B. Pandav, Lakshminarayanan Natarajan, Ankit Kumar, A. Desai, Banteibor Lyngkhoi
Loss to cultivated crops by wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is widespread and can jeopardize low-income farmers. In India, although there is lot of political interest in the problem, efforts to understand the patterns, correlates, and underlying reasons for wild pig conflict continue to be minimal. We quantified loss of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to wild pigs and assessed the spatial patterns of damage in a forest settlement of Van Gujjar (Haridwar, India), which is a dairy-based pastoralist community. We chose a 4-km2 cultivated area comprising 400 farmlands (each measuring 0.8 ha and belonging to a family) and assessed crop damage by wild pigs through field surveys during the harvest season. We interviewed 159 respondents who manage 219 of the total 400 farmlands in the study area to compare actual crop loss with perceived losses. Wild pigs damaged 2.29 tonnes (2,290 kg) of wheat, which was about 2.6% of the potential yield in the study area. A total of 39 farmlands (9.5%), managed by 28 respondents, suffered losses during the survey period at an average loss of about 58.8 kg (SD ± 89.5, range = 0.7–388 kg). During interviews, 81 respondents managing 155 farmlands (70.7%) reported having suffered wild pig-related crop loss during the survey period. They also perceived losing about 23.4% of the potential yield of wheat due to wild pigs. The perceived losses were much higher than actual losses. Actual losses measured through field surveys underscore the dichotomy between actual and perceived crop loss due to wild pigs. About 81% of recorded wild pig-related damage to wheat occurred within 200 m from the forest edge. The crop protection measures aimed at stopping wild pigs from entering the fields were mostly reactive. Although overall crop losses due to wild pigs seem low at the settlement level, for affected individual families, the losses were financially significant. Such recurrent crop losses can cause families to go into debt, trigger animosity toward conservation, and lead to retaliation measures, which may be indiscriminate and have the potential to affect other endangered mammals in conservation priority landscapes. Because crop losses by wild pigs are severe along the narrow band of fields along the edge of the forest, channeling monetary benefits through insurance-based compensation schemes can help assuage losses to farmers. Further, because crop damage by wild pigs is seasonal, experimenting with mobile fences that can be dismantled and packed away after use would be beneficial.
野猪(Sus scrofa)对栽培作物造成的损失很普遍，可能危及低收入农民。在印度，尽管对这个问题有很多的政治兴趣，但了解野猪冲突的模式、相关性和潜在原因的努力仍然很少。我们量化了野猪对小麦(Triticum aestivum)的损失，并评估了Van Gujjar (Haridwar，印度)一个以乳制品为基础的游牧社区的森林聚落的损害空间格局。我们选择了一个4平方公里的耕地，包括400个农田(每个农田面积为0.8公顷，属于一个家庭)，并在收获季节通过实地调查评估了野猪对作物的损害。我们采访了159名受访者，他们管理着研究地区400个农田中的219个，以比较实际作物损失和感知损失。野猪破坏了2.29吨(2290公斤)小麦，约占研究地区潜在产量的2.6%。调查期间，共有39个农田(9.5%)遭受损失，由28个应答者管理，平均损失约58.8 kg (SD±89.5，范围= 0.7-388 kg)。在访谈中，管理155个农田的81个应答者(70.7%)报告在调查期间遭受了与野猪有关的作物损失。他们还认为，由于野猪的存在，小麦潜在产量损失了23.4%。感知损失远高于实际损失。通过实地调查测量的实际损失强调了野猪造成的实际和感知作物损失之间的对立。有记录的与野猪有关的小麦损害中，约81%发生在距森林边缘200米范围内。旨在阻止野猪进入农田的作物保护措施大多是被动的。虽然野猪造成的总体作物损失在定居水平上似乎很低，但对受影响的个别家庭来说，损失在经济上是巨大的。这种经常性的作物损失可能导致家庭负债，引发对保护的敌意，并导致报复措施，这些措施可能是不分青红皂白的，并有可能影响到优先保护景观中的其他濒危哺乳动物。由于野猪对森林边缘狭窄地带的作物造成严重损失，因此通过基于保险的补偿计划来引导货币利益可以帮助减轻农民的损失。此外，由于野猪对农作物的破坏是季节性的，试验使用后可以拆除和打包的移动围栏将是有益的。
{"title":"Household Perceptions and Patterns of Crop Loss by Wild Pigs in North India","authors":"B. Pandav, Lakshminarayanan Natarajan, Ankit Kumar, A. Desai, Banteibor Lyngkhoi","doi":"10.26077/6944-07B4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/6944-07B4","url":null,"abstract":"Loss to cultivated crops by wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is widespread and can jeopardize low-income farmers. In India, although there is lot of political interest in the problem, efforts to understand the patterns, correlates, and underlying reasons for wild pig conflict continue to be minimal. We quantified loss of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to wild pigs and assessed the spatial patterns of damage in a forest settlement of Van Gujjar (Haridwar, India), which is a dairy-based pastoralist community. We chose a 4-km2 cultivated area comprising 400 farmlands (each measuring 0.8 ha and belonging to a family) and assessed crop damage by wild pigs through field surveys during the harvest season. We interviewed 159 respondents who manage 219 of the total 400 farmlands in the study area to compare actual crop loss with perceived losses. Wild pigs damaged 2.29 tonnes (2,290 kg) of wheat, which was about 2.6% of the potential yield in the study area. A total of 39 farmlands (9.5%), managed by 28 respondents, suffered losses during the survey period at an average loss of about 58.8 kg (SD ± 89.5, range = 0.7–388 kg). During interviews, 81 respondents managing 155 farmlands (70.7%) reported having suffered wild pig-related crop loss during the survey period. They also perceived losing about 23.4% of the potential yield of wheat due to wild pigs. The perceived losses were much higher than actual losses. Actual losses measured through field surveys underscore the dichotomy between actual and perceived crop loss due to wild pigs. About 81% of recorded wild pig-related damage to wheat occurred within 200 m from the forest edge. The crop protection measures aimed at stopping wild pigs from entering the fields were mostly reactive. Although overall crop losses due to wild pigs seem low at the settlement level, for affected individual families, the losses were financially significant. Such recurrent crop losses can cause families to go into debt, trigger animosity toward conservation, and lead to retaliation measures, which may be indiscriminate and have the potential to affect other endangered mammals in conservation priority landscapes. Because crop losses by wild pigs are severe along the narrow band of fields along the edge of the forest, channeling monetary benefits through insurance-based compensation schemes can help assuage losses to farmers. Further, because crop damage by wild pigs is seasonal, experimenting with mobile fences that can be dismantled and packed away after use would be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"22 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90907916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren M. Jaebker, Hailey E. McLean, S. Shwiff, Keith M. Carlisle, Tara L. Teel, A. Bright, A. Anderson
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native, invasive species that cause considerable damage and transmit a variety of diseases to livestock, people, and wildlife. We explored Twitter, the most popular social media micro-blogging platform, to demonstrate how social media data can be leveraged to investigate social identity and sentiment toward wild pigs. In doing so, we employed a sophisticated machine learning approach to investigate: (1) the overall sentiment associated with the dataset, (2) online identities via user profile descriptions, and (3) the extent to which sentiment varied by online identity. Results indicated that the largest groups of online identity represented in our dataset were females and people whose occupation was in journalism and media communication. While the majority of our data indicated a negative sentiment toward wild pigs and other related search terms, users who identified with agriculture-related occupations had more favorable sentiment. Overall, this article is an important starting point for further investigation of the use of social media data and social identity in the context of wild pigs and other invasive species.
{"title":"Machine Learning as a Tool for Wildlife Management and Research: The Case of Wild Pig-Related Content on Twitter","authors":"Lauren M. Jaebker, Hailey E. McLean, S. Shwiff, Keith M. Carlisle, Tara L. Teel, A. Bright, A. Anderson","doi":"10.26077/1EF3-1675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/1EF3-1675","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native, invasive species that cause considerable damage and transmit a variety of diseases to livestock, people, and wildlife. We explored Twitter, the most popular social media micro-blogging platform, to demonstrate how social media data can be leveraged to investigate social identity and sentiment toward wild pigs. In doing so, we employed a sophisticated machine learning approach to investigate: (1) the overall sentiment associated with the dataset, (2) online identities via user profile descriptions, and (3) the extent to which sentiment varied by online identity. Results indicated that the largest groups of online identity represented in our dataset were females and people whose occupation was in journalism and media communication. While the majority of our data indicated a negative sentiment toward wild pigs and other related search terms, users who identified with agriculture-related occupations had more favorable sentiment. Overall, this article is an important starting point for further investigation of the use of social media data and social identity in the context of wild pigs and other invasive species.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"23 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90995007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janel M. Scharhag, Cady Sartini, S. Crimmins, S. Hygnstrom, Jeffrey B. Stetz
Attacks on humans by bears (Ursus spp.) have increased in recent decades, as both human and bear populations have increased. To help mitigate the risk of future attacks, it is important to understand the circumstances in past attacks. Information and analyses exist regarding fatal attacks by both American black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (U. arctos) as well as non-fatal attacks by brown bears. No similarly thorough analyses on non-fatal attacks by black bears are available. Our study addressed this information gap by analyzing all (n = 210) agency-confirmed, non-fatal attacks by black bears in the 48 conterminous United States during 2000 to 2017. Most attacks were defensive (52%), while 15% were predatory and 33% were food-motivated. Of defensive attacks, 85% were by female bears, and 91% of those females had young. Of predatory attacks, 95% were by male bears, and of food-motivated attacks, 80% were by male bears. Forty percent of defensive attacks by female bears involved dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Sixty-four percent had an attractant present during the attack and 74% indicated there were reports of property damage by bears or of bears getting a food-reward in the area prior to the attack. A classification and regression tree model show the highest proportion of severe attacks were among a female victim who was with a dog and who fought back during an attack. When compared with previous studies of fatal attacks by black bears, which are typically predatory attacks by male bears, our results illustrate clear differences between fatal and non-fatal attacks. Our study also lends evidence to the hypothesis that dogs can trigger defensive attacks by black bears. These results have implications for risk assessment, attack mitigation, and how we advise the public to respond to an attacking bear.
{"title":"Characteristics of Non-Fatal Attacks by Black Bears: Conterminous United States, 2000–2017","authors":"Janel M. Scharhag, Cady Sartini, S. Crimmins, S. Hygnstrom, Jeffrey B. Stetz","doi":"10.26077/F70C-9DBF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/F70C-9DBF","url":null,"abstract":"Attacks on humans by bears (Ursus spp.) have increased in recent decades, as both human and bear populations have increased. To help mitigate the risk of future attacks, it is important to understand the circumstances in past attacks. Information and analyses exist regarding fatal attacks by both American black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (U. arctos) as well as non-fatal attacks by brown bears. No similarly thorough analyses on non-fatal attacks by black bears are available. Our study addressed this information gap by analyzing all (n = 210) agency-confirmed, non-fatal attacks by black bears in the 48 conterminous United States during 2000 to 2017. Most attacks were defensive (52%), while 15% were predatory and 33% were food-motivated. Of defensive attacks, 85% were by female bears, and 91% of those females had young. Of predatory attacks, 95% were by male bears, and of food-motivated attacks, 80% were by male bears. Forty percent of defensive attacks by female bears involved dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Sixty-four percent had an attractant present during the attack and 74% indicated there were reports of property damage by bears or of bears getting a food-reward in the area prior to the attack. A classification and regression tree model show the highest proportion of severe attacks were among a female victim who was with a dog and who fought back during an attack. When compared with previous studies of fatal attacks by black bears, which are typically predatory attacks by male bears, our results illustrate clear differences between fatal and non-fatal attacks. Our study also lends evidence to the hypothesis that dogs can trigger defensive attacks by black bears. These results have implications for risk assessment, attack mitigation, and how we advise the public to respond to an attacking bear.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"65 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74602253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) plays a key ecological role in wetland systems, yet their activities can result in costly damage to human infrastructure. Although qualitative research on human perceptions of beavers is rare, studies on human– beaver conflict in the United States identified generally positive attitudes toward beavers and opposition to lethal management, yet in Alberta, Canada, 79% of municipalities that managed beavers reported using trapping and shooting to remove problem beavers. Given the important ecological contributions of beavers and their potential conflict with humans, qualitative research is needed to assess perspectives of stakeholders who directly experience beaver-related impacts. To address this need, from August to September 2014, we conducted semi-structured, in-person interviews with 9 residents who lived in rural areas of Beaver County, Alberta, Canada, where the potential for human–beaver conflict was high. This pilot study involved purposive sampling to select a sample of county residents who had direct interactions with beavers on or adjacent to their properties. We found that perceptions of beaver-related impacts varied across individuals, although many respondents emphasized negative impacts to agricultural production. There were also conflicts concerning local government management actions, including both support for and opposition to lethal control. This lack of consensus among the public poses a challenge to management agencies that lack time and resources to consult with all stakeholders on a multitude of issues related to human– wildlife interactions. However, our results suggest that consultation with landowners by the government is necessary to fully understand the negative impacts residents experience, the positive impacts they desire, and the socially acceptable means for managing them.
{"title":"Resident Perceptions of Human–Beaver Conflict in a Rural Landscape in Alberta, Canada","authors":"Nicholas T. Yarmey, G. Hood","doi":"10.26077/0C80-AB0A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/0C80-AB0A","url":null,"abstract":"The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) plays a key ecological role in wetland systems, yet their activities can result in costly damage to human infrastructure. Although qualitative research on human perceptions of beavers is rare, studies on human– beaver conflict in the United States identified generally positive attitudes toward beavers and opposition to lethal management, yet in Alberta, Canada, 79% of municipalities that managed beavers reported using trapping and shooting to remove problem beavers. Given the important ecological contributions of beavers and their potential conflict with humans, qualitative research is needed to assess perspectives of stakeholders who directly experience beaver-related impacts. To address this need, from August to September 2014, we conducted semi-structured, in-person interviews with 9 residents who lived in rural areas of Beaver County, Alberta, Canada, where the potential for human–beaver conflict was high. This pilot study involved purposive sampling to select a sample of county residents who had direct interactions with beavers on or adjacent to their properties. We found that perceptions of beaver-related impacts varied across individuals, although many respondents emphasized negative impacts to agricultural production. There were also conflicts concerning local government management actions, including both support for and opposition to lethal control. This lack of consensus among the public poses a challenge to management agencies that lack time and resources to consult with all stakeholders on a multitude of issues related to human– wildlife interactions. However, our results suggest that consultation with landowners by the government is necessary to fully understand the negative impacts residents experience, the positive impacts they desire, and the socially acceptable means for managing them.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88891432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that pose ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in their invaded range. Wildlife managers must manage wild pig abundance and range expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals must consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the impact of hunter motivations on wild pig harvest quantity. Motivations driving wild pig hunting are diverse. While the majority of wild pig hunters in Texas are motivated by trophy value, meat-motivated hunters harvest more wild pigs per day afield. Wildlife managers should develop plans that include various management techniques to control wild pig population growth and damage. Education and outreach will continue to be important for involving private landowners in effective wild pig management.
{"title":"Hunter Motivations and Use of Wild Pigs in Texas, USA","authors":"Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček","doi":"10.26077/A31F-AF48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/A31F-AF48","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that pose ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in their invaded range. Wildlife managers must manage wild pig abundance and range expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals must consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the impact of hunter motivations on wild pig harvest quantity. Motivations driving wild pig hunting are diverse. While the majority of wild pig hunters in Texas are motivated by trophy value, meat-motivated hunters harvest more wild pigs per day afield. Wildlife managers should develop plans that include various management techniques to control wild pig population growth and damage. Education and outreach will continue to be important for involving private landowners in effective wild pig management.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"103 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82503596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that poses ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in invaded areas. Wildlife managers often manage wild pig abundance and expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals should consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect a hunter’s likelihood to participate in wild pig hunting. Multiple factors affect participation in wild pig hunting activities. We found that participation in other types of big game hunting increased the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting and that wild pig hunting does not deter individuals from participating in other types of hunting activities. Additionally, hunters’ attitudes toward wild pigs are important in determining the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting. Finally, our results suggest that hunters are largely uninformed about wild pigs and do not hold the same perceptions, values, or tolerance levels of the species. The diversity of preferences among wild pig hunters necessitates that wildlife managers consider the desires of the public as well as natural resource needs in creating socially acceptable management plans for the species.
{"title":"A Profile of Wild Pig Hunters in Texas, USA","authors":"Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček","doi":"10.26077/D51B-9E40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/D51B-9E40","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that poses ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in invaded areas. Wildlife managers often manage wild pig abundance and expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals should consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect a hunter’s likelihood to participate in wild pig hunting. Multiple factors affect participation in wild pig hunting activities. We found that participation in other types of big game hunting increased the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting and that wild pig hunting does not deter individuals from participating in other types of hunting activities. Additionally, hunters’ attitudes toward wild pigs are important in determining the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting. Finally, our results suggest that hunters are largely uninformed about wild pigs and do not hold the same perceptions, values, or tolerance levels of the species. The diversity of preferences among wild pig hunters necessitates that wildlife managers consider the desires of the public as well as natural resource needs in creating socially acceptable management plans for the species.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"34 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81630124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It was late one night on the island of Kauai, and I was fresh with the freedom of a driver’s license. Leaving an event with a friend as my passenger, I drove at the speed of island life on a street we had traveled a thousand times. On a downhill slope, dimly lit, at a sharp curve quite dangerous even by day, the headlights shone on 2 huge masses in the road. I slammed on the brakes of my family’s Ford Escort. At a dead stop, shaken up, and grateful to not be rear-ended, we sat and waited—2 teenage girls at a near-collision with 2 enormous wild pigs (Sus scrofa) blocking the dark road. What a way to miss curfew. Although such encounters are rare in the daily lives of most locals, wild pigs are among the most abundant invasive large vertebrate species in the Hawaiian Islands, causing damage to native vegetation and island ecosystems (Hess et al. 2020). Yet, the origin story of this species in the islands has only recently been unfolding. Studies linked genetic markers of Hawaiian wild pigs to smaller pig species of Polynesian ancestry, indicating that Polynesian voyagers rather than Captain James Cook introduced pigs to the Hawaiian Islands several centuries earlier than originally thought (Linderholm et al. 2016). Over time, the Polynesian pig, called puaʻa, “repeatedly interbred with multiple varieties of domestic swine, Asiatic wild boar, and European wild boar introduced by explorers and colonists beginning in the 1770s” (Hess et al. 2020, 405). The pigs grew larger in another way, too—with each retelling of my story from that dark and dangerous night. Today, the history of the wild pig in Hawaii intertwines with its cultural significance, which can both inform and complicate wildlife management practices. Lohr et al. (2014) examined perceptions of wild pigs and other game species among Hawaii residents from 6 islands. Although pig hunting is common and pig consumption is part of Hawaiian tradition, respondents in non-hunter groups across all islands generally wanted pig abundance to decrease. Respondents also assigned varying levels of cultural value to pigs and other species in the study. This variability indicates a need for localized management approaches (Lohr et al. 2014). Additional human dimensions research focused on discrete island communities can further facilitate balanced management plans. The specificity of wildlife management in Hawaii, and further, on Kauai, led me to wonder: how can wildlife professionals achieve a greater balance of effective management and localized values and opinions going forward? To what extent are academic curriculums or professional development trainings adapting to address sociocultural factors in the wildlife profession? How can multiple voices, each with something at stake, cohere toward end goals of species management and positive human–wildlife interactions and perceptions that hold equal weight with a culturally conscious process of getting there? I approach these questions from outside the field
那是考艾岛的一个深夜，我对驾驶执照的自由感到新鲜。我和一个朋友一起参加了一个活动，我以岛上生活的速度在一条我们已经走过一千次的街道上开车。在一个光线昏暗的下坡上，在一个即使在白天也很危险的急转弯处，车头灯照在路上的两个庞然大物上。我猛踩我家的福特Escort型轿车的刹车。在一个死胡同里，我们摇摇晃晃，谢天谢地没有被追尾，我们坐下来等着——两个十几岁的女孩差点撞上两只挡住黑暗道路的巨大野猪(Sus scrofa)。怎么能错过宵禁。尽管这种遭遇在大多数当地人的日常生活中很罕见，但野猪是夏威夷群岛上最丰富的入侵大型脊椎动物物种之一，对当地植被和岛屿生态系统造成了破坏(Hess et al. 2020)。然而，这个物种在岛上的起源故事直到最近才开始展开。研究将夏威夷野猪的遗传标记与波利尼西亚祖先的较小猪种联系起来，表明波利尼西亚航海家而不是詹姆斯·库克船长将猪引入夏威夷群岛的时间比最初认为的早了几个世纪(Linderholm et al. 2016)。随着时间的推移，波利尼西亚猪，被称为pua夏威夷猪，“与1770年代开始由探险家和殖民者引入的多种家猪，亚洲野猪和欧洲野猪反复杂交”(Hess et al. 2020, 405)。猪们也以另一种方式长大了——每次都在复述我在那个黑暗而危险的夜晚发生的故事。今天，夏威夷野猪的历史与其文化意义交织在一起，这既可以为野生动物管理实践提供信息，也可以使其复杂化。Lohr等人(2014)调查了来自6个岛屿的夏威夷居民对野猪和其他狩猎物种的看法。尽管猎猪很常见，猪消费是夏威夷传统的一部分，但所有岛屿上非猎猪群体的受访者普遍希望减少猪的数量。受访者还在研究中给猪和其他物种赋予了不同程度的文化价值。这种可变性表明需要本地化的管理方法(Lohr et al. 2014)。以离散岛屿社区为重点的其他人文方面研究可以进一步促进平衡的管理计划。夏威夷和考艾岛野生动物管理的特殊性让我想知道:野生动物专业人士如何在有效管理和本地化的价值观和观点之间取得更大的平衡?学术课程或专业发展培训在多大程度上适应了野生动物专业的社会文化因素?不同的声音，每个人都有利害关系，如何才能团结一致，朝着物种管理和积极的人类与野生动物互动的最终目标，以及与实现这一目标的文化意识过程同等重要的感知?我自己从野生动物管理领域之外的角度来处理这些问题，但我关注的是那些了解管理策略的人和那些将文化联系起来的人的交集。在这样一个复杂的交叉路口，碰撞的可能性总是需要快速和小心的操作。因为我把我在岛上的成长经历和我在《人类与野生动物互动》杂志的编辑角色联系在一起，所以我对该杂志即将出版的关于岛屿入侵者的特刊感到特别兴奋(见本期论文征集)。跨越世界各地岛屿的研究和管理将有助于扩大本地化方法，使其远远超出其原产地。我为地球上那些常常被边缘化的小地方能够对野生动物管理做出如此有意义和有影响力的贡献而感到自豪。这个领域似乎有无穷无尽的人类与野生动物之间的冲突需要解决，但正如一句流行的夏威夷谚语所说:“所有人共同努力，没有什么任务是艰巨的。”后台
{"title":"Close Encounters of the Feral Swine","authors":"Rosanna M. Vail","doi":"10.26077/6738-0631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/6738-0631","url":null,"abstract":"It was late one night on the island of Kauai, and I was fresh with the freedom of a driver’s license. Leaving an event with a friend as my passenger, I drove at the speed of island life on a street we had traveled a thousand times. On a downhill slope, dimly lit, at a sharp curve quite dangerous even by day, the headlights shone on 2 huge masses in the road. I slammed on the brakes of my family’s Ford Escort. At a dead stop, shaken up, and grateful to not be rear-ended, we sat and waited—2 teenage girls at a near-collision with 2 enormous wild pigs (Sus scrofa) blocking the dark road. What a way to miss curfew. Although such encounters are rare in the daily lives of most locals, wild pigs are among the most abundant invasive large vertebrate species in the Hawaiian Islands, causing damage to native vegetation and island ecosystems (Hess et al. 2020). Yet, the origin story of this species in the islands has only recently been unfolding. Studies linked genetic markers of Hawaiian wild pigs to smaller pig species of Polynesian ancestry, indicating that Polynesian voyagers rather than Captain James Cook introduced pigs to the Hawaiian Islands several centuries earlier than originally thought (Linderholm et al. 2016). Over time, the Polynesian pig, called puaʻa, “repeatedly interbred with multiple varieties of domestic swine, Asiatic wild boar, and European wild boar introduced by explorers and colonists beginning in the 1770s” (Hess et al. 2020, 405). The pigs grew larger in another way, too—with each retelling of my story from that dark and dangerous night. Today, the history of the wild pig in Hawaii intertwines with its cultural significance, which can both inform and complicate wildlife management practices. Lohr et al. (2014) examined perceptions of wild pigs and other game species among Hawaii residents from 6 islands. Although pig hunting is common and pig consumption is part of Hawaiian tradition, respondents in non-hunter groups across all islands generally wanted pig abundance to decrease. Respondents also assigned varying levels of cultural value to pigs and other species in the study. This variability indicates a need for localized management approaches (Lohr et al. 2014). Additional human dimensions research focused on discrete island communities can further facilitate balanced management plans. The specificity of wildlife management in Hawaii, and further, on Kauai, led me to wonder: how can wildlife professionals achieve a greater balance of effective management and localized values and opinions going forward? To what extent are academic curriculums or professional development trainings adapting to address sociocultural factors in the wildlife profession? How can multiple voices, each with something at stake, cohere toward end goals of species management and positive human–wildlife interactions and perceptions that hold equal weight with a culturally conscious process of getting there? I approach these questions from outside the field ","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"115 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75725592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena C. Rubino, Christopher Serenari, N. Othman, M. Ancrenaz, Fauzie Sarjono, Eddie Ahmad
: Sabah, on the northeastern corner of Borneo, is concurrently Malaysia’s largest producer of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) and home to the endangered Bornean elephants ( Elephas maximus borneensis ; elephants). Concomitantly, Sabah has been experiencing increasing and unsustainable human–elephant conflicts (HECs), which have not been thoroughly investigated from a human dimensions standpoint. To address this void, in March 2019, we conducted semi- structured interviews with 37 villagers located in the Sabah districts of Lahad Datu, Tawau, and Telupid to investigate villager cognitions regarding elephants, behaviors toward elephants, the formal and informal village institutions employed to mediate HECs, and the future viability of human–elephant coexistence. Respondents highlighted emotions of fear, anger, and frustration over crop and property damage that villagers were unable to effectively mitigate employing traditional institutions and strategies. Although negative emotions were somewhat tempered by the cultural significance of elephants, respondents indicated that coexistence with elephants remains challenging and is likely only viable under certain conditions: domestication of elephants, if elephants no longer destroyed crops, and/or if elephants were provided separate forested habitat away from humans. Our results demonstrated that elephant conservation in Sabah is viewed as a “not in my backyard” claim, which can hint at the presence of environmental injustice. We further examined Sabah HECs using an environmental justice framework and concluded that HEC as an environmental justice problem requires traditional fixes to be merged with more extensive, sustainable solutions that improve stakeholder agency.
:位于婆罗洲东北角的沙巴，既是马来西亚最大的油棕产地(Elaeis guineensis)，也是濒临灭绝的婆罗洲象(Elephas maximus borneensis;大象)。与此同时，沙巴一直在经历越来越多和不可持续的人象冲突，这些冲突尚未从人的角度进行彻底调查。为了解决这一空白，2019年3月，我们对位于拉哈德拿土、打湖和特鲁皮德沙巴地区的37名村民进行了半结构化访谈，以调查村民对大象的认知、对大象的行为、用于调解hec的正式和非正式村庄机构，以及人象共存的未来可行性。受访者强调了村民无法利用传统制度和策略有效减轻对作物和财产损失的恐惧、愤怒和沮丧情绪。尽管负面情绪在一定程度上被大象的文化意义所缓和，但受访者表示，与大象共存仍然具有挑战性，并且可能只有在某些条件下才可行:驯化大象，如果大象不再破坏庄稼，和/或如果大象被提供远离人类的单独森林栖息地。我们的研究结果表明，沙巴的大象保护被视为“不要在我的后院”的主张，这可能暗示了环境不公正的存在。我们使用环境正义框架进一步研究了沙巴高等商业中心，并得出结论，高等商业中心作为一个环境正义问题，需要将传统的解决方案与更广泛、可持续的解决方案相结合，以改善利益相关者的代理。
{"title":"Viewing Bornean Human–Elephant Conflicts Through an Environmental Justice Lens","authors":"Elena C. Rubino, Christopher Serenari, N. Othman, M. Ancrenaz, Fauzie Sarjono, Eddie Ahmad","doi":"10.26077/B316-C029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/B316-C029","url":null,"abstract":": Sabah, on the northeastern corner of Borneo, is concurrently Malaysia’s largest producer of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) and home to the endangered Bornean elephants ( Elephas maximus borneensis ; elephants). Concomitantly, Sabah has been experiencing increasing and unsustainable human–elephant conflicts (HECs), which have not been thoroughly investigated from a human dimensions standpoint. To address this void, in March 2019, we conducted semi- structured interviews with 37 villagers located in the Sabah districts of Lahad Datu, Tawau, and Telupid to investigate villager cognitions regarding elephants, behaviors toward elephants, the formal and informal village institutions employed to mediate HECs, and the future viability of human–elephant coexistence. Respondents highlighted emotions of fear, anger, and frustration over crop and property damage that villagers were unable to effectively mitigate employing traditional institutions and strategies. Although negative emotions were somewhat tempered by the cultural significance of elephants, respondents indicated that coexistence with elephants remains challenging and is likely only viable under certain conditions: domestication of elephants, if elephants no longer destroyed crops, and/or if elephants were provided separate forested habitat away from humans. Our results demonstrated that elephant conservation in Sabah is viewed as a “not in my backyard” claim, which can hint at the presence of environmental injustice. We further examined Sabah HECs using an environmental justice framework and concluded that HEC as an environmental justice problem requires traditional fixes to be merged with more extensive, sustainable solutions that improve stakeholder agency.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"60 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88258671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a strong correlation between bird mass and the likelihood of aircraft damage during a bird–aircraft collision. Thus, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established airworthiness standards related to bird mass for engines, airframes, and windshields. Most standards use large (1.8 kg) and medium (1.1 kg) birds as benchmarks (the empennage and certain large turbofan engines use a 3.6-kg bird). There are 20 large (≥1.8 kg) and 16 medium (1.1–1.7 kg) bird species in North America with ≥20 strikes reported for civil aircraft (FAA National Wildlife Strike Database), 1990 to 2018. I analyzed the population changes of these 36 species from 1990 to 2018 in relation to flocking behavior. For the 20 large species, the combined population had a net gain of 27.8 million birds (129% increase). For the 16 medium species, the combined population had a net gain of 6.7 million birds (20% increase). Notably, all 9 species with body mass ≥3.6 kg indicated population increases. In agreement with the increased numbers of birds, the number of strikes involving large and medium birds showed significant (P < 0.01) positive trends from 1990 to 2020 as did strikes involving multiple birds. The threat to aviation safety from large and medium birds, especially flocking species, was much higher in 2018 than in 1990. Although progress is being made to mitigate the risk by management programs to keep large and medium birds away from airport properties, these actions do little to mitigate the threat during climb and approach phases of flight. Enhanced airworthiness standards for aircraft components, bird-detecting radar to provide real-time warnings, and aircraft lighting schemes to improve visibility of aircraft to birds are priority areas of research and development to mitigate these off-airport threats to aviation safety.
{"title":"Population Increases of Large Birds in North America Pose Challenges for Aviation Safety","authors":"R. Dolbeer","doi":"10.26077/53F9-EDC3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/53F9-EDC3","url":null,"abstract":"There is a strong correlation between bird mass and the likelihood of aircraft damage during a bird–aircraft collision. Thus, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established airworthiness standards related to bird mass for engines, airframes, and windshields. Most standards use large (1.8 kg) and medium (1.1 kg) birds as benchmarks (the empennage and certain large turbofan engines use a 3.6-kg bird). There are 20 large (≥1.8 kg) and 16 medium (1.1–1.7 kg) bird species in North America with ≥20 strikes reported for civil aircraft (FAA National Wildlife Strike Database), 1990 to 2018. I analyzed the population changes of these 36 species from 1990 to 2018 in relation to flocking behavior. For the 20 large species, the combined population had a net gain of 27.8 million birds (129% increase). For the 16 medium species, the combined population had a net gain of 6.7 million birds (20% increase). Notably, all 9 species with body mass ≥3.6 kg indicated population increases. In agreement with the increased numbers of birds, the number of strikes involving large and medium birds showed significant (P < 0.01) positive trends from 1990 to 2020 as did strikes involving multiple birds. The threat to aviation safety from large and medium birds, especially flocking species, was much higher in 2018 than in 1990. Although progress is being made to mitigate the risk by management programs to keep large and medium birds away from airport properties, these actions do little to mitigate the threat during climb and approach phases of flight. Enhanced airworthiness standards for aircraft components, bird-detecting radar to provide real-time warnings, and aircraft lighting schemes to improve visibility of aircraft to birds are priority areas of research and development to mitigate these off-airport threats to aviation safety.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"191 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76642260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negative interactions between crop farmers and wild primates are an issue of significant concern. Despite many crop farmers using field guards as a method of crop protection against foraging primates, there are very few published accounts of how effective this technique is and how it might be improved. To bridge this knowledge gap, we used direct observations from a hide to collect the behaviors of field guards, chacma baboons (Papio ursinus; baboons), and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus; vervets) foraging in a 1-ha butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) field for 4 months (May to August) in 2013 on a 564-ha commercial farm in the Blouberg District of South Africa. Only half of the cropforaging events were chased by field guards, with vervets being chased much less frequently than baboons. Guards responded more often to events with greater primate numbers and to those that occurred earlier in the day. Guard delay in responding to crop-foraging events and baboon delay in responding to the guard both increased in the low productivity season. Baboon response delay also increased with more animals involved. Based on this case study, we suggest recommendations to improve the effectiveness of field guarding. This includes implementing an early warning alarm system, shortening field guard shifts, increasing guard numbers during the morning and low productivity season, and increasing the perceived fear of field guards, potentially by employing male guards or providing uniforms and deterrent accessories. Further evaluation in other local contexts will help determine how these findings can be adopted on a wider scale.
{"title":"Field Guarding as a Crop Protection Method: Preliminary Implications for Improving Field Guarding","authors":"Leah J. Findlay, R. A. Hill","doi":"10.26077/DF2C-63D3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/DF2C-63D3","url":null,"abstract":"Negative interactions between crop farmers and wild primates are an issue of significant concern. Despite many crop farmers using field guards as a method of crop protection against foraging primates, there are very few published accounts of how effective this technique is and how it might be improved. To bridge this knowledge gap, we used direct observations from a hide to collect the behaviors of field guards, chacma baboons (Papio ursinus; baboons), and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus; vervets) foraging in a 1-ha butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) field for 4 months (May to August) in 2013 on a 564-ha commercial farm in the Blouberg District of South Africa. Only half of the cropforaging events were chased by field guards, with vervets being chased much less frequently than baboons. Guards responded more often to events with greater primate numbers and to those that occurred earlier in the day. Guard delay in responding to crop-foraging events and baboon delay in responding to the guard both increased in the low productivity season. Baboon response delay also increased with more animals involved. Based on this case study, we suggest recommendations to improve the effectiveness of field guarding. This includes implementing an early warning alarm system, shortening field guard shifts, increasing guard numbers during the morning and low productivity season, and increasing the perceived fear of field guards, potentially by employing male guards or providing uniforms and deterrent accessories. Further evaluation in other local contexts will help determine how these findings can be adopted on a wider scale.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"2012 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86424703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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