Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443722
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443722","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10654696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443724
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3443724","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10654690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441148
Kapal Dev;Chih-Lin I;Raouf Boutaba;Sunder Ali Khowaja;Shao-Yu Lien;Yue Wang
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Issue on Green Open Radio Access Networks: Architecture, Challenges, Opportunities, and Use Cases","authors":"Kapal Dev;Chih-Lin I;Raouf Boutaba;Sunder Ali Khowaja;Shao-Yu Lien;Yue Wang","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10654697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441532
Fan Wu;Xiong Li;Jingwei Li;Pandi Vijayakumar;Brij B. Gupta;Varsha Arya
Open radio access network (ORAN) plays a critical role in modern communication process. The structure that individual devices connect each other via ORAN turns to be a part of smart city. Incorporating with the concept Internet of Things (IoT), cloud-edge-client architecture has been accepted to discuss artificial intelligence (AI) coordinating functions in ORAN. Considering the security for ORAN in critical infrastructure, federated learning (FL) is an effective way to protect the original data on individual devices. However, recent schemes failed to support enough security features. To tackle the problem, we present a new highly secure aggregation and dropout-resilient FL scheme called HSADR which incorporates consortium blockchain and differential privacy to maintain the security environment. Second, we prove that the aggregation process reaches the IND-CCA2 security level, which is the first scheme to complete this goal. Last, experiments show that HSADR withstands common test aspects.
开放无线接入网（ORAN）在现代通信过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。各个设备通过 ORAN 相互连接的结构成为智慧城市的一部分。结合物联网（IoT）概念，云-边缘-客户端架构已被接受，用于讨论 ORAN 中的人工智能（AI）协调功能。考虑到关键基础设施中 ORAN 的安全性，联合学习（FL）是保护单个设备上原始数据的有效方法。然而，最近的方案未能支持足够的安全功能。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种名为 HSADR 的新型高安全性聚合和抗辍学 FL 方案，该方案结合了联盟区块链和差分隐私来维护安全环境。其次，我们证明了聚合过程达到了 IND-CCA2 安全等级，这是第一个完成这一目标的方案。最后，实验表明 HSADR 经受住了常见测试方面的考验。
{"title":"HSADR: A New Highly Secure Aggregation and Dropout-Resilient Federated Learning Scheme for Radio Access Networks With Edge Computing Systems","authors":"Fan Wu;Xiong Li;Jingwei Li;Pandi Vijayakumar;Brij B. Gupta;Varsha Arya","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3441532","url":null,"abstract":"Open radio access network (ORAN) plays a critical role in modern communication process. The structure that individual devices connect each other via ORAN turns to be a part of smart city. Incorporating with the concept Internet of Things (IoT), cloud-edge-client architecture has been accepted to discuss artificial intelligence (AI) coordinating functions in ORAN. Considering the security for ORAN in critical infrastructure, federated learning (FL) is an effective way to protect the original data on individual devices. However, recent schemes failed to support enough security features. To tackle the problem, we present a new highly secure aggregation and dropout-resilient FL scheme called HSADR which incorporates consortium blockchain and differential privacy to maintain the security environment. Second, we prove that the aggregation process reaches the IND-CCA2 security level, which is the first scheme to complete this goal. Last, experiments show that HSADR withstands common test aspects.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital Twin for Vehicular Networks (DTVN) continuously simulates and optimizes vehicle behaviors to support emerging 6G Internet-of-Vehicle (IoV) applications such as DT-assisted autonomous driving. To meet Quality of Service (QoS), resource scheduling for distributed vehicle DTs is carried out. However, existing works mainly respond to service demand based on one-to-one DT synchronization and computation offloading, which limits the service response quality and is not sustainable. Meanwhile, twin objects need to be frequently transferred at edges in parallel with the moving vehicles, the IoV service demand response under high-dynamic DT resource distribution is challenging. In this paper, a novel digital twin function virtualization (DTFV) architecture based on Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) is proposed. In DTFV, multiple vehicle DTs following one-to-one synchronization are decoupled and reorganized as a Virtualized Digital Twin (VDT) following dissemination-based synchronization for dynamic service response, without needs for offloading service to additional edge devices. Besides, to optimize the overall IoV service response profit, we propose an asynchronous hierarchical reinforcement learning (AHRL)-based DTFV resource scheduling scheme to find optimal VDT orchestration and synchronization strategies. Finally, experimental results show our scheme achieves 8.48% higher service response profit and 6.8% lower VDT synchronization delay over the best baseline scheme.
{"title":"O-RAN-Based Digital Twin Function Virtualization for Sustainable IoV Service Response: An Asynchronous Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Approach","authors":"Yihang Tao;Jun Wu;Qianqian Pan;Ali Kashif Bashir;Marwan Omar","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3435796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3435796","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Twin for Vehicular Networks (DTVN) continuously simulates and optimizes vehicle behaviors to support emerging 6G Internet-of-Vehicle (IoV) applications such as DT-assisted autonomous driving. To meet Quality of Service (QoS), resource scheduling for distributed vehicle DTs is carried out. However, existing works mainly respond to service demand based on one-to-one DT synchronization and computation offloading, which limits the service response quality and is not sustainable. Meanwhile, twin objects need to be frequently transferred at edges in parallel with the moving vehicles, the IoV service demand response under high-dynamic DT resource distribution is challenging. In this paper, a novel digital twin function virtualization (DTFV) architecture based on Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) is proposed. In DTFV, multiple vehicle DTs following one-to-one synchronization are decoupled and reorganized as a Virtualized Digital Twin (VDT) following dissemination-based synchronization for dynamic service response, without needs for offloading service to additional edge devices. Besides, to optimize the overall IoV service response profit, we propose an asynchronous hierarchical reinforcement learning (AHRL)-based DTFV resource scheduling scheme to find optimal VDT orchestration and synchronization strategies. Finally, experimental results show our scheme achieves 8.48% higher service response profit and 6.8% lower VDT synchronization delay over the best baseline scheme.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689
Engin Zeydan;Luis Blanco;Josep Mangues-Bafalluy;Suayb S. Arslan;Yekta Turk
Blockchain Network (BCN)-based Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) has recently surfaced as an identity and access management framework that allows users and organizations to control over their data. On the other hand, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs) propose a framework for facilitating the exchange of infrastructure-related data. This study presents the critical role of BCN-SSI in the O-RAN system architecture and promises an authentication process to provide insights into the robust security measures used to seamlessly establish the identification of users and entities within the O-RAN ecosystem in the post-quantum era. We show that the integration of BCN-SSI enhances security protocols and ensures the integrity of communication networks in the evolving technological landscape. As an illustrative use case, spectrum sharing, is also presented to demonstrate the practicality and the impact of the proposed framework. Furthermore, we address the potential threats posed by quantum attacks on BCN-based SSI systems by investigating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed BCN-based DIM and highlight its role in securing identity management processes within the O-RAN context. Finally, we address the use of efficient computational techniques in the context of PQC, which holds significant potential in terms of reducing energy consumption overall.
{"title":"Post-Quantum Blockchain-Based Decentralized Identity Management for Resource Sharing in Open Radio Access Networks","authors":"Engin Zeydan;Luis Blanco;Josep Mangues-Bafalluy;Suayb S. Arslan;Yekta Turk","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain Network (BCN)-based Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) has recently surfaced as an identity and access management framework that allows users and organizations to control over their data. On the other hand, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs) propose a framework for facilitating the exchange of infrastructure-related data. This study presents the critical role of BCN-SSI in the O-RAN system architecture and promises an authentication process to provide insights into the robust security measures used to seamlessly establish the identification of users and entities within the O-RAN ecosystem in the post-quantum era. We show that the integration of BCN-SSI enhances security protocols and ensures the integrity of communication networks in the evolving technological landscape. As an illustrative use case, spectrum sharing, is also presented to demonstrate the practicality and the impact of the proposed framework. Furthermore, we address the potential threats posed by quantum attacks on BCN-based SSI systems by investigating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed BCN-based DIM and highlight its role in securing identity management processes within the O-RAN context. Finally, we address the use of efficient computational techniques in the context of PQC, which holds significant potential in terms of reducing energy consumption overall.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945
Abdul Wadud;Fatemeh Golpayegani;Nima Afraz
The advent of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) has revolutionized the field of RAN by introducing elements of native support of intelligence and openness into the next generation of mobile network infrastructure. Open RAN paves the way for standardized interfaces and enables the integration of network applications from diverse vendors, thereby enhancing network management flexibility. However, control decision conflicts occur when components from different vendors are deployed together. This article provides an overview of various types of conflicts that may occur in Open RAN, with a particular focus on intra-component conflict mitigation among Extended Applications (xApps) in the Near Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT-RIC). A QoS-Aware Conflict Mitigation (QACM) method is proposed that finds the optimal configuration of conflicting parameters while maximizing the number of xApps that have their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements met. We compare the performance of the proposed QACM method with two benchmark methods for priority and non-priority cases. The results indicate that our proposed method is the most effective in maintaining QoS requirements for conflicting xApps.
开放式无线接入网（RAN）的出现为下一代移动网络基础设施引入了原生支持智能和开放的元素，从而彻底改变了 RAN 领域。开放式 RAN 为标准化接口铺平了道路，使来自不同供应商的网络应用得以集成，从而提高了网络管理的灵活性。然而，当来自不同供应商的组件部署在一起时，会出现控制决策冲突。本文概述了开放式 RAN 中可能发生的各类冲突，尤其关注近实时 RAN 智能控制器 (Near-RT-RIC) 中扩展应用 (xApp) 之间的组件内冲突缓解。我们提出的 QoS 感知冲突缓解 (QACM) 方法能找到冲突参数的最佳配置，同时最大限度地增加满足服务质量 (QoS) 要求的 xApp 数量。我们比较了所提出的 QACM 方法与两种基准方法在优先级和非优先级情况下的性能。结果表明，我们提出的方法在维持冲突 xApp 的 QoS 要求方面最为有效。
{"title":"QACM: QoS-Aware xApp Conflict Mitigation in Open RAN","authors":"Abdul Wadud;Fatemeh Golpayegani;Nima Afraz","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) has revolutionized the field of RAN by introducing elements of native support of intelligence and openness into the next generation of mobile network infrastructure. Open RAN paves the way for standardized interfaces and enables the integration of network applications from diverse vendors, thereby enhancing network management flexibility. However, control decision conflicts occur when components from different vendors are deployed together. This article provides an overview of various types of conflicts that may occur in Open RAN, with a particular focus on intra-component conflict mitigation among Extended Applications (xApps) in the Near Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT-RIC). A QoS-Aware Conflict Mitigation (QACM) method is proposed that finds the optimal configuration of conflicting parameters while maximizing the number of xApps that have their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements met. We compare the performance of the proposed QACM method with two benchmark methods for priority and non-priority cases. The results indicate that our proposed method is the most effective in maintaining QoS requirements for conflicting xApps.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10608140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio access network (RAN) enables large-scale collection of sensitive data. Privacy-preserving techniques aim to learn knowledge from sensitive data to improve services without compromising privacy. However, as the data scale increases, enforcing privacy-preserving techniques on sensitive data may consume a considerable amount of system resources and impose performance penalties. To reduce system resource consumption, we present NetDP, an in-network architecture for privacy-preserving techniques by leveraging programmable switches to improve resource efficiency (i.e., CPU cycles, network bandwidth, and privacy budgets). The key idea of NetDP is to accommodate and exploit cryptographic operators to reduce resource consumption rather than repetitively and exhaustively suppressing the impact of these techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that privacy-preserving techniques in a large-scale data processing system have been enforced on programmable switches. Our experiments based on Tofino switches indicate that NetDP significantly reduces computation latency (e.g., 40.2%-55.8% latency in computations) without impacting fidelity.
无线接入网络（RAN）可大规模收集敏感数据。隐私保护技术旨在从敏感数据中学习知识，从而在不损害隐私的情况下改进服务。然而，随着数据规模的扩大，对敏感数据执行隐私保护技术可能会消耗大量系统资源，并造成性能损失。为了减少系统资源消耗，我们提出了 NetDP，一种利用可编程交换机提高资源效率（即 CPU 周期、网络带宽和隐私预算）的网络内隐私保护技术架构。NetDP 的关键理念是适应和利用加密操作符来减少资源消耗，而不是重复地、详尽地抑制这些技术的影响。据我们所知，这是首次在可编程交换机上执行大规模数据处理系统中的隐私保护技术。我们基于 Tofino 交换机进行的实验表明，NetDP 在不影响保真度的情况下显著降低了计算延迟（例如，计算延迟为 40.2%-55.8% ）。
{"title":"NetDP: In-Network Differential Privacy for Large-Scale Data Processing","authors":"Zhengyan Zhou;Hanze Chen;Lingfei Chen;Dong Zhang;Chunming Wu;Xuan Liu;Muhammad Khurram Khan","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432781","url":null,"abstract":"Radio access network (RAN) enables large-scale collection of sensitive data. Privacy-preserving techniques aim to learn knowledge from sensitive data to improve services without compromising privacy. However, as the data scale increases, enforcing privacy-preserving techniques on sensitive data may consume a considerable amount of system resources and impose performance penalties. To reduce system resource consumption, we present NetDP, an in-network architecture for privacy-preserving techniques by leveraging programmable switches to improve resource efficiency (i.e., CPU cycles, network bandwidth, and privacy budgets). The key idea of NetDP is to accommodate and exploit cryptographic operators to reduce resource consumption rather than repetitively and exhaustively suppressing the impact of these techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that privacy-preserving techniques in a large-scale data processing system have been enforced on programmable switches. Our experiments based on Tofino switches indicate that NetDP significantly reduces computation latency (e.g., 40.2%-55.8% latency in computations) without impacting fidelity.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431989
Anselme Ndikumana;Kim Khoa Nguyen;Mohamed Cheriet
Due to the high costs of optical fiber deployment in Low-Density and Rural Areas (LDRAs), 5G Fixed Wireless Access (5G FWA) recently emerged as an affordable solution. A widely adopted deployment scenario of 5G FWA includes edge cloud that supports computing services and Radio Access Network (RAN) functions. Such edge cloud requires network and energy resources for 5G FWA. This paper proposes renewable energy powered and Open RAN-based architecture for 5G FWA serving LDRAs using three-level closed-loops. Open RAN is a new 5G RAN architecture allowing Open Central Unit and Open Distributed Unit to be distributed in virtualized environment. The first closed-loop distributes radio resources to Open RAN instances and slices at the edge cloud. The second closed-loop allocates radio resources to houses. We design a new energy model that leverages renewable energy. We jointly optimize radio and energy resource allocation in closed-loop 3. We formulate ultra-small and small-time scale optimization problems that link closed-loops to maximize communication utility while minimizing energy costs. We propose reinforcement learning and successive convex approximation to solve the formulated problems. Then, we use solution data and continual learning to improve resource allocation on a large time scale. Our proposal satisfies 97.14% slice delay budget.
由于在低密度和农村地区（LDRA）部署光纤成本高昂，5G 固定无线接入（5G FWA）最近成为一种经济实惠的解决方案。广泛采用的 5G FWA 部署方案包括支持计算服务和无线接入网（RAN）功能的边缘云。这种边缘云需要 5G FWA 的网络和能源资源。本文提出了以可再生能源为动力、基于开放 RAN 的架构，利用三级闭环为服务于 LDRA 的 5G FWA 提供支持。开放式 RAN 是一种全新的 5G RAN 架构，允许在虚拟化环境中分布开放式中央单元和开放式分布单元。第一个闭环将无线电资源分配给边缘云的 Open RAN 实例和片。第二个闭环将无线电资源分配给房屋。我们设计了一种利用可再生能源的新型能源模式。我们在闭环 3 中联合优化无线电和能源资源分配。我们制定了超小型和小时间规模的优化问题，将闭环连接起来，使通信效用最大化，同时使能源成本最小化。我们提出了强化学习和连续凸近似来解决所提出的问题。然后，我们利用求解数据和持续学习来改善大时间尺度上的资源分配。我们的建议能满足 97.14% 的切片延迟预算。
{"title":"Renewable Energy Powered and Open RAN-Based Architecture for 5G Fixed Wireless Access Provisioning in Rural Areas","authors":"Anselme Ndikumana;Kim Khoa Nguyen;Mohamed Cheriet","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431989","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high costs of optical fiber deployment in Low-Density and Rural Areas (LDRAs), 5G Fixed Wireless Access (5G FWA) recently emerged as an affordable solution. A widely adopted deployment scenario of 5G FWA includes edge cloud that supports computing services and Radio Access Network (RAN) functions. Such edge cloud requires network and energy resources for 5G FWA. This paper proposes renewable energy powered and Open RAN-based architecture for 5G FWA serving LDRAs using three-level closed-loops. Open RAN is a new 5G RAN architecture allowing Open Central Unit and Open Distributed Unit to be distributed in virtualized environment. The first closed-loop distributes radio resources to Open RAN instances and slices at the edge cloud. The second closed-loop allocates radio resources to houses. We design a new energy model that leverages renewable energy. We jointly optimize radio and energy resource allocation in closed-loop 3. We formulate ultra-small and small-time scale optimization problems that link closed-loops to maximize communication utility while minimizing energy costs. We propose reinforcement learning and successive convex approximation to solve the formulated problems. Then, we use solution data and continual learning to improve resource allocation on a large time scale. Our proposal satisfies 97.14% slice delay budget.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3396162
Haneet Kour, R. Jha, Sanjeev Jain
With the wireless internet access being increasingly popular with services such as HD video streaming and so on, the demand for high data consuming applications is also rising. This increment in demand is coupled with a proportional rise in the power consumption. It is required that the internet traffic is offloaded to technologies that serve the users and contribute in energy consumption. There is a need to decrease the carbon footprint in the atmosphere and also make the network safe and reliable. In this article we propose a hybrid system of RF (Radio Frequency) and VLC (Visible Light Communication) for indoor communication that can provide communication along with illumination with least power consumption. The hybrid network is viable as it utilizes power with respect to the user demand and maintains the required Quality of ServiceQoS and Quality of Experience QoE for a particular application in use. This scheme aims for Green Communication and reduction in Electromagnetic EM Radiation. A comparative analysis for RF communication, Hybrid RF+ VLC and pure VLC is made and simulations are carried out using Python, Scilab and MathWorks tool. The proposal achieves high energy efficiency of about 37% low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) lower incident and absorbed power density complexity and temperature elevation in human body tissues exposed to the radiation. It also enhances the battery lifetime of the mobile device in use by increasing the lifetime approximately by 7 hours as validated from the obtained results. Thus the overall network reliability and safety factor is enhanced with the proposed approach.
{"title":"Green and Safe 6G Wireless Networks: A Hybrid Approach","authors":"Haneet Kour, R. Jha, Sanjeev Jain","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3396162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3396162","url":null,"abstract":"With the wireless internet access being increasingly popular with services such as HD video streaming and so on, the demand for high data consuming applications is also rising. This increment in demand is coupled with a proportional rise in the power consumption. It is required that the internet traffic is offloaded to technologies that serve the users and contribute in energy consumption. There is a need to decrease the carbon footprint in the atmosphere and also make the network safe and reliable. In this article we propose a hybrid system of RF (Radio Frequency) and VLC (Visible Light Communication) for indoor communication that can provide communication along with illumination with least power consumption. The hybrid network is viable as it utilizes power with respect to the user demand and maintains the required Quality of ServiceQoS and Quality of Experience QoE for a particular application in use. This scheme aims for Green Communication and reduction in Electromagnetic EM Radiation. A comparative analysis for RF communication, Hybrid RF+ VLC and pure VLC is made and simulations are carried out using Python, Scilab and MathWorks tool. The proposal achieves high energy efficiency of about 37% low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) lower incident and absorbed power density complexity and temperature elevation in human body tissues exposed to the radiation. It also enhances the battery lifetime of the mobile device in use by increasing the lifetime approximately by 7 hours as validated from the obtained results. Thus the overall network reliability and safety factor is enhanced with the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141836151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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