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Secure Communication Guarantees for Diverse Extended-Reality Applications: A Unified Statistical Security Model 多种扩展现实应用的安全通信保证:一个统一的统计安全模型
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3304117
Yuquan Xiao;Qinghe Du;Wenchi Cheng;Nan Lu
Privacy and security assurance over wireless transmissions is one of critical issues for future extended reality (XR) communication systems expected to be supported by the sixth generation of mobile communications networks (6G). In light of the strong anti-eavesdropping capability, physical layer security (PLS) techniques have been recognized as a competitive candidate to provide secure transmissions for XR services. However, existing key performance evaluation metrics, such as the security capacity and the outage security capacity, cannot well capture diverse features of quality-of-security (QoSec) requirements raised by XR services. To overcome the problem, in this article we propose a unified statistical security model that can characterize fine-grained security requirements for various XR applications. Specifically, the eavesdropping process at the eavesdropper is modeled by a queuing system. The arrival process represents the legitimate user's streaming data correctly-captured by the eavesdropper. The departure process represents data that are outdated and moved out of the queue, fitting the essential time-sensitive nature of XR applications. Yet storing the overheard data in the queue is not equivalent to data recovery, the eavesdropper has to accumulate a sufficient of amount correctly-captured data in the queue to successfully decipher some data each time. Under this framework, leveraging the effective bandwidth theory in statistically queuing analyses, we develop the concept of statistical security capacity, which is used to evaluate the legitimate user's throughput with the constrained information level leaked to the eavesdropper. The statistical security model is featured with a parameter called QoSec exponent, quantitatively indicating the fine-grained level of security requirement. Following this model, we formulate the nonconvex statistical-security-capacity maximization problems with the internal and external eavesdroppers, respectively, associated with the cases with and without eavesdropper's CSI known at the legitimate transmitter. Solving the two problems, we derive the corresponding optimal resource schemes over the time-varying fading channels. Simulation results demonstrate our proposal as an effective model for security requirements, and our scheme can significantly improve security-constrained throughput in XR communications compared to the baseline schemes.
无线传输的隐私和安全保障是未来扩展现实(XR)通信系统的关键问题之一,预计将由第六代移动通信网络(6G)支持。由于具有较强的抗窃听能力,物理层安全(PLS)技术已被认为是为XR业务提供安全传输的有竞争力的候选技术。然而,现有的关键性能评估指标,如安全容量和中断安全容量,不能很好地捕获XR服务提出的安全质量(QoSec)需求的各种特性。为了克服这个问题,在本文中,我们提出了一个统一的统计安全模型,该模型可以描述各种XR应用程序的细粒度安全需求。具体来说,窃听器上的窃听过程由排队系统建模。到达过程表示被窃听者正确捕获的合法用户的流数据。离开流程表示过时的数据并移出队列,符合XR应用程序的基本时间敏感特性。然而,将窃听到的数据存储在队列中并不等同于数据恢复,窃听者必须在队列中积累足够数量的正确捕获的数据,才能每次成功解密一些数据。在此框架下,利用统计排队分析中的有效带宽理论,提出了统计安全容量的概念,用于评估合法用户在泄漏给窃听者的受限信息水平下的吞吐量。统计安全模型具有一个称为QoSec指数的参数,定量地指示了细粒度的安全需求级别。根据该模型,我们分别针对合法发射机已知窃听者CSI和不知道窃听者CSI的情况,提出了具有内部窃听者和外部窃听者的非凸统计安全容量最大化问题。针对这两个问题,我们推导出时变衰落信道上相应的最优资源方案。仿真结果表明,我们的方案是一种有效的安全需求模型,与基准方案相比,我们的方案可以显著提高XR通信中受安全约束的吞吐量。
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引用次数: 0
Improved Nonlinear Transform Source-Channel Coding to Catalyze Semantic Communications 改进的非线性变换源信道编码促进语义通信
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3304140
Sixian Wang;Jincheng Dai;Xiaoqi Qin;Zhongwei Si;Kai Niu;Ping Zhang
Recent deep learning methods have led to increased interest in solving high-efficiency end-to-end transmission problems. These methods, we call nonlinear transform source-channel coding (NTSCC), extract the semantic latent features of source signal, and learn entropy model to guide the joint source-channel coding with variable rate to transmit latent features over wireless channels. In this article, we propose a comprehensive framework for improving NTSCC, thereby higher system coding gain, better model compatibility, more flexible adaptation strategy aligned with semantic guidance are all achieved. This new sophisticated NTSCC model is now ready to support large-size data interaction in emerging XR, which catalyzes the application of semantic communications. Specifically, we propose three useful improvement approaches. First, we introduce a contextual entropy model to better capture the spatial correlations among the semantic latent features, thereby more accurate rate allocation and contextual joint source-channel coding method are developed accordingly to enable higher coding gain. On that basis, we further propose a response network architecture to formulate compatible NTSCC, i.e., once-learned model supports various bandwidth ratios and channel states that benefits practical deployment greatly. Following this, we propose an online latent feature editing mechanism to enable more flexible coding rate allocation aligned with some specific semantic guidance. By comprehensively applying the above three improvement methods for NTSCC, a deployment-friendly semantic coded transmission system stands out finally. Our improved NTSCC system has been experimentally verified to achieve a better rate-distortion efficiency versus the state-of-the-art engineered VTM + 5G LDPC coded transmission system with lower processing latency.
最近的深度学习方法引起了人们对解决高效端到端传输问题的兴趣。这些方法被称为非线性变换源信道编码(NTSCC),提取源信号的语义潜在特征,并学习熵模型来指导可变速率的联合源信道编码在无线信道上传输潜在特征。在本文中,我们提出了一个改进NTSCC的综合框架,从而实现更高的系统编码增益,更好的模型兼容性,更灵活的适应策略与语义引导一致。这种新的复杂的NTSCC模型现在已经准备好支持新兴XR中的大规模数据交互,这促进了语义通信的应用。具体来说,我们提出了三种有用的改进方法。首先,我们引入上下文熵模型来更好地捕捉语义潜在特征之间的空间相关性,从而开发更准确的速率分配和上下文联合源信道编码方法,以实现更高的编码增益。在此基础上,我们进一步提出了一种响应网络架构来制定兼容的NTSCC,即一次学习模型支持各种带宽比和信道状态,极大地有利于实际部署。在此基础上,我们提出了一种在线潜特征编辑机制,使编码率分配更加灵活,并与特定的语义指导相一致。综合运用以上三种改进方法,最终形成一种便于部署的语义编码传输系统。我们改进的NTSCC系统已经过实验验证,与最先进的工程VTM + 5G LDPC编码传输系统相比,具有更好的率失真效率和更低的处理延迟。
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引用次数: 1
A Quality-of-Experience Database for Adaptive Omnidirectional Video Streaming 自适应全向视频流的体验质量数据库
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3300529
Xuelin Liu;Jiebin Yan;Zheng Wan;Yuming Fang;Zhou Wang
Recent advances in virtual reality (VR) technologies and devices have enabled new forms of media content, such as omnidirectional video (ODV) that attracts increasing attention of both academic and industrial communities. Omnidirectional video, which is also called $360^circ$ video, represents panoramic spherical video that can give users an immersive viewing experience. Compared with traditional 2D video, the complex characteristic (high resolution, bandwidth intensive, etc.) of ODVs brings up new challenges to stream them under volatile network conditions and model the quality-of-experience (QoE) of end-users. To meet the requirements of practical VR applications, it is desired to design effective methods for adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) and QoE evaluation of ODVs. In this article, we establish a large omnidirectional video streaming QoE database (VRQoE-JUFE), containing 1,440 adaptive streaming ODVs generated with diverse content. A comprehensive subjective experiment is conducted, where viewing behaviors and human opinions of total 180 subjects are collected. We provide a thorough statistical data analysis and carry out performance evaluation of the-state-of-art objective QoE models on the proposed database. The results suggest that QoE modeling for ODV streaming is an extremely challenging problem and there is a large space for improvement. Many interesting observations are made that may shed light on the improvement in both omnidirectional video QoE modeling and ABR strategies in the future. The annotated dataset from the tests is made publicly available for the research community.
虚拟现实(VR)技术和设备的最新进展使新形式的媒体内容成为可能,例如全方位视频(ODV),吸引了学术界和工业界越来越多的关注。全向视频,也叫360°视频,代表全景球形视频,可以给用户身临其境的观看体验。与传统的2D视频相比,odv的复杂性(高分辨率、带宽密集等)给在不稳定的网络条件下对其进行流化和对终端用户的体验质量(QoE)进行建模带来了新的挑战。为了满足实际VR应用的需求,需要设计有效的自适应比特率流(ABR)和odv的QoE评估方法。在本文中,我们建立了一个大型的全方位视频流QoE数据库(VRQoE-JUFE),该数据库包含1440个自适应流odv,这些odv是由多种内容生成的。进行了全面的主观实验,收集了180名被试的观看行为和人的意见。我们提供了全面的统计数据分析,并在建议的数据库上对最先进的目标QoE模型进行了性能评估。结果表明,ODV流的QoE建模是一个极具挑战性的问题,有很大的改进空间。许多有趣的观察结果可能会对未来全向视频QoE建模和ABR策略的改进有所启发。来自测试的注释数据集公开提供给研究界。
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引用次数: 0
Semantic Communications With Variable-Length Coding for Extended Reality 面向扩展现实的变长编码语义通信
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3300509
Bowen Zhang;Zhijin Qin;Geoffrey Ye Li
Wireless extended reality (XR) has attracted wide attentions as a promising technology to improve users' mobility and quality of experience. However, the ultra-high data rate requirement of wireless XR has hindered its development for many years. To overcome this challenge, we develop a semantic communication framework, where semantically-unimportant information is highly-compressed or discarded in semantic coders, significantly improving the transmission efficiency. Besides, considering the fact that some source content may have less amount of semantic information or have higher tolerance to channel noise, we propose a universal variable-length semantic-channel coding method. In particular, we first use a rate allocation network to estimate the best code length for semantic information and then adjust the coding process accordingly. By adopting some proxy functions, the whole framework is trained in an end-to-end manner. Numerical results show that our semantic system significantly outperforms traditional transmission methods and the proposed variable-length coding scheme is superior to the fixed-length coding methods.
无线扩展现实(XR)作为一种有前景的提高用户移动性和体验质量的技术受到了广泛关注。然而,无线XR的超高数据速率要求多年来一直阻碍着它的发展。为了克服这一挑战,我们开发了一个语义通信框架,其中语义不重要的信息在语义编码器中被高度压缩或丢弃,从而显着提高了传输效率。此外,考虑到某些源内容的语义信息量可能较少或对信道噪声的容忍度较高,我们提出了一种通用的变长语义信道编码方法。特别是,我们首先使用速率分配网络来估计语义信息的最佳编码长度,然后相应地调整编码过程。通过采用一些代理函数,以端到端的方式对整个框架进行训练。数值计算结果表明,我们的语义系统明显优于传统的传输方法,并且所提出的变长编码方案优于固定长度编码方法。
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引用次数: 7
Covert Wireless Communications for Augmented Reality Systems With Dual Cooperative UAVs 双协同无人机增强现实系统的隐蔽无线通信
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3299116
Guo Yang;Yuwen Qian;Ke Ren;Zhen Mei;Feng Shu;Xiangwei Zhou;Wen Wu
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aided augmented reality (AR) has developed rapidly in recent years and has become a promising technology in disaster rescue, transportation, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. However, the information leakage is challenging the usage of UAV-aided AR systems with wireless communications. In this article, a dual UAVs assisted covert communication system (CCS) is proposed, where one UAV transmits the covert message to ground receivers and a cooperative UAV performs as a jammer to interfere with the malicious eavesdropper. However, flying UAVs result in fast channel fading between the UAVs and ground nodes, which reduces the covert rate of the CCSs. To maximize the average covert rate, we formulated a non-convex optimization problem under the constraint that the detection error probability (DEP) of the monitor is minimum. Furthermore, the problem is decomposed into three subproblems and transformed into convex, and these subproblems are solved alternately by designing an iterative algorithm. Simulation results reveal that the average covert rate performance of the proposed optimization algorithm can respectively achieve 16% and 40% gains than those without covert constraint and without the cooperative UAV used as a jammer.
近年来,无人机(UAV)辅助增强现实(AR)技术发展迅速,在灾害救援、交通运输、农业和环境监测等领域具有广阔的应用前景。然而,信息泄露对无人机辅助AR系统无线通信的使用提出了挑战。本文提出了一种双无人机辅助隐蔽通信系统(CCS),其中一架无人机将隐蔽信息发送给地面接收器,另一架协同无人机作为干扰机干扰恶意窃听者。然而,飞行无人机导致无人机和地面节点之间的快速信道衰落,这降低了CCSs的隐蔽率。为了使平均隐蔽率最大化,在监视器的检测误差概率(DEP)最小的约束下,构造了一个非凸优化问题。在此基础上,将该问题分解为三个子问题并转化为凸问题,通过设计迭代算法交替求解。仿真结果表明,该优化算法的平均隐蔽率性能比无隐蔽约束和无协同无人机干扰的平均隐蔽率性能分别提高16%和40%。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid Knowledge-Data Driven Channel Semantic Acquisition and Beamforming for Cell-Free Massive MIMO 无小区大规模MIMO的混合知识数据驱动信道语义获取和波束形成
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3299175
Zhen Gao;Shicong Liu;Yu Su;Zhongxiang Li;Dezhi Zheng
This article focuses on advancing outdoor wireless systems to better support ubiquitous extended reality (XR) applications, and close the gap with current indoor wireless transmission capabilities. We propose a hybrid knowledge-data driven method for channel semantic acquisition and multi-user beamforming in cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Specifically, we firstly propose a data-driven multiple layer perceptron (MLP)-Mixer-based auto-encoder for channel semantic acquisition, where the pilot signals, CSI quantizer for channel semantic embedding, and CSI reconstruction for channel semantic extraction are jointly optimized in an end-to-end manner. Moreover, based on the acquired channel semantic, we further propose a knowledge-driven deep-unfolding multi-user beamformer, which is capable of achieving good spectral efficiency with robustness to imperfect CSI in outdoor XR scenarios. By unfolding conventional successive over-relaxation (SOR)-based linear beamforming scheme with deep learning, the proposed beamforming scheme is capable of adaptively learning the optimal parameters to accelerate convergence and improve the robustness to imperfect CSI. The proposed deep unfolding beamforming scheme can be used for access points (APs) with fully-digital array and APs with hybrid analog-digital array. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in improving the accuracy of channel acquisition, as well as reducing complexity in both CSI acquisition and beamformer design. The proposed beamforming method achieves approximately 96% of the converged spectrum efficiency performance after only three iterations in downlink transmission, demonstrating its efficacy and potential to improve outdoor XR applications.
本文重点介绍如何改进户外无线系统,以更好地支持无处不在的扩展现实(XR)应用,并缩小与当前室内无线传输能力的差距。提出了一种基于知识数据驱动的信道语义获取和多用户波束形成的混合方法,用于无小区大规模多输入多输出系统。具体而言,我们首先提出了一种基于数据驱动的多层感知器(MLP)- mixer的信道语义采集自编码器,其中导频信号、用于信道语义嵌入的CSI量化器和用于信道语义提取的CSI重构以端到端方式共同优化。此外,基于获取的信道语义,我们进一步提出了一种知识驱动的深度展开多用户波束形成器,该波束形成器能够在室外XR场景下获得良好的频谱效率和对不完美CSI的鲁棒性。通过对传统的基于连续过松弛(SOR)的线性波束形成方案进行深度学习,提出的波束形成方案能够自适应学习最优参数,加快收敛速度,提高对不完全CSI的鲁棒性。所提出的深度展开波束形成方案可用于具有全数字阵列的接入点和具有混合模数阵列的接入点。仿真结果证明了该方案在提高信道采集精度、降低CSI采集和波束形成器设计复杂度方面的有效性。所提出的波束形成方法在下行传输中仅经过三次迭代就能达到约96%的融合频谱效率,证明了其改善户外XR应用的有效性和潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Secure Hybrid Analog and Digital Beamforming for mmWave XR Communications With Mixed-DAC 基于混合dac的毫米波XR通信安全混合模拟和数字波束形成
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3298474
Di Wu;Tong Shen;Feng Shu;Yuanyuan Wu;Lingling Zhu;Siling Feng;Mengxing Huang;Jiangzhou Wang
To achieve a balance between performance and implementation complexity in extended reality (XR)-aided millimeter wave (mmWave) communication, secure hybrid digital and analog (HDA) beamforming with mixed digital-to-analog converters (DACs) is established by partially replacing costly full-resolution DACs with some cheap low-resolution DACs. We focus on secure HDA beamforming for such a system. Furthermore, XR technology is aided to improve the operating efficiency in this complex scenario. First, a closed-form approximation of the average secrecy rate (ASR) is derived. To maximize ASR with partial eavesdropping channel knowledge available, we propose an algorithm of skillfully utilizing the alternating iteration to design beamformers of analog, confidential message (CM) and artificial noise (AN). Given the analog and CM/AN beamformers, the updated AN/CM beamformer is addressed by a gradient descent algorithm. Then, given the beamformers of CM and AN, Dinkelbach and Majorization-Minimization are combined to optimize analog beamformer. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves much better ASR performance than existing methods in the medium and high signal-to-noise ratio regions.
为了在扩展现实(XR)辅助毫米波(mmWave)通信中实现性能和实现复杂性之间的平衡,使用混合数模转换器(dac)建立了安全的混合数模(HDA)波束形成,方法是用一些廉价的低分辨率dac部分取代昂贵的全分辨率dac。我们专注于这种系统的安全HDA波束形成。此外,XR技术有助于提高这种复杂情况下的操作效率。首先,推导了平均保密率(ASR)的近似近似。为了在获得部分窃听信道知识的情况下最大化ASR,我们提出了一种巧妙地利用交替迭代来设计模拟、机密信息(CM)和人工噪声(an)波束形成器的算法。在模拟波束形成器和CM/AN波束形成器的基础上,采用梯度下降算法对改进后的AN/CM波束形成器进行求解。然后,针对CM波束形成器和AN波束形成器,结合Dinkelbach和最大化最小化方法对模拟波束形成器进行优化。仿真结果表明,该算法在中、高信噪比区域的ASR性能明显优于现有算法。
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引用次数: 0
Utility-Driven Joint Caching and Bitrate Allocation for Real-Time Immersive Videos 实时沉浸式视频的实用驱动联合缓存和比特率分配
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3295597
Jinxi Li;Yutong Xu;Yang Cao;Jiaxin Zhu;Desheng Wang
Real-time immersive video demands high network bandwidth and low transmission delay. Limited communication resources make it time-consuming to deliver immersive videos in cloud service scenarios. To overcome this, we design a utility-driven JOint Caching and Bitrate allocation (JOCB) algorithm for the real-time immersive video to better utilize network and caching resources through the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) technique. Firstly, we coin a concept, the unfreshness indicator, to reflect the obsolescence level of cached tiles in MEC. Secondly, we define the Quality of Immersive videos (QoI) to evaluate the users' experience, including content characteristics, unfreshness levels, and spatial and temporal quality loss. Thirdly, we formulate the system utility that increases effective quality at the cost of transmission loss. The utility optimization problem can be formulated as an integer programming problem and decomposed into the cache update subproblem and the viewing probability-based adaptive bitrate allocation subproblem, which are solved by the branch-and-bound algorithm and the greedy algorithm, respectively. We have implemented an immersive video transmission system to perform experiments. Both simulation and experimental results further imply that JOCB can achieve utility maximization through balancing the transmission cost and the QoI.
实时沉浸式视频对网络带宽要求高,传输时延要求低。有限的通信资源使得云服务场景下的沉浸式视频交付非常耗时。为了克服这一问题,我们设计了一种实用驱动的实时沉浸式视频联合缓存和比特率分配(JOCB)算法,通过移动边缘计算(MEC)技术更好地利用网络和缓存资源。首先,我们提出了一个概念,即不新鲜度指标,以反映MEC中缓存瓦片的过时程度。其次,我们定义了沉浸式视频的质量(QoI)来评估用户的体验,包括内容特征、不新鲜度、空间和时间质量损失。第三,我们制定了以传输损耗为代价提高有效质量的系统效用。效用优化问题可表示为整数规划问题,分解为缓存更新子问题和基于查看概率的自适应比特率分配子问题,分别采用分支定界算法和贪婪算法求解。我们已经实现了一个沉浸式视频传输系统来进行实验。仿真和实验结果进一步表明,JOCB可以通过平衡传输成本和qi来实现效用最大化。
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引用次数: 1
Generative AI-Empowered Simulation for Autonomous Driving in Vehicular Mixed Reality Metaverses 基于生成ai的车辆混合现实虚拟环境自动驾驶仿真
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3293650
Minrui Xu;Dusit Niyato;Junlong Chen;Hongliang Zhang;Jiawen Kang;Zehui Xiong;Shiwen Mao;Zhu Han
In the vehicular mixed reality (MR) Metaverse, the discrepancy between physical and virtual entities can be overcome by fusing the physical and virtual environments with multi-dimensional communications in autonomous driving systems. Assisted by digital twin (DT) technologies, connected autonomous vehicles (AVs), roadside units (RSUs), and virtual simulators can maintain the vehicular MR Metaverse via simulations for sharing data and making driving decisions collaboratively. However, it is challenging and costly to enable large-scale traffic and driving simulation via realistic data collection and fusion from the physical world for online prediction and offline training in autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose an autonomous driving architecture, where generative AI is leveraged to synthesize unlimited conditioned traffic and driving data via simulations for improving driving safety and traffic control efficiency. First, we propose a multi-task DT offloading model for the reliable execution of heterogeneous DT tasks with different requirements at RSUs. Then, based on the preferences of AV's DTs and real-world data, virtual simulators can synthesize unlimited conditioned driving and traffic datasets for improved robustness. Finally, we propose a multi-task enhanced auction-based mechanism to provide fine-grained incentives for RSUs on providing resources for autonomous driving. The property analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism and architecture are strategy-proof and effective.
在车载混合现实(MR)虚拟世界中,通过将物理和虚拟环境与自动驾驶系统中的多维通信融合,可以克服物理和虚拟实体之间的差异。在数字孪生(DT)技术的帮助下,联网的自动驾驶汽车(av)、路边单元(rsu)和虚拟模拟器可以通过模拟来维护车辆MR Metaverse,从而共享数据并协同做出驾驶决策。然而,在自动驾驶系统中,通过收集和融合来自物理世界的真实数据来实现大规模的交通和驾驶模拟,以进行在线预测和离线训练,这是一项具有挑战性和昂贵的任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种自动驾驶架构,其中生成式人工智能通过模拟来综合无限条件交通和驾驶数据,以提高驾驶安全性和交通控制效率。首先,我们提出了一个多任务DT卸载模型,用于在rsu上可靠地执行具有不同需求的异构DT任务。然后,根据自动驾驶汽车驾驶员的偏好和现实世界的数据,虚拟模拟器可以合成无限条件驾驶和交通数据集,以提高鲁棒性。最后,我们提出了一种基于多任务的增强型拍卖机制,为rsu提供自动驾驶资源提供细粒度激励。性能分析和实验结果表明,所提出的机制和体系结构是有效的。
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引用次数: 10
Virtual Antenna Array for W-Band Channel Sounding: Design, Implementation, and Experimental Validation 用于W波段信道探测的虚拟天线阵列:设计、实现和实验验证
IF 7.5 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2023.3301135
Yejian Lyu;Zhiqiang Yuan;Fengchun Zhang;Pekka Kyösti;Wei Fan
Sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) (i.e., 100–300 GHz) communication is envisioned as one of the key components for future beyond fifth-generation (B5G) communication systems due to its large untapped bandwidth. Sub-THz channel measurements are essential for building accurate and realistic sub-THz channel models. Virtual antenna array (VAA) scheme has been widely employed for radio channel sounding purposes in the literature. However, its application for the W-band (i.e., 75–110 GHz) has been rarely discussed due to system phase instability issues. To tackle this problem, a long-range phase-compensated vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder at the W-band is proposed. First, the back-to-back measurement of the developed channel sounder is carried out with the presence of cable bending, where the initial phase variation beyond $180^{circ }$ range due to cable effects can be well corrected to within $10^{circ }$ range with the proposed phase-compensation scheme, clearly validating its effectiveness. To examine how well it works in practical deployment scenarios, the proposed channel sounder is then employed for channel sounding with two measurement distances, covering both near-field (with a line-of-sight (LoS) distance of 7.3 m) and long-range (with a LoS distance of 84.5 m) cases. Based on the measured data, a high-resolution channel parameter estimator is applied to extract the channel multipath parameters for the large-scale VAA at the W-band, both in the near-field and long-range scenarios, respectively. The high-resolution algorithm was extended to support virtual arrays composed of both omnidirectional antenna and directive antenna in this work. The conventional directional scanning scheme (DSS) measurement is adopted as the reference measurement to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the developed channel sounder. In the end, to demonstrate the state-of-art channel sounding capabilities of the developed channel sounder, ultra-wideband (UWB) channel measurements at 104.5 GHz with 11 GHz bandwidth using the VAA scheme are conducted in a hall scenario with the measurement range up to 58 m with omnidirectional antennas, and the channel parameters are extracted using the validated high-resolution channel parameter estimator for channel modeling purposes.
由于其巨大的未开发带宽,亚太赫兹(Sub-THz)(即100–300 GHz)通信被设想为未来第五代(B5G)通信系统的关键组件之一。亚太赫兹信道测量对于建立准确和逼真的亚太赫兹信道模型至关重要。在文献中,虚拟天线阵列(VAA)方案已被广泛用于无线电信道探测目的。然而,由于系统相位不稳定性问题,它在W波段(即75–110 GHz)的应用很少被讨论。为了解决这个问题,提出了一种基于长程相位补偿矢量网络分析仪(VNA)的W波段信道测深仪。首先,在存在电缆弯曲的情况下对所开发的航道测深仪进行背靠背测量,其中,由于电缆效应而导致的超过180美元范围的初始相位变化可以通过所提出的相位补偿方案很好地校正到10美元范围内,清楚地验证了其有效性。为了检查其在实际部署场景中的工作情况,然后将所提出的信道测深仪用于具有两个测量距离的信道测深,覆盖近场(视线(LoS)距离为7.3米)和远程(LoS距离为84.5米)情况。基于测量数据,应用高分辨率信道参数估计器分别在近场和长程场景中提取W波段大规模VAA的信道多径参数。本文将高分辨率算法扩展到支持由全向天线和定向天线组成的虚拟阵列。采用传统的定向扫描方案(DSS)测量作为参考测量,验证了所开发的通道测深仪的有效性和稳健性。最后,为了证明所开发的信道测深器的最先进的信道探测能力,使用VAA方案在霍尔场景中进行了104.5GHz和11GHz带宽的超宽带(UWB)信道测量,测量范围高达58m,具有全向天线,并且为了信道建模目的,使用经验证的高分辨率信道参数估计器来提取信道参数。
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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
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