Pub Date : 2022-09-05DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221118391
E. Bass, Heidi L. W. Golding
Little is known about the financial security of Vietnam-era veterans now that most are over 65 and have left the labor force. Using 2018 survey data, we found that, on average, Vietnam-era veterans aged 63 to 78 had slightly less income than nonveterans of their ages: US$63,500 and US$65,000, respectively. Those veterans received more money from Social Security and retirement plans; nonveterans had more earnings and investment income. About 1.3 million Vietnam-era veterans collected an average of US$17,600 in disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs, lifting their average total income above other veterans’ by about US$5,000. Overall, veterans were less likely to be poor or very wealthy than were nonveterans. Information on income provides insight to Congress and the public about the economic stability and, by extension, overall well-being of Vietnam-era veterans as they age.
{"title":"Income Security for Vietnam-Era Veterans: A Research Note","authors":"E. Bass, Heidi L. W. Golding","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221118391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221118391","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about the financial security of Vietnam-era veterans now that most are over 65 and have left the labor force. Using 2018 survey data, we found that, on average, Vietnam-era veterans aged 63 to 78 had slightly less income than nonveterans of their ages: US$63,500 and US$65,000, respectively. Those veterans received more money from Social Security and retirement plans; nonveterans had more earnings and investment income. About 1.3 million Vietnam-era veterans collected an average of US$17,600 in disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs, lifting their average total income above other veterans’ by about US$5,000. Overall, veterans were less likely to be poor or very wealthy than were nonveterans. Information on income provides insight to Congress and the public about the economic stability and, by extension, overall well-being of Vietnam-era veterans as they age.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114397820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221117609
Robert Ralston, J. Spindel
This article explores how the public understands military service and diversity. Using a conjoint survey experiment, we ask respondents to select between two candidates for promotion. We randomly present respondents’ two profiles, which vary the candidates’ gender, race, sexual orientation, marital status, number of years served, number of deployments, combat experience, and branch of the military. We find that respondents do not discount candidates based on their branch of service, gender, race, or marital status. However, respondents do weigh the candidates’ combat experience, number of years served, and number of deployments favorably. Finally, respondents penalize candidates based on their sexual orientation: Homosexual individuals are less likely to be selected for promotion. Furthermore, respondents especially discounted transgender individuals for promotion. Important differences, we show in this article, also exist between conservative and liberal respondents, as well as between male and female respondents.
{"title":"Public Attitudes Toward Diversity, Promotion, and Leadership in the U.S. Military","authors":"Robert Ralston, J. Spindel","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221117609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221117609","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores how the public understands military service and diversity. Using a conjoint survey experiment, we ask respondents to select between two candidates for promotion. We randomly present respondents’ two profiles, which vary the candidates’ gender, race, sexual orientation, marital status, number of years served, number of deployments, combat experience, and branch of the military. We find that respondents do not discount candidates based on their branch of service, gender, race, or marital status. However, respondents do weigh the candidates’ combat experience, number of years served, and number of deployments favorably. Finally, respondents penalize candidates based on their sexual orientation: Homosexual individuals are less likely to be selected for promotion. Furthermore, respondents especially discounted transgender individuals for promotion. Important differences, we show in this article, also exist between conservative and liberal respondents, as well as between male and female respondents.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221118065
N. Barr, Sara Kintzle, Justin Jaesung Lee, Savannah Mercado, C. Castro
Most U.S. military service members are discharged routinely, but about 15% receive non-routine discharges. Little is known about how patterns of arrests prior-to and in-service relate to neuropsychological symptoms acquired through military service, or how these symptoms and patterns are associated with discharge type. We investigated latent group differences in post-9/11 era veterans’ patterns of arrests; examined mental health-related predictors of subgroup membership; and modeled associations between latent class structure and non-routine discharge. Veterans with traumatic brain injury, alcohol misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder, had greater odds of belonging to a high-risk vs. low-risk class with the highest probabilities of arrests in-service. The high-risk class had a 45% chance of non-routine discharge compared with 35% for a stable-risk class and 6% for a low-risk class. Veterans with increased probabilities of arrests in-service compared with pre-service showed the highest odds of mental and behavioral health problems and non-routine discharge.
{"title":"Arrests, Mental Health Outcomes, and Discharge Status in U.S. Military Veterans: A Latent Class Analysis","authors":"N. Barr, Sara Kintzle, Justin Jaesung Lee, Savannah Mercado, C. Castro","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221118065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221118065","url":null,"abstract":"Most U.S. military service members are discharged routinely, but about 15% receive non-routine discharges. Little is known about how patterns of arrests prior-to and in-service relate to neuropsychological symptoms acquired through military service, or how these symptoms and patterns are associated with discharge type. We investigated latent group differences in post-9/11 era veterans’ patterns of arrests; examined mental health-related predictors of subgroup membership; and modeled associations between latent class structure and non-routine discharge. Veterans with traumatic brain injury, alcohol misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder, had greater odds of belonging to a high-risk vs. low-risk class with the highest probabilities of arrests in-service. The high-risk class had a 45% chance of non-routine discharge compared with 35% for a stable-risk class and 6% for a low-risk class. Veterans with increased probabilities of arrests in-service compared with pre-service showed the highest odds of mental and behavioral health problems and non-routine discharge.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121136447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221115679
Janja Vuga Beršnak, B. Lobe
The purpose of this article is to analyze the ecosystem of a military family, focusing on the risk factors that influence their health and well-being on various socioecological levels (individual, micro, meso, and macro). We develop a theoretical model of health outcomes and risk factors and test it empirically using quota sampling of 460 respondents from military families in Slovenia. Thirty-three regression models were calculated to measure the impact of theoretically defined risk factors on the health outcomes of military families. Surprisingly, a long daily commute, one of the most military-specific factors in Slovenian society, is viewed more positively than negatively. Moreover, risk factors related to the family on the micro and individual levels, such as poor financial situation or parental stress, are responsible for the greatest impact on military family health. Meanwhile, spouses report that military work-related stress affects the servicemembers’ overall health and increases the possibility of intimate partner violence.
{"title":"Socioecological Model of a Military Family’s Health and Well-Being: Inside a Slovenian Military Family","authors":"Janja Vuga Beršnak, B. Lobe","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221115679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221115679","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyze the ecosystem of a military family, focusing on the risk factors that influence their health and well-being on various socioecological levels (individual, micro, meso, and macro). We develop a theoretical model of health outcomes and risk factors and test it empirically using quota sampling of 460 respondents from military families in Slovenia. Thirty-three regression models were calculated to measure the impact of theoretically defined risk factors on the health outcomes of military families. Surprisingly, a long daily commute, one of the most military-specific factors in Slovenian society, is viewed more positively than negatively. Moreover, risk factors related to the family on the micro and individual levels, such as poor financial situation or parental stress, are responsible for the greatest impact on military family health. Meanwhile, spouses report that military work-related stress affects the servicemembers’ overall health and increases the possibility of intimate partner violence.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"87 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130677331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221112028
Min Jae Choi, S. Yoo, Zack Bowersox
This article reports the results of an empirical research design testing the relationship between a state’s use of conscription and the public’s level of political participation. Although few previous studies have investigated conscription’s influence on political levels in times of war, none have yet to analyze conscription’s impact on political participation during peacetime. We, therefore, study the relationship between voter turnout and military conscription using a global sample with the expectation that citizens in states that practice conscription will be more politically engaged during times of no conflict. We perform logistic regression models on a global sample (1982–2008) and find that those states that do practice conscription see their citizens participate in the electoral process at a higher level.
{"title":"Conscription and Political Participation: How Conscription Policies Affect Voter Turnout","authors":"Min Jae Choi, S. Yoo, Zack Bowersox","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221112028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221112028","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the results of an empirical research design testing the relationship between a state’s use of conscription and the public’s level of political participation. Although few previous studies have investigated conscription’s influence on political levels in times of war, none have yet to analyze conscription’s impact on political participation during peacetime. We, therefore, study the relationship between voter turnout and military conscription using a global sample with the expectation that citizens in states that practice conscription will be more politically engaged during times of no conflict. We perform logistic regression models on a global sample (1982–2008) and find that those states that do practice conscription see their citizens participate in the electoral process at a higher level.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131453904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221114928
Matías Ferreyra Wachholtz, J. Soeters
In the 21st century, three international military organizations with standing headquarters in the Global South have emerged in the field of military operations. These are the Southern Cross Peace Force in Latin America, the Africa Standby Force, integrating five subregional African forces, and the Peninsula Shield Force in the command structures of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This article examines interorganizational differences and similarities in these three important cases, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of their organizational forms within the global diffusion phenomenon of multinational military cooperation. The article uses a novel comparative framework that bridges a gap in systematic studies of multinational military organizations. It aims to provide a gateway for theoretical growth now and for future studies, in the Global South and elsewhere.
{"title":"Multinational Military Cooperation in the Global South","authors":"Matías Ferreyra Wachholtz, J. Soeters","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221114928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221114928","url":null,"abstract":"In the 21st century, three international military organizations with standing headquarters in the Global South have emerged in the field of military operations. These are the Southern Cross Peace Force in Latin America, the Africa Standby Force, integrating five subregional African forces, and the Peninsula Shield Force in the command structures of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This article examines interorganizational differences and similarities in these three important cases, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of their organizational forms within the global diffusion phenomenon of multinational military cooperation. The article uses a novel comparative framework that bridges a gap in systematic studies of multinational military organizations. It aims to provide a gateway for theoretical growth now and for future studies, in the Global South and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130992779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-07DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221114654
Jan Kleiner
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced militaries worldwide to join the fight. Numerous (e.g., British or Czech) armed forces seized the opportunity to propagate their domestic pandemic mitigation activities to improve their public image. However, defense budgets are usually cut first in times of crisis. Such cuts, or the mere threat of them, can have severe strategic and national security ramifications. This research, both exploratory and explanatory, investigates how military crisis-relief activities and their online propagation can muster public support against austerity cuts. It employs mixed-methods analyses of more than 160,000 posts and comments from the Czech Army’s Facebook page case study from January 2011 to January 2021. The study concludes that the Army’s propagation of information about its participation in pandemic mitigation induced positive feelings significantly more than the other content. Moreover, despite unpopular measures (e.g., lockdowns and policing), the Army’s efforts mobilized online public opposition to the austerity cuts.
{"title":"Battling Defense Austerity Cuts With the COVID-19 Crisis Response? The Czech Army’s Online Public Perception","authors":"Jan Kleiner","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221114654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221114654","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has forced militaries worldwide to join the fight. Numerous (e.g., British or Czech) armed forces seized the opportunity to propagate their domestic pandemic mitigation activities to improve their public image. However, defense budgets are usually cut first in times of crisis. Such cuts, or the mere threat of them, can have severe strategic and national security ramifications. This research, both exploratory and explanatory, investigates how military crisis-relief activities and their online propagation can muster public support against austerity cuts. It employs mixed-methods analyses of more than 160,000 posts and comments from the Czech Army’s Facebook page case study from January 2011 to January 2021. The study concludes that the Army’s propagation of information about its participation in pandemic mitigation induced positive feelings significantly more than the other content. Moreover, despite unpopular measures (e.g., lockdowns and policing), the Army’s efforts mobilized online public opposition to the austerity cuts.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121742534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-04DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221112026
Edward D. Gonzalez
What explains variation in the propensity for conflict involvement and initiation among states? In the study of international security, a debate remains between those who argue stronger civilian control of the military lowers the likelihood of interstate conflict, and those who argue that states with stronger civilian control over the military will be more conflict-prone. This article adjudicates between these competing theories through the use of a newly published measure of civilian control over the military. The theory is tested via Poisson regression using a large-N country-year data set. Ultimately, the results support theories of military restraint, showing that states with stronger civilian control over the military are more conflict-prone than states with weaker civilian control of the military. The article contributes to our understanding of war and interstate conflict and the study of civil–military relations by showing that increased civilian control increases the likelihood of interstate conflict.
{"title":"Adjudicating Competing Theories: Does Civilian Control Over the Military Decrease Conflict?","authors":"Edward D. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221112026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221112026","url":null,"abstract":"What explains variation in the propensity for conflict involvement and initiation among states? In the study of international security, a debate remains between those who argue stronger civilian control of the military lowers the likelihood of interstate conflict, and those who argue that states with stronger civilian control over the military will be more conflict-prone. This article adjudicates between these competing theories through the use of a newly published measure of civilian control over the military. The theory is tested via Poisson regression using a large-N country-year data set. Ultimately, the results support theories of military restraint, showing that states with stronger civilian control over the military are more conflict-prone than states with weaker civilian control of the military. The article contributes to our understanding of war and interstate conflict and the study of civil–military relations by showing that increased civilian control increases the likelihood of interstate conflict.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121926935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221108526
Samantha A. Tosto, Stephanie Bonnes
It has been well established that survivors of sexual assault are revictimized as they navigate the civilian criminal justice system. Significantly less is known, however, about how sexual violence is navigated within the military justice system. In this study, we use qualitative interviews with military lawyers about sexual assault cases to explore their constructions of victim legitimacy. Lawyers create a distinction between perceived and actual harm done to a victim and perpetuate the notion that victims falsely accuse men of sexual violence. Through these discursive strategies, lawyers suggest that the issue of military sexual violence is inflated. Finally, lawyers blame the institutional structure of the military for teaching victimization to young women. This helps them explain why victims who they do not perceive as legitimate report sexual violence. These findings emphasize the need for further inquiry into how those working in the military justice system perceive and interact with victims.
{"title":"“She Clearly Thought That Something Bad Had Happened to Her”: How Military Lawyers Construct Narratives of Victim Legitimacy and Perceived Harm in Sexual Assault Cases","authors":"Samantha A. Tosto, Stephanie Bonnes","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221108526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221108526","url":null,"abstract":"It has been well established that survivors of sexual assault are revictimized as they navigate the civilian criminal justice system. Significantly less is known, however, about how sexual violence is navigated within the military justice system. In this study, we use qualitative interviews with military lawyers about sexual assault cases to explore their constructions of victim legitimacy. Lawyers create a distinction between perceived and actual harm done to a victim and perpetuate the notion that victims falsely accuse men of sexual violence. Through these discursive strategies, lawyers suggest that the issue of military sexual violence is inflated. Finally, lawyers blame the institutional structure of the military for teaching victimization to young women. This helps them explain why victims who they do not perceive as legitimate report sexual violence. These findings emphasize the need for further inquiry into how those working in the military justice system perceive and interact with victims.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133439851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1177/0095327x221108527
Nicole Jenne
This article is concerned with narratives about the relation between the military and civilians. Narratives, dominant institutionalized discourses, influence how individuals learn by providing frames of reference which moderate the acquisition of new knowledge. Although the importance of narratives for institutional behavior has been recognized in the field of security studies, little attention has been paid to how they influence learning. This article presents a framework to analyze narratives in the context of learning based on the case of peace operations. Using qualitative case studies for theory-building, I argue that narratives on the closeness between the military and “the people” ease pressures to improve the military’s engagement with civilians and render peacekeepers less inclined to learn. All else equal, the absence of entrenched ideas about military–society relations facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge and skills in civil–military cooperation.
{"title":"Narratives Around Civil–Military Cooperation: How Institutionalized Discourses Influence Learning in Peace Operations","authors":"Nicole Jenne","doi":"10.1177/0095327x221108527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x221108527","url":null,"abstract":"This article is concerned with narratives about the relation between the military and civilians. Narratives, dominant institutionalized discourses, influence how individuals learn by providing frames of reference which moderate the acquisition of new knowledge. Although the importance of narratives for institutional behavior has been recognized in the field of security studies, little attention has been paid to how they influence learning. This article presents a framework to analyze narratives in the context of learning based on the case of peace operations. Using qualitative case studies for theory-building, I argue that narratives on the closeness between the military and “the people” ease pressures to improve the military’s engagement with civilians and render peacekeepers less inclined to learn. All else equal, the absence of entrenched ideas about military–society relations facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge and skills in civil–military cooperation.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128214574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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