Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689
Engin Zeydan;Luis Blanco;Josep Mangues-Bafalluy;Suayb S. Arslan;Yekta Turk
Blockchain Network (BCN)-based Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) has recently surfaced as an identity and access management framework that allows users and organizations to control over their data. On the other hand, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs) propose a framework for facilitating the exchange of infrastructure-related data. This study presents the critical role of BCN-SSI in the O-RAN system architecture and promises an authentication process to provide insights into the robust security measures used to seamlessly establish the identification of users and entities within the O-RAN ecosystem in the post-quantum era. We show that the integration of BCN-SSI enhances security protocols and ensures the integrity of communication networks in the evolving technological landscape. As an illustrative use case, spectrum sharing, is also presented to demonstrate the practicality and the impact of the proposed framework. Furthermore, we address the potential threats posed by quantum attacks on BCN-based SSI systems by investigating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed BCN-based DIM and highlight its role in securing identity management processes within the O-RAN context. Finally, we address the use of efficient computational techniques in the context of PQC, which holds significant potential in terms of reducing energy consumption overall.
{"title":"Post-Quantum Blockchain-Based Decentralized Identity Management for Resource Sharing in Open Radio Access Networks","authors":"Engin Zeydan;Luis Blanco;Josep Mangues-Bafalluy;Suayb S. Arslan;Yekta Turk","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain Network (BCN)-based Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) has recently surfaced as an identity and access management framework that allows users and organizations to control over their data. On the other hand, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs) propose a framework for facilitating the exchange of infrastructure-related data. This study presents the critical role of BCN-SSI in the O-RAN system architecture and promises an authentication process to provide insights into the robust security measures used to seamlessly establish the identification of users and entities within the O-RAN ecosystem in the post-quantum era. We show that the integration of BCN-SSI enhances security protocols and ensures the integrity of communication networks in the evolving technological landscape. As an illustrative use case, spectrum sharing, is also presented to demonstrate the practicality and the impact of the proposed framework. Furthermore, we address the potential threats posed by quantum attacks on BCN-based SSI systems by investigating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed BCN-based DIM and highlight its role in securing identity management processes within the O-RAN context. Finally, we address the use of efficient computational techniques in the context of PQC, which holds significant potential in terms of reducing energy consumption overall.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"895-909"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945
Abdul Wadud;Fatemeh Golpayegani;Nima Afraz
The advent of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) has revolutionized the field of RAN by introducing elements of native support of intelligence and openness into the next generation of mobile network infrastructure. Open RAN paves the way for standardized interfaces and enables the integration of network applications from diverse vendors, thereby enhancing network management flexibility. However, control decision conflicts occur when components from different vendors are deployed together. This article provides an overview of various types of conflicts that may occur in Open RAN, with a particular focus on intra-component conflict mitigation among Extended Applications (xApps) in the Near Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT-RIC). A QoS-Aware Conflict Mitigation (QACM) method is proposed that finds the optimal configuration of conflicting parameters while maximizing the number of xApps that have their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements met. We compare the performance of the proposed QACM method with two benchmark methods for priority and non-priority cases. The results indicate that our proposed method is the most effective in maintaining QoS requirements for conflicting xApps.
开放式无线接入网（RAN）的出现为下一代移动网络基础设施引入了原生支持智能和开放的元素，从而彻底改变了 RAN 领域。开放式 RAN 为标准化接口铺平了道路，使来自不同供应商的网络应用得以集成，从而提高了网络管理的灵活性。然而，当来自不同供应商的组件部署在一起时，会出现控制决策冲突。本文概述了开放式 RAN 中可能发生的各类冲突，尤其关注近实时 RAN 智能控制器 (Near-RT-RIC) 中扩展应用 (xApp) 之间的组件内冲突缓解。我们提出的 QoS 感知冲突缓解 (QACM) 方法能找到冲突参数的最佳配置，同时最大限度地增加满足服务质量 (QoS) 要求的 xApp 数量。我们比较了所提出的 QACM 方法与两种基准方法在优先级和非优先级情况下的性能。结果表明，我们提出的方法在维持冲突 xApp 的 QoS 要求方面最为有效。
{"title":"QACM: QoS-Aware xApp Conflict Mitigation in Open RAN","authors":"Abdul Wadud;Fatemeh Golpayegani;Nima Afraz","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431945","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) has revolutionized the field of RAN by introducing elements of native support of intelligence and openness into the next generation of mobile network infrastructure. Open RAN paves the way for standardized interfaces and enables the integration of network applications from diverse vendors, thereby enhancing network management flexibility. However, control decision conflicts occur when components from different vendors are deployed together. This article provides an overview of various types of conflicts that may occur in Open RAN, with a particular focus on intra-component conflict mitigation among Extended Applications (xApps) in the Near Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT-RIC). A QoS-Aware Conflict Mitigation (QACM) method is proposed that finds the optimal configuration of conflicting parameters while maximizing the number of xApps that have their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements met. We compare the performance of the proposed QACM method with two benchmark methods for priority and non-priority cases. The results indicate that our proposed method is the most effective in maintaining QoS requirements for conflicting xApps.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"978-993"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10608140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio access network (RAN) enables large-scale collection of sensitive data. Privacy-preserving techniques aim to learn knowledge from sensitive data to improve services without compromising privacy. However, as the data scale increases, enforcing privacy-preserving techniques on sensitive data may consume a considerable amount of system resources and impose performance penalties. To reduce system resource consumption, we present NetDP, an in-network architecture for privacy-preserving techniques by leveraging programmable switches to improve resource efficiency (i.e., CPU cycles, network bandwidth, and privacy budgets). The key idea of NetDP is to accommodate and exploit cryptographic operators to reduce resource consumption rather than repetitively and exhaustively suppressing the impact of these techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that privacy-preserving techniques in a large-scale data processing system have been enforced on programmable switches. Our experiments based on Tofino switches indicate that NetDP significantly reduces computation latency (e.g., 40.2%-55.8% latency in computations) without impacting fidelity.
无线接入网络（RAN）可大规模收集敏感数据。隐私保护技术旨在从敏感数据中学习知识，从而在不损害隐私的情况下改进服务。然而，随着数据规模的扩大，对敏感数据执行隐私保护技术可能会消耗大量系统资源，并造成性能损失。为了减少系统资源消耗，我们提出了 NetDP，一种利用可编程交换机提高资源效率（即 CPU 周期、网络带宽和隐私预算）的网络内隐私保护技术架构。NetDP 的关键理念是适应和利用加密操作符来减少资源消耗，而不是重复地、详尽地抑制这些技术的影响。据我们所知，这是首次在可编程交换机上执行大规模数据处理系统中的隐私保护技术。我们基于 Tofino 交换机进行的实验表明，NetDP 在不影响保真度的情况下显著降低了计算延迟（例如，计算延迟为 40.2%-55.8% ）。
{"title":"NetDP: In-Network Differential Privacy for Large-Scale Data Processing","authors":"Zhengyan Zhou;Hanze Chen;Lingfei Chen;Dong Zhang;Chunming Wu;Xuan Liu;Muhammad Khurram Khan","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432781","url":null,"abstract":"Radio access network (RAN) enables large-scale collection of sensitive data. Privacy-preserving techniques aim to learn knowledge from sensitive data to improve services without compromising privacy. However, as the data scale increases, enforcing privacy-preserving techniques on sensitive data may consume a considerable amount of system resources and impose performance penalties. To reduce system resource consumption, we present NetDP, an in-network architecture for privacy-preserving techniques by leveraging programmable switches to improve resource efficiency (i.e., CPU cycles, network bandwidth, and privacy budgets). The key idea of NetDP is to accommodate and exploit cryptographic operators to reduce resource consumption rather than repetitively and exhaustively suppressing the impact of these techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that privacy-preserving techniques in a large-scale data processing system have been enforced on programmable switches. Our experiments based on Tofino switches indicate that NetDP significantly reduces computation latency (e.g., 40.2%-55.8% latency in computations) without impacting fidelity.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"1076-1089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3431989
Anselme Ndikumana;Kim Khoa Nguyen;Mohamed Cheriet
Due to the high costs of optical fiber deployment in Low-Density and Rural Areas (LDRAs), 5G Fixed Wireless Access (5G FWA) recently emerged as an affordable solution. A widely adopted deployment scenario of 5G FWA includes edge cloud that supports computing services and Radio Access Network (RAN) functions. Such edge cloud requires network and energy resources for 5G FWA. This paper proposes renewable energy powered and Open RAN-based architecture for 5G FWA serving LDRAs using three-level closed-loops. Open RAN is a new 5G RAN architecture allowing Open Central Unit and Open Distributed Unit to be distributed in virtualized environment. The first closed-loop distributes radio resources to Open RAN instances and slices at the edge cloud. The second closed-loop allocates radio resources to houses. We design a new energy model that leverages renewable energy. We jointly optimize radio and energy resource allocation in closed-loop 3. We formulate ultra-small and small-time scale optimization problems that link closed-loops to maximize communication utility while minimizing energy costs. We propose reinforcement learning and successive convex approximation to solve the formulated problems. Then, we use solution data and continual learning to improve resource allocation on a large time scale. Our proposal satisfies 97.14% slice delay budget.
由于在低密度和农村地区（LDRA）部署光纤成本高昂，5G 固定无线接入（5G FWA）最近成为一种经济实惠的解决方案。广泛采用的 5G FWA 部署方案包括支持计算服务和无线接入网（RAN）功能的边缘云。这种边缘云需要 5G FWA 的网络和能源资源。本文提出了以可再生能源为动力、基于开放 RAN 的架构，利用三级闭环为服务于 LDRA 的 5G FWA 提供支持。开放式 RAN 是一种全新的 5G RAN 架构，允许在虚拟化环境中分布开放式中央单元和开放式分布单元。第一个闭环将无线电资源分配给边缘云的 Open RAN 实例和片。第二个闭环将无线电资源分配给房屋。我们设计了一种利用可再生能源的新型能源模式。我们在闭环 3 中联合优化无线电和能源资源分配。我们制定了超小型和小时间规模的优化问题，将闭环连接起来，使通信效用最大化，同时使能源成本最小化。我们提出了强化学习和连续凸近似来解决所提出的问题。然后，我们利用求解数据和持续学习来改善大时间尺度上的资源分配。我们的建议能满足 97.14% 的切片延迟预算。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432656
Heng Chang;Xueyu Kang;Hongjiang Lei;Theodoros A. Tsiftsis;Gaofeng Pan;Hongwu Liu
In this paper, a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) is deployed to aid covert communications in a multiple-input single-output (MISO) rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) system. To maximize the covert communication rate, which is characterized by the shared common rate and private rate of the covert user, the transmit beamforming, reflection/refraction beamforming, and common rate allocation need to be jointly optimized. By decoupling the original covert communication rate maximization problem into three sub-problems, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is designed to obtain the optimized solution to achieve the maximum covert communication rate. For the sub-problem of optimizing the common rate allocation, a closed-form expression is derived for the optimal common rate allocation. For the multiple-ratio fractional programming sub-problems of optimizing the transmit beamforming and reflection/refraction beamforming, Lagrangian dual formulation and quadratic transformation are utilized to reconstruct the objective function in the form difference of convex functions. Then, a penalized successive convex approximation is utilized to tackle the rank-one constrained beamforming optimization. Simulation results clarify the effectiveness of the proposed AO algorithm to achieve the maximum covert communication rate. Compared to the benchmark scheme in which the common rate allocation is missing, it is verified by simulation results that the STAR-RIS-aided MISO-RSMA scheme effectively increases the covert communication rate.
本文部署了一个同时发射和反射的可重构智能表面（STAR-RIS），以帮助多输入单输出（MISO）速率分割多路存取（RSMA）系统中的隐蔽通信。为了最大限度地提高隐蔽通信速率（由隐蔽用户的共享共用速率和专用速率决定），需要对发射波束成形、反射/折射波束成形和共用速率分配进行联合优化。通过将原始隐蔽通信速率最大化问题解耦为三个子问题，设计了一种交替优化（AO）算法，以获得优化解，从而实现最大隐蔽通信速率。对于优化公共速率分配的子问题，得出了最优公共速率分配的闭式表达式。对于优化发射波束成形和反射/折射波束成形的多比率分式编程子问题，利用拉格朗日对偶公式和二次变换将目标函数重构为凸函数差分形式。然后，利用受惩罚的连续凸近似来解决秩一约束波束成形优化问题。仿真结果证明了所提出的 AO 算法在实现最大隐蔽通信速率方面的有效性。与缺少共同速率分配的基准方案相比，仿真结果验证了 STAR-RIS 辅助 MISO-RSMA 方案有效地提高了隐蔽通信速率。
{"title":"STAR-RIS-Aided Covert Communications in MISO-RSMA Systems","authors":"Heng Chang;Xueyu Kang;Hongjiang Lei;Theodoros A. Tsiftsis;Gaofeng Pan;Hongwu Liu","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432656","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) is deployed to aid covert communications in a multiple-input single-output (MISO) rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) system. To maximize the covert communication rate, which is characterized by the shared common rate and private rate of the covert user, the transmit beamforming, reflection/refraction beamforming, and common rate allocation need to be jointly optimized. By decoupling the original covert communication rate maximization problem into three sub-problems, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is designed to obtain the optimized solution to achieve the maximum covert communication rate. For the sub-problem of optimizing the common rate allocation, a closed-form expression is derived for the optimal common rate allocation. For the multiple-ratio fractional programming sub-problems of optimizing the transmit beamforming and reflection/refraction beamforming, Lagrangian dual formulation and quadratic transformation are utilized to reconstruct the objective function in the form difference of convex functions. Then, a penalized successive convex approximation is utilized to tackle the rank-one constrained beamforming optimization. Simulation results clarify the effectiveness of the proposed AO algorithm to achieve the maximum covert communication rate. Compared to the benchmark scheme in which the common rate allocation is missing, it is verified by simulation results that the STAR-RIS-aided MISO-RSMA scheme effectively increases the covert communication rate.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 4","pages":"1318-1331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multipath transmission technology has recently emerged as a crucial solution to address bandwidth resource constraints and uneven load distribution across access points caused by the surge in data-intensive applications. A well-designed multipath scheduler can improve the quality of service and balance the power consumption in evolving Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs). However, wireless channel instability and RAN heterogeneity challenge the scheduler’s bandwidth aggregation capability. This paper introduces a Neural Aggregation Bandwidth Optimization (NABO) scheduler for O-RAN, combining bandwidth prediction with scheduling policy optimization. NABO employs an innovative approach by first constructing a Transformer-optimized Throughput (ToT) prediction model based on historical path characteristics. To train the model, we design a system to simulate various network conditions and collect datasets. This model is then integrated into a dual-network collaborative learning framework that combines ToT predictions with heterogeneity levels to guide the scheduler’s optimization process. The ToT model achieves a throughput prediction error of less than 2%. In numerous heterogeneous simulation scenarios and real-world wireless environments, NABO significantly outperforms state-of-the-art multipath transmission methods, with bandwidth aggregation improvements of approximately 51% and 30% over existing benchmarks, respectively. These findings demonstrate NABO’s superior efficacy and potential in enhancing the performance and energy efficiency of O-RANs.
近来，多路径传输技术已成为解决带宽资源紧张和数据密集型应用激增造成的接入点负载分布不均问题的重要解决方案。精心设计的多路径调度器可以在不断发展的开放式无线接入网（O-RAN）中提高服务质量并平衡功耗。然而，无线信道的不稳定性和 RAN 的异构性对调度器的带宽聚合能力提出了挑战。本文介绍了用于 O-RAN 的神经聚合带宽优化（NABO）调度器，它将带宽预测与调度策略优化相结合。NABO 采用了一种创新方法，首先根据历史路径特征构建一个变压器优化吞吐量（ToT）预测模型。为了训练该模型，我们设计了一个系统来模拟各种网络条件并收集数据集。然后将该模型集成到双网络协同学习框架中，该框架将 ToT 预测与异构水平相结合，以指导调度器的优化过程。ToT 模型的吞吐量预测误差小于 2%。在众多异构模拟场景和真实无线环境中，NABO 的性能明显优于最先进的多径传输方法，带宽聚合分别比现有基准提高了约 51% 和 30%。这些发现证明了NABO在提高O-RAN性能和能效方面的卓越功效和潜力。
{"title":"An AI-Enhanced Multipath TCP Scheduler for Open Radio Access Networks","authors":"Wenxuan Qiao;Yuyang Zhang;Ping Dong;Xiaojiang Du;Hongke Zhang;Mohsen Guizani","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3424202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3424202","url":null,"abstract":"Multipath transmission technology has recently emerged as a crucial solution to address bandwidth resource constraints and uneven load distribution across access points caused by the surge in data-intensive applications. A well-designed multipath scheduler can improve the quality of service and balance the power consumption in evolving Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs). However, wireless channel instability and RAN heterogeneity challenge the scheduler’s bandwidth aggregation capability. This paper introduces a Neural Aggregation Bandwidth Optimization (NABO) scheduler for O-RAN, combining bandwidth prediction with scheduling policy optimization. NABO employs an innovative approach by first constructing a Transformer-optimized Throughput (ToT) prediction model based on historical path characteristics. To train the model, we design a system to simulate various network conditions and collect datasets. This model is then integrated into a dual-network collaborative learning framework that combines ToT predictions with heterogeneity levels to guide the scheduler’s optimization process. The ToT model achieves a throughput prediction error of less than 2%. In numerous heterogeneous simulation scenarios and real-world wireless environments, NABO significantly outperforms state-of-the-art multipath transmission methods, with bandwidth aggregation improvements of approximately 51% and 30% over existing benchmarks, respectively. These findings demonstrate NABO’s superior efficacy and potential in enhancing the performance and energy efficiency of O-RANs.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"910-923"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) has brought a significant transformation in the field of communication networks. Its openness propels communication networks towards a more open, flexible, and efficient direction. Meanwhile, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication, as a key technology in the sixth generation mobile communication network, offers more flexible and efficient solutions to address diverse environments and requirements. On this basis, we investigate the O-RAN-enabled UAV-assisted network architecture, in which the UAV assists the terrestrial network to enhance the wireless coverage performance. To further explore the advantages of the proposed architecture, we propose a joint problem involving radio unit association, aerial radio unit deployment, and resource allocation, with the objective of maximizing network energy efficiency. To tackle this problem, we design a double-loop-based algorithm. Specifically, we employ the Dinkelbach method in the outer loop to handle the fractional form of the objective function and devise an iterative algorithm based on Block Coordinate Descent architecture in the inner loop to optimize the decoupled sub-problems. Comprehensive simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposal.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Deployment and Resource Allocation for O-RAN-Enabled UAV-Assisted Communication","authors":"Huan Li;Xiao Tang;Daosen Zhai;Ruonan Zhang;Bin Li;Haotong Cao;Neeraj Kumar;Ahmad Almogren","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3422393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3422393","url":null,"abstract":"Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) has brought a significant transformation in the field of communication networks. Its openness propels communication networks towards a more open, flexible, and efficient direction. Meanwhile, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication, as a key technology in the sixth generation mobile communication network, offers more flexible and efficient solutions to address diverse environments and requirements. On this basis, we investigate the O-RAN-enabled UAV-assisted network architecture, in which the UAV assists the terrestrial network to enhance the wireless coverage performance. To further explore the advantages of the proposed architecture, we propose a joint problem involving radio unit association, aerial radio unit deployment, and resource allocation, with the objective of maximizing network energy efficiency. To tackle this problem, we design a double-loop-based algorithm. Specifically, we employ the Dinkelbach method in the outer loop to handle the fractional form of the objective function and devise an iterative algorithm based on Block Coordinate Descent architecture in the inner loop to optimize the decoupled sub-problems. Comprehensive simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposal.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"1128-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3418948
Anderson Augusto Simiscuka;Mohammed Amine Togou;Mikel Zorrilla;Gabriel-Miro Muntean
There is increasing viewer interest and technological support for streaming immersive clips over the Internet. There are, however, challenges in supporting high quality of viewer experience, mostly due to the large amounts of the data associated with immersive video and spatial audio (Ambisonics). In situations where there are limited network resources, the streamed 360° content needs to be adjusted dynamically to meet the network constraints. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) adaptation is a key technology for delivering high-quality video over open radio access networks (RANs). DASH allows for efficient adaptation of video streams to the available network conditions. This paper introduces 360-ADAPT, a DASH-based adaptation solution on an Open-RAN architecture for increased quality remote 360° opera experiences. Unlike existing schemes, 360-ADAPT gives precedence to audio over the video when selecting bitrates, increasing the overall quality of the artistic act and improving use of resources and energy. The proposed 360-ADAPT was tested with real opera viewers in the context of an artistic-oriented platform for opera delivery, part of the Horizon2020 TRACTION project. Results indicate that 360-ADAPT achieves higher perceived quality levels than alternative solutions both in QoS and QoE metrics.
{"title":"360-ADAPT: An Open-RAN-Based Adaptive Scheme for Quality Enhancement of Opera 360° Content Distribution","authors":"Anderson Augusto Simiscuka;Mohammed Amine Togou;Mikel Zorrilla;Gabriel-Miro Muntean","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3418948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3418948","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing viewer interest and technological support for streaming immersive clips over the Internet. There are, however, challenges in supporting high quality of viewer experience, mostly due to the large amounts of the data associated with immersive video and spatial audio (Ambisonics). In situations where there are limited network resources, the streamed 360° content needs to be adjusted dynamically to meet the network constraints. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) adaptation is a key technology for delivering high-quality video over open radio access networks (RANs). DASH allows for efficient adaptation of video streams to the available network conditions. This paper introduces 360-ADAPT, a DASH-based adaptation solution on an Open-RAN architecture for increased quality remote 360° opera experiences. Unlike existing schemes, 360-ADAPT gives precedence to audio over the video when selecting bitrates, increasing the overall quality of the artistic act and improving use of resources and energy. The proposed 360-ADAPT was tested with real opera viewers in the context of an artistic-oriented platform for opera delivery, part of the Horizon2020 TRACTION project. Results indicate that 360-ADAPT achieves higher perceived quality levels than alternative solutions both in QoS and QoE metrics.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"924-938"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10571391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low-carbon and efficient operation of smart parks requires high-precision and real-time energy management model training. Multi-mode power Internet of Things (PIoT) consisting of open radio access networks (O-RAN) and power line communications (PLC) can effectively improve the model training performance. However, the negative effects of network threats, such as model inversion attacks, cannot be neglected. To solve this problem, we propose a diFferential pRivacy-aware gEnErative aDversarial netwOrk-assisted resource scheduling algorithM (FREEDOM). Firstly, we integrate a differential privacy mechanism with the energy management model training process and the related system model. Then, a joint resource scheduling optimization problem is constructed, the goal of which is to minimize the weighted sum of the global loss function, total energy consumption, and differential privacy cost under the long-term differential privacy constraint. The original problem is converted based on virtual queue theory and addressed by the FREEDOM. FREEDOM leverages a deep Q-learning network (DQN) to learn the resource scheduling strategy via differential privacy awareness. It improves optimization and convergence performances with the assistance of generative adversarial network (GAN). Simulation results show that FREEDOM can achieve excellent performances of global loss function, total energy consumption, differential privacy cost, and privacy preservation.
{"title":"Differential Privacy-Aware Generative Adversarial Network-Assisted Resource Scheduling for Green Multi-Mode Power IoT","authors":"Sunxuan Zhang;Jiapeng Xue;Jiayi Liu;Zhenyu Zhou;Xiaomei Chen;Shahid Mumtaz","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3417379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3417379","url":null,"abstract":"The low-carbon and efficient operation of smart parks requires high-precision and real-time energy management model training. Multi-mode power Internet of Things (PIoT) consisting of open radio access networks (O-RAN) and power line communications (PLC) can effectively improve the model training performance. However, the negative effects of network threats, such as model inversion attacks, cannot be neglected. To solve this problem, we propose a diFferential pRivacy-aware gEnErative aDversarial netwOrk-assisted resource scheduling algorithM (FREEDOM). Firstly, we integrate a differential privacy mechanism with the energy management model training process and the related system model. Then, a joint resource scheduling optimization problem is constructed, the goal of which is to minimize the weighted sum of the global loss function, total energy consumption, and differential privacy cost under the long-term differential privacy constraint. The original problem is converted based on virtual queue theory and addressed by the FREEDOM. FREEDOM leverages a deep Q-learning network (DQN) to learn the resource scheduling strategy via differential privacy awareness. It improves optimization and convergence performances with the assistance of generative adversarial network (GAN). Simulation results show that FREEDOM can achieve excellent performances of global loss function, total energy consumption, differential privacy cost, and privacy preservation.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"956-967"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3417298
Suleman Khan;Gurjot Singh Gaba;Andrei Gurtov;Leonardus J. A. Jansen;Nils Mäurer;Corinna Schmitt
The L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) is a key advancement for next-generation aviation networks, enhancing Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) capabilities. It operates with VHF Datalink mode 2 (VDLm2) and features a seamless handover mechanism to maintain uninterrupted communication between aircraft and ground stations (GSs), improving safety and efficiency in air traffic management (ATM). However, LDACS’ handover process encounters significant security risks due to inadequate authentication and key agreement between aircraft and ground station controllers (GSCs) during handovers. This vulnerability threatens communications’ confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, posing risks to flight safety and sensitive data. Therefore, developing and implementing a robust security framework to protect aviation communications is essential. In response, we have proposed a security solution specifically designed to protect LDACS handovers. Our solution uses a mutual authentication and key agreement mechanism tailored for LDACS handovers, ensuring robust security for all types of handovers, including Intra GSC - Intra Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN), Inter GSC - Intra ATN, and Inter GSC - Inter ATN. Our approach utilizes post-quantum cryptography to protect aviation communication systems against potential post-quantum threats, such as unauthorized access to flight data, interception of communication, and spoofing of aircraft identity. Furthermore, our proposed solution has undergone a thorough informal security analysis to ensure its effectiveness in addressing handover challenges and offering robust protection against various threats. It seamlessly integrates with the LDACS framework, delivering low Bit Error Rate (BER) and latency levels, making it a highly reliable approach in practice.
{"title":"Post-Quantum Secure Handover Mechanism for Next-Generation Aviation Communication Networks","authors":"Suleman Khan;Gurjot Singh Gaba;Andrei Gurtov;Leonardus J. A. Jansen;Nils Mäurer;Corinna Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/TGCN.2024.3417298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3417298","url":null,"abstract":"The L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) is a key advancement for next-generation aviation networks, enhancing Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) capabilities. It operates with VHF Datalink mode 2 (VDLm2) and features a seamless handover mechanism to maintain uninterrupted communication between aircraft and ground stations (GSs), improving safety and efficiency in air traffic management (ATM). However, LDACS’ handover process encounters significant security risks due to inadequate authentication and key agreement between aircraft and ground station controllers (GSCs) during handovers. This vulnerability threatens communications’ confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, posing risks to flight safety and sensitive data. Therefore, developing and implementing a robust security framework to protect aviation communications is essential. In response, we have proposed a security solution specifically designed to protect LDACS handovers. Our solution uses a mutual authentication and key agreement mechanism tailored for LDACS handovers, ensuring robust security for all types of handovers, including Intra GSC - Intra Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN), Inter GSC - Intra ATN, and Inter GSC - Inter ATN. Our approach utilizes post-quantum cryptography to protect aviation communication systems against potential post-quantum threats, such as unauthorized access to flight data, interception of communication, and spoofing of aircraft identity. Furthermore, our proposed solution has undergone a thorough informal security analysis to ensure its effectiveness in addressing handover challenges and offering robust protection against various threats. It seamlessly integrates with the LDACS framework, delivering low Bit Error Rate (BER) and latency levels, making it a highly reliable approach in practice.","PeriodicalId":13052,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","volume":"8 3","pages":"939-955"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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