EV tubular lead acid batteries now has fuel cell energy constantly charging the batteries. Its 70 N-m high torque motor gives it quick acceleration and speed. The fuel cell system is powered by high-pressure hydrogen. The main components: fuel cell, high-pressure hydrogen tank etc. are modularized by integrating and completely placing over rear seats. This paper presents the development of prototype phosphoric acid fuel cell pick-up electric vehicle by RECC along with Naval Materials Research Lab (NMRL), Ambernath, District Thane, Maharashtra State, India. The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) mounted at the rear of the vehicle obviates the need of carrying a hydrogen cylinder on board. The main components of the fuel cell; Methanol storage tank, pumps, reformer, fuel cell and electrical energy regulation and control system are modularized and integrated with the vehicle energy management system.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352287
R. Joshi, A. P. Deshmukh
Electric vehicles have been around since the inception of the automobiles. But the internal combustion engines turned out to be the most suitable for automobiles due to availability of cheap fuel at that time, high energy density of gasoline, robust design, longer driving range, no battery charging requirements, rapid acceleration requirements of an automobile. Over a period of time, due to rising fuel costs, shortage of fuel and also due to the pressing need to reduce the air pollution, electric hybrid vehicles appear to be a clean and green alternative to IC engines. In this paper, various battery technologies such as lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, zinc-air fuel cells are evaluated in terms of technical and commercial viability for an electric vehicle application. Performance of electric vehicle is simulated under various speeds, gradients, etc. and it can be concluded that Zinc-air fuel cells appear to be the best possible source of energy for hybrid electric vehicles as of today.
{"title":"Hybrid Electric Vehicles: The Next Generation Automobile Revolution","authors":"R. Joshi, A. P. Deshmukh","doi":"10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352287","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles have been around since the inception of the automobiles. But the internal combustion engines turned out to be the most suitable for automobiles due to availability of cheap fuel at that time, high energy density of gasoline, robust design, longer driving range, no battery charging requirements, rapid acceleration requirements of an automobile. Over a period of time, due to rising fuel costs, shortage of fuel and also due to the pressing need to reduce the air pollution, electric hybrid vehicles appear to be a clean and green alternative to IC engines. In this paper, various battery technologies such as lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, zinc-air fuel cells are evaluated in terms of technical and commercial viability for an electric vehicle application. Performance of electric vehicle is simulated under various speeds, gradients, etc. and it can be concluded that Zinc-air fuel cells appear to be the best possible source of energy for hybrid electric vehicles as of today.","PeriodicalId":129674,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133506796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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