Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1108/aci-02-2024-0080
N. Islam, Ruqaiya Khanam
PurposeThis study evaluates machine learning (ML) classifiers for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD) using subcortical brain region data from 3D T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI database). We aim to identify top-performing algorithms and assess gender-related differences in accuracy.Design/methodology/approachMultiple ML algorithms will be compared for their ability to classify PD vs healthy controls using MRI scans of the brain structures like the putamen, thalamus, brainstem, accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus and pallidum. Analysis will include gender-specific performance comparisons.FindingsThe study reveals that ML classifier performance in diagnosing PD varies across subcortical brain regions and shows gender differences. The Extra Trees classifier performed best in men (86.36% accuracy in the putamen), while Naive Bayes performed best in women (69.23%, amygdala). Regions like the accumbens, hippocampus and caudate showed moderate accuracy (65–70%) in men and poor performance in women. The results point out a significant gender-based performance gap, highlighting the need for gender-specific models to improve diagnostic precision across complex brain structures.Originality/valueThis study highlights the significant impact of gender on machine learning diagnosis of PD using data from subcortical brain regions. Our novel focus on these regions uncovers their diagnostic potential, improves model accuracy and emphasizes the need for gender-specific approaches in medical AI. This work could ultimately lead to earlier PD detection and more personalized treatment.
{"title":"Gender variability in machine learning based subcortical neuroimaging for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis","authors":"N. Islam, Ruqaiya Khanam","doi":"10.1108/aci-02-2024-0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/aci-02-2024-0080","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study evaluates machine learning (ML) classifiers for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD) using subcortical brain region data from 3D T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI database). We aim to identify top-performing algorithms and assess gender-related differences in accuracy.Design/methodology/approachMultiple ML algorithms will be compared for their ability to classify PD vs healthy controls using MRI scans of the brain structures like the putamen, thalamus, brainstem, accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus and pallidum. Analysis will include gender-specific performance comparisons.FindingsThe study reveals that ML classifier performance in diagnosing PD varies across subcortical brain regions and shows gender differences. The Extra Trees classifier performed best in men (86.36% accuracy in the putamen), while Naive Bayes performed best in women (69.23%, amygdala). Regions like the accumbens, hippocampus and caudate showed moderate accuracy (65–70%) in men and poor performance in women. The results point out a significant gender-based performance gap, highlighting the need for gender-specific models to improve diagnostic precision across complex brain structures.Originality/valueThis study highlights the significant impact of gender on machine learning diagnosis of PD using data from subcortical brain regions. Our novel focus on these regions uncovers their diagnostic potential, improves model accuracy and emphasizes the need for gender-specific approaches in medical AI. This work could ultimately lead to earlier PD detection and more personalized treatment.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"29 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijian Cheng, He Gao, Z. Liu, Sirimon Treepongkaruna
Choices in going public are important business strategies that can influence Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance through varying levels of regulatory scrutiny, investor expectations, governance improvements, public attention and strategic focus. We investigate the impact of listing approach on ESG performance in China over the period of 2009 to 2022, by comparing the ESG performance of firms going public via initial public offering (IPO) versus reverse merger (RM). Consistent with our institutional, legitimacy and averse‐selection hypotheses, we find that RM firms exhibit significantly lower ESG performance compared with IPO firms, a difference we attribute to the greater performance pressure, higher litigation risk, greater financing constraints and poorer internal controls experienced by RM firms. These factors likely reduce management's willingness to invest in and improve ESG outcomes. However, as time passed, the discrepancy in ESG performance between RM firms and IPO firms gradually diminished. Additionally, the nature of state ownership and reduced competitive pressure in the industry also serve to mitigate the negative impact of RMs on firms' ESG performance. To promote sustainable development, going public via IPO offers a better business strategy, creating shared value among a broader range of stakeholders, including socially responsible investors, advocacy groups and regulators.
{"title":"Strategic choices in going public: ESG performance implications in China","authors":"Zijian Cheng, He Gao, Z. Liu, Sirimon Treepongkaruna","doi":"10.1002/bse.3887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3887","url":null,"abstract":"Choices in going public are important business strategies that can influence Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance through varying levels of regulatory scrutiny, investor expectations, governance improvements, public attention and strategic focus. We investigate the impact of listing approach on ESG performance in China over the period of 2009 to 2022, by comparing the ESG performance of firms going public via initial public offering (IPO) versus reverse merger (RM). Consistent with our institutional, legitimacy and averse‐selection hypotheses, we find that RM firms exhibit significantly lower ESG performance compared with IPO firms, a difference we attribute to the greater performance pressure, higher litigation risk, greater financing constraints and poorer internal controls experienced by RM firms. These factors likely reduce management's willingness to invest in and improve ESG outcomes. However, as time passed, the discrepancy in ESG performance between RM firms and IPO firms gradually diminished. Additionally, the nature of state ownership and reduced competitive pressure in the industry also serve to mitigate the negative impact of RMs on firms' ESG performance. To promote sustainable development, going public via IPO offers a better business strategy, creating shared value among a broader range of stakeholders, including socially responsible investors, advocacy groups and regulators.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"60 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000002001
Anjna Sharma, Ameya Sharma, Divya Dheer, Raghu Rai Sharma, V. Puri, Shabana Bibi, Amina Shamas, Sameeullah Memon, Rajat Goyal, Priyanka, Hitesh Chopra
Hepatic encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative disorders have profound implications for extensive liver impairment, calling for new ways of treating the condition. The application of stem cell transplantation to treat these severe disorders is a new and encouraging technique. This review article digs deep into the subject of stem cell transplantation therapy, neurodegenerative disorders associated with advanced liver damage, and liver transplantation. It comprehensively analyses the background, rationale, scope, and objectives of using stem cells to treat such challenging conditions. The topic of discussion includes the subtleties of neurodegenerative disorders, the function of liver transplantation, and the possible advantages and disadvantages associated with it. The relevance of patient selection, intraoperative concerns and post-transplant care is discussed. Further, the article explores how stem cell-based therapies can benefit from nanotechnology, specifically how it can improve stem cell distribution, survival, and integration for better therapeutic results. This review aims to offer a thorough analysis of regenerative medicine’s present and future possibilities in dealing with the intricate relationship between neurodegeneration and liver damage. It does this by examining the efficacy, safety, and long-term impacts of stem cell transplantation in treating neurodegenerative disorders associated with advanced liver damage. This will incorporate insights from ongoing clinical trials, the patent landscape, and future directions. The goal is to pave the way for innovative and personalized treatment approaches in this evolving research and clinical practice field. Therefore, these efforts represent a promising frontier in medical research that can alleviate the burden of HE and associated neurological complications combined with liver cirrhosis.
{"title":"Stem cell transplantation therapy for advanced liver damage -associated neurodegenerative disorders","authors":"Anjna Sharma, Ameya Sharma, Divya Dheer, Raghu Rai Sharma, V. Puri, Shabana Bibi, Amina Shamas, Sameeullah Memon, Rajat Goyal, Priyanka, Hitesh Chopra","doi":"10.1097/js9.0000000000002001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000002001","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatic encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative disorders have profound implications for extensive liver impairment, calling for new ways of treating the condition. The application of stem cell transplantation to treat these severe disorders is a new and encouraging technique. This review article digs deep into the subject of stem cell transplantation therapy, neurodegenerative disorders associated with advanced liver damage, and liver transplantation. It comprehensively analyses the background, rationale, scope, and objectives of using stem cells to treat such challenging conditions. The topic of discussion includes the subtleties of neurodegenerative disorders, the function of liver transplantation, and the possible advantages and disadvantages associated with it. The relevance of patient selection, intraoperative concerns and post-transplant care is discussed. Further, the article explores how stem cell-based therapies can benefit from nanotechnology, specifically how it can improve stem cell distribution, survival, and integration for better therapeutic results. This review aims to offer a thorough analysis of regenerative medicine’s present and future possibilities in dealing with the intricate relationship between neurodegeneration and liver damage. It does this by examining the efficacy, safety, and long-term impacts of stem cell transplantation in treating neurodegenerative disorders associated with advanced liver damage. This will incorporate insights from ongoing clinical trials, the patent landscape, and future directions. The goal is to pave the way for innovative and personalized treatment approaches in this evolving research and clinical practice field. Therefore, these efforts represent a promising frontier in medical research that can alleviate the burden of HE and associated neurological complications combined with liver cirrhosis.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.4c00049
Imee Su Martinez
Imagine yourself as an idealistic recent university graduate, who has been recruited by the Institute of Chemistry University of the Philippines-Diliman for tenure track with a relatively decent repatriation package. You start dreaming about starting your own laboratory and doing novel research work that has never been done before in your home country. You feel really good about yourself, thinking that you will be contributing to national development by mentoring the cream of the crop, leading researchers in advancing science and technology in the country. And then you start working in the laboratory. For the first part of your work, you need nitric acid, a regulated chemical. You realize that it takes a ton of paperwork to procure and at least a week to acquire. Your timeline is still doable, so you feel this is just a minor setback. Then the next phase requires equipment purchasing, and this is when reality hits you, because by then you realize that it takes years to actually procure this piece. Research in the Philippines in general, and particularly in the University of Philippines (UP), is quite challenging─to put it mildly. We do not worry about the science and the problem solving, nor about funding, which is a concern for every researcher around the globe. I wish that looking for the next meal ticket were our focus, because we researchers are trained to solve problems and write proposals to secure funding. But our problem is something else entirely. Ingrained regulations─or perhaps <i>restrictions</i> is the better word─appear, from funding utilization to procurement to safety. Many of these rules seem designed to impede researchers from performing their tasks efficiently. Is our lack of a research culture preventing us from striking the necessary balance between regulatory compliance and functional efficiency? Is our insufficient research experience compared to other countries cause for regulations or policies that may affect research? Is our interpretation of the law keeping us from moving forward at a pace that is on par with the rest of the world? Research and innovation are established key factors in attaining sustainable national development. Clearly, an enabling, nurturing environment conducive to work is essential. We all agree that research funding require due diligence, especially government-provided funds from citizens’ tax payments. We are painfully aware that as a developing country, we need to be very conscientious about how we use money for research. The laser, hood, safety shower, and vacuum line in my laboratory could have been housing and food for our fellow Filipinos. But how would our nation benefit if the science community could not use funds at all? How would our nation gain ground in research when young researchers are demoralized because of delayed salaries due to a regulation in transferring and receiving research funds. Are not the Commission on Audit Circular No. 94-013 and related regulations meant to expedite t
想象一下，你是一名充满理想的应届大学毕业生，被菲律宾大学-迪利曼化学研究所聘为终身教职员工，并享受相对优厚的回国待遇。你开始梦想建立自己的实验室，从事国内从未有过的新颖研究工作。你自我感觉非常良好，认为自己将为国家发展做出贡献，指导顶尖研究人员推动国家科技进步。然后，你开始在实验室工作。在工作的第一部分，你需要硝酸，一种受管制的化学品。你意识到这需要大量的文书工作和至少一周的时间来采购。但您的时间安排仍然可行，所以您觉得这只是一个小挫折。下一阶段需要购买设备，这时你才意识到现实的残酷，因为此时你已经意识到，要真正买到这些设备需要好几年的时间。在菲律宾，特别是在菲律宾大学（UP）开展研究工作，可以说是相当具有挑战性。我们既不担心科学和问题的解决，也不担心资金，而资金是全球每位研究人员都关心的问题。我希望我们的工作重点是寻找下一张饭票，因为我们研究人员接受的培训就是解决问题和撰写提案以获得资金。但我们的问题完全不同。从资金使用到采购，再到安全，都出现了根深蒂固的规定--或许用 "限制 "这个词更合适。其中许多规定似乎都是为了阻碍研究人员高效完成任务而设计的。我们缺乏研究文化，是否妨碍了我们在遵守法规和提高职能效率之间取得必要的平衡？与其他国家相比，我们的研究经验不足，这是否是制定可能影响研究的法规或政策的原因？我们对法律的解释是否使我们无法与世界其他国家同步前进？研究与创新是实现国家可持续发展的既定关键因素。显然，一个有利于工作的有利环境至关重要。我们都同意，科研经费需要尽职尽责，尤其是政府从公民纳税中提供的资金。我们痛苦地意识到，作为一个发展中国家，我们需要非常认真地对待科研经费的使用。我实验室里的激光器、抽油烟机、安全淋浴和真空管道本可以为菲律宾同胞提供住房和食物。但是，如果科学界根本无法使用资金，我们的国家将如何受益？如果年轻的研究人员因为转拨和接收研究资金的规定而导致工资拖欠，从而士气低落，那么我们的国家又如何在研究领域取得进展呢？难道审计委员会第 94-013 号通知及相关规定不是为了加快这一进程吗？难道我们不应该将拨付的资金用于其应有的用途吗？如果我们把每年的前两个季度留给可能出现延误的采购，甘特图又有什么用呢？我们是否询问过全球其他地区的研究人员，他们需要等待多久才能获得所需的设备和用品？我在国外读研究生时的经验表明，购买光学元件只需要一天时间。相比之下，在菲律宾购买同样的元件需要三个月的时间。难道我们不能做得更好吗？菲律宾政府采购手册》就放在我家里的床头柜上。该手册包括第 9184 号共和国法案的修订实施细则和条例，该法案规定了政府采购活动的现代化、标准化和监管及其他目的。该法明确允许从国外采购所需的研究设备，也允许通过直接谈判从国外采购专有技术。鉴于我国目前的科技状况，我们需要从国外采购大部分研究设备和用品。毫无疑问，《第 9184 号共和国法案》让我们在每次采购中都能获得最优惠的价格。那么，为什么我们要以三倍的价格从第三方供应商那里购买设备呢？很多时候，我们甚至会买到劣质品牌的设备，科学家们担心在实验室中使用这些设备会因维护费用而受到影响。这样使用资金合适吗？当涉及到安全设备和用品时，购买价格过高的劣质设备就更加令人担忧了。试想一下，层流罩的工作性能达不到广告宣传的规格，或者安全淋浴器因招标失败而多年才到货，但半年后就出现故障。无论在世界任何地方，安全就是安全。一个常见的误解是，发展中国家一直面临困难和挑战，因此坚不可摧。 并非如此。当学生或同事卷入实验室事故的那一刻，重要的不是事故发生在哪里，而是一个人的生命经历了痛苦或死亡。这是一个打破地域或其他界限的问题。安全问题不仅是资金雄厚的发达国家的问题。在经济困难的情况下，它甚至更为重要，因为人们无法承担巨额的医院账单、环境破坏和其他最坏的情况。在菲律宾这样的贫困地区，必须采取预防性措施，这意味着工作人员在进行实际实验和其他实验室活动之前，必须格外注意安全规划，包括采购能实际使用多年的安全设备和材料。风险评估对于开发更环保、更安全的方法显然至关重要。化学安全教育和培训对学生和研究人员了解实验室工作的危险性至关重要。与学生讨论实验计划和可能存在的安全问题可以挽救生命。这种做法是在工作场所进行安全管理和创建安全文化的一种更经济实惠的方式。我看到了化学品安全和安保法规的价值，如第 9165 号共和国法（又称《综合危险药品法》）、第 9516 号共和国法（《受控化学品实施细则和法规》）和第 6969 号共和国法。这些法规旨在控制有毒物质、危险废物和核废料。它们存在的崇高理由是：保护人民的健康、安全和保障。然而，当研究人员因机构超出分配数量而需要一个多月才能获得硝酸时，当人们因某种废弃化学品未分类而无法对其进行处置时，当人们每次只能订购一毫升丙酮时，这些法规就成了研究的障碍。这些障碍造成的环境不再有利于发现和创新。这些后勤负担意味着研究人员应该关门大吉。我们不妨说，我们不希望在我们的国家进行研究和技术进步。的确，道路是艰辛的。我们只能希望，也许这一次，新的大学管理部门会倾听科学家们的困境，会阅读我们厚厚的关于科研管理和采购的 "宣言"，并附上我们的数据和经验证明。管理者确实答应与我们会面。然而，学生们非常聪明，有些甚至很有天赋。他们激励着我们教职员工坚持不懈地攀登，努力营造一种安全、富有成效的科研文化。考虑到菲律宾是我们的国家（图 1），我们不能不继续前进。这是我们的未来，也是我们要解决的问题。图 1.化学安全与研究的反思之镜。伊米-苏-马丁内斯（Imee Su Martinez）是菲律宾大学（University of the Philippines-Diliman）化学研究所的教授。她的研究兴趣是表面化学，重点是利用表面特异性非线性光学技术和其他经典表面技术表征界面上的分子。她是表面科学与光谱激光实验室（S3LLAB）的首席研究员，国内第一台二次谐波发生显微镜（SHG）就是在这里建成的。她还在研究所为研究生开设了化学安全和安保课程。该课程的重点是化学伦理实践。她目前担任禁止化学武器组织科学顾问委员会（OPCW SAB）副主席。本文尚未被其他出版物引用。图 1.化学安全与研究中的反思之镜。
{"title":"Reflections in Chemical Safety and Research: Doing Science Against All Odds in the Philippines","authors":"Imee Su Martinez","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.4c00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00049","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine yourself as an idealistic recent university graduate, who has been recruited by the Institute of Chemistry University of the Philippines-Diliman for tenure track with a relatively decent repatriation package. You start dreaming about starting your own laboratory and doing novel research work that has never been done before in your home country. You feel really good about yourself, thinking that you will be contributing to national development by mentoring the cream of the crop, leading researchers in advancing science and technology in the country. And then you start working in the laboratory. For the first part of your work, you need nitric acid, a regulated chemical. You realize that it takes a ton of paperwork to procure and at least a week to acquire. Your timeline is still doable, so you feel this is just a minor setback. Then the next phase requires equipment purchasing, and this is when reality hits you, because by then you realize that it takes years to actually procure this piece. Research in the Philippines in general, and particularly in the University of Philippines (UP), is quite challenging─to put it mildly. We do not worry about the science and the problem solving, nor about funding, which is a concern for every researcher around the globe. I wish that looking for the next meal ticket were our focus, because we researchers are trained to solve problems and write proposals to secure funding. But our problem is something else entirely. Ingrained regulations─or perhaps <i>restrictions</i> is the better word─appear, from funding utilization to procurement to safety. Many of these rules seem designed to impede researchers from performing their tasks efficiently. Is our lack of a research culture preventing us from striking the necessary balance between regulatory compliance and functional efficiency? Is our insufficient research experience compared to other countries cause for regulations or policies that may affect research? Is our interpretation of the law keeping us from moving forward at a pace that is on par with the rest of the world? Research and innovation are established key factors in attaining sustainable national development. Clearly, an enabling, nurturing environment conducive to work is essential. We all agree that research funding require due diligence, especially government-provided funds from citizens’ tax payments. We are painfully aware that as a developing country, we need to be very conscientious about how we use money for research. The laser, hood, safety shower, and vacuum line in my laboratory could have been housing and food for our fellow Filipinos. But how would our nation benefit if the science community could not use funds at all? How would our nation gain ground in research when young researchers are demoralized because of delayed salaries due to a regulation in transferring and receiving research funds. Are not the Commission on Audit Circular No. 94-013 and related regulations meant to expedite t","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.73,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141754177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetoelectroelastic (MEE) materials and structures have been extensively applied in MEE devices such as sensors and transducers, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and smart structures. In order to assess the strength and durability of such materials and structures, exhaustive theoretical and numerical investigations have been conducted over the past two decades. The main purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review and a critical discussion on the research of the MEE fracture mechanics. Following an introduction, the basic theory of the fracture mechanics in the linear magnetoelectroelasticity is explained with special emphasis on the constitutive equations related to different fracture modes, magnetoelectrical (ME) crack-face boundary conditions and fracture parameters for 2D plane problems. Then, the state of the art of the research on the fracture mechanics of the MEE materials and structures is reviewed and summarized, including 2D anti-plane and in-plane as well as 3D analyses under both static and dynamic loadings. The ME effects on the fracture parameters are revealed and discussed. Moreover, numerical investigations based on the finite element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), meshless methods and other novel methods are also reviewed for MEE fracture problems. Finally, some conclusions are drawn with several prospects to open questions and demanding future research topics. In particular, experimental observations are urgently needed to verify the validity of the theoretical predictions of the various fracture criteria. Another great challenge is to tackle the non-linear phenomena and domain switching in the fracture process zone.
磁电弹性（MEE）材料和结构已广泛应用于传感器和传感器、微机电系统（MEMS）和智能结构等 MEE 设备中。为了评估这类材料和结构的强度和耐久性，过去二十年来进行了详尽的理论和数值研究。本文的主要目的是对 MEE 断裂力学研究的最新进展进行回顾和批判性讨论。在引言之后，解释了线性磁电弹性断裂力学的基本理论，特别强调了与不同断裂模式相关的构成方程、磁电（ME）裂纹面边界条件和二维平面问题的断裂参数。然后，回顾并总结了磁电材料和结构的断裂力学研究现状，包括二维反平面和平面内以及静态和动态载荷下的三维分析。揭示并讨论了 ME 对断裂参数的影响。此外，还综述了基于有限元法（FEM）、边界元法（BEM）、无网格法和其他新型方法的 MEE 断裂问题数值研究。最后，得出了一些结论，并展望了一些有待解决的问题和未来需要研究的课题。特别是，迫切需要进行实验观察，以验证各种断裂标准理论预测的有效性。另一个巨大挑战是解决断裂过程区的非线性现象和域切换问题。
{"title":"Fracture Mechanics of Magnetoelectroelastic Materials and Structures: State of the Art and Prospects","authors":"Wenjie Feng, Zhen Yan, Peng Ma, Chaofeng Lv, Chuanzeng Zhang","doi":"10.1115/1.4066020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Magnetoelectroelastic (MEE) materials and structures have been extensively applied in MEE devices such as sensors and transducers, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and smart structures. In order to assess the strength and durability of such materials and structures, exhaustive theoretical and numerical investigations have been conducted over the past two decades. The main purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review and a critical discussion on the research of the MEE fracture mechanics. Following an introduction, the basic theory of the fracture mechanics in the linear magnetoelectroelasticity is explained with special emphasis on the constitutive equations related to different fracture modes, magnetoelectrical (ME) crack-face boundary conditions and fracture parameters for 2D plane problems. Then, the state of the art of the research on the fracture mechanics of the MEE materials and structures is reviewed and summarized, including 2D anti-plane and in-plane as well as 3D analyses under both static and dynamic loadings. The ME effects on the fracture parameters are revealed and discussed. Moreover, numerical investigations based on the finite element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), meshless methods and other novel methods are also reviewed for MEE fracture problems. Finally, some conclusions are drawn with several prospects to open questions and demanding future research topics. In particular, experimental observations are urgently needed to verify the validity of the theoretical predictions of the various fracture criteria. Another great challenge is to tackle the non-linear phenomena and domain switching in the fracture process zone.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"122 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Role of Negative Affect in Shaping Populist Support: Converging Field Evidence From Across the Globe","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/amp0001326.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001326.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The commercial application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has rapidly increased as their unique properties are useful to improve many products. ENPs, however, can pose a major health risk to workers through exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact. Research is lacking on the protective nature of lab coats when challenged with ENPs. This study investigated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) penetration through four types of lab coat fabrics (cotton, polypropylene, polyester cotton, and Tyvek). Penetration efficiency was determined with direct reading instruments. The front and back of contaminated fabric swatches were further assessed with microscopy analysis to determine fabric structure with contaminated and penetrated particle morphology and level of fabric contamination. Fabric thickness, porosity, structure, surface chemistry, and ENP characteristics such as shape, morphology, and hydrophobicity were assessed to determine the mechanisms behind particle capture on the four common fabrics. CNTs penetrated all fabrics significantly less than the other ENPs. CNT average penetration across all fabrics was 1.83% compared to 15.74 and 11.65% for CB and Al2O3, respectively. This can be attributed to their fiber shape and larger agglomerates than those of other ENPs. Tyvek fabric was found to be the most protective against CB and Al2O3 penetration, with an average penetration of 0.06 and 0.11%, respectively, while polypropylene was the least protective with an average penetration of 40.36 and 15.77%, respectively. Tyvek was the most nonporous fabric with a porosity of 0.50, as well as the most hydrophobic fabric, explaining the low penetration across all three ENPs. Polypropylene is the most porous fabric with a porosity of 0.77, making it the least protective against ENPs. We conclude that porosity, fabric structure, and thickness are more important fabric characteristics to consider when discussing particle penetration through protective clothing fabrics than surface chemistry.
{"title":"Potential Penetration of Engineered Nanoparticles under Practical Use of Protective Clothing Fabrics","authors":"Natalie Ireland, Yi-Hsuan Chen, Candace Su-Jung Tsai","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.4c00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00021","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has rapidly increased as their unique properties are useful to improve many products. ENPs, however, can pose a major health risk to workers through exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact. Research is lacking on the protective nature of lab coats when challenged with ENPs. This study investigated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and nano aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) penetration through four types of lab coat fabrics (cotton, polypropylene, polyester cotton, and Tyvek). Penetration efficiency was determined with direct reading instruments. The front and back of contaminated fabric swatches were further assessed with microscopy analysis to determine fabric structure with contaminated and penetrated particle morphology and level of fabric contamination. Fabric thickness, porosity, structure, surface chemistry, and ENP characteristics such as shape, morphology, and hydrophobicity were assessed to determine the mechanisms behind particle capture on the four common fabrics. CNTs penetrated all fabrics significantly less than the other ENPs. CNT average penetration across all fabrics was 1.83% compared to 15.74 and 11.65% for CB and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, respectively. This can be attributed to their fiber shape and larger agglomerates than those of other ENPs. Tyvek fabric was found to be the most protective against CB and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> penetration, with an average penetration of 0.06 and 0.11%, respectively, while polypropylene was the least protective with an average penetration of 40.36 and 15.77%, respectively. Tyvek was the most nonporous fabric with a porosity of 0.50, as well as the most hydrophobic fabric, explaining the low penetration across all three ENPs. Polypropylene is the most porous fabric with a porosity of 0.77, making it the least protective against ENPs. We conclude that porosity, fabric structure, and thickness are more important fabric characteristics to consider when discussing particle penetration through protective clothing fabrics than surface chemistry.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.73,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.4c00026
Raul B. Lara, Juliana H. Halbach, Steve Nakasaki, Sam Y. Paik
The primary objective of this case study is to determine the applicability and feasibility of a framework that leverages occupational incident details to prospectively identify “potential Serious Injury or Fatality” (pSIF) cases. This study comprehensively reviewed a random sample of 1,081 injury and illness cases across 21 generalized incident types spanning over a decade at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), a U.S. Department of Energy research and development facility with more than 9,000 employees. The review applied a general framework that classified each case on information suitability, potential severity, and future incident mitigation. The findings from the study indicate that 86.6% of the cases had sufficient information to make a high-confidence determination on potential severity, underscoring the feasibility of applying this general framework. Additionally, cases with a higher pSIF score had, on average, a higher level of institutional response. Implementing a simplified methodology for incident classification that emphasizes incidents that pose high potential severity, regardless of incident type, can help LLNL prioritize resources and tailor responses to such incidents using a graded approach. LLNL has recognized the value of this capability and is integrating the framework into their injury and illness process in the 2024 calendar year.
{"title":"A Case Study in Assessing a Potential Severity Framework for Incidents from a Decadal Sample","authors":"Raul B. Lara, Juliana H. Halbach, Steve Nakasaki, Sam Y. Paik","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.4c00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00026","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this case study is to determine the applicability and feasibility of a framework that leverages occupational incident details to prospectively identify “potential Serious Injury or Fatality” (pSIF) cases. This study comprehensively reviewed a random sample of 1,081 injury and illness cases across 21 generalized incident types spanning over a decade at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), a U.S. Department of Energy research and development facility with more than 9,000 employees. The review applied a general framework that classified each case on information suitability, potential severity, and future incident mitigation. The findings from the study indicate that 86.6% of the cases had sufficient information to make a high-confidence determination on potential severity, underscoring the feasibility of applying this general framework. Additionally, cases with a higher pSIF score had, on average, a higher level of institutional response. Implementing a simplified methodology for incident classification that emphasizes incidents that pose high potential severity, regardless of incident type, can help LLNL prioritize resources and tailor responses to such incidents using a graded approach. LLNL has recognized the value of this capability and is integrating the framework into their injury and illness process in the 2024 calendar year.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.73,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the backdrop of the latest engineering and technical disciplines, cross-disciplinary fusion is a new strategy to cultivate high-level composite talents in the chemical safety field. Regulating China’s severe safety production situation is crucial. As an essential source of talent, universities should promptly reconstruct the discipline system according to the new framework under the guiding spirit of Emerging Engineering Education. The innovation and application of intelligent technology have led to a technological revolution in chemistry fields. Therefore, universities should reasonably adjust and optimize the knowledge structure to address the social situations and the development needs of the industry for ensuring the safety of the entire chemical production process. This paper investigates the chemical industry safety production to innovatively present the fresh concept of “5 flows, 3 tactics, and 3 controls,” with “5 flows” as the core, “3 tactics” as the focus, and “3 controls” as the goal. This concept serves as a significant reference for the reformation of the safety curriculum system.
{"title":"Reconstruction of Curriculum System for Chemical Safety Undergraduate Education under Emerging Engineering Education Requirements","authors":"Jianwen Zhang, Siyu Peng, Pengchao Wang, Feilong Zhang, Qianlin Wang, Zhan Dou","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.4c00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00017","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of the latest engineering and technical disciplines, cross-disciplinary fusion is a new strategy to cultivate high-level composite talents in the chemical safety field. Regulating China’s severe safety production situation is crucial. As an essential source of talent, universities should promptly reconstruct the discipline system according to the new framework under the guiding spirit of Emerging Engineering Education. The innovation and application of intelligent technology have led to a technological revolution in chemistry fields. Therefore, universities should reasonably adjust and optimize the knowledge structure to address the social situations and the development needs of the industry for ensuring the safety of the entire chemical production process. This paper investigates the chemical industry safety production to innovatively present the fresh concept of “5 flows, 3 tactics, and 3 controls,” with “5 flows” as the core, “3 tactics” as the focus, and “3 controls” as the goal. This concept serves as a significant reference for the reformation of the safety curriculum system.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.73,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.4c00052
Lauren Goulding
This article references 3 other publications. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. This article references 3 other publications.
本文引用了 3 篇其他出版物。本文尚未被其他出版物引用。本文引用了 3 篇其他出版物。
{"title":"Spotlights: Untargeted Forensic Drug Detection, Burn Pit Smoke Inhalation, and Problems in the Friction Sensitivity Literature","authors":"Lauren Goulding","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.4c00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.4c00052","url":null,"abstract":"This article references 3 other publications. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. This article references 3 other publications.","PeriodicalId":12,"journal":{"name":"ACS Chemical Health & Safety","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.73,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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