The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) is an endangered subspecies of brown bear (U. a. spp.) and is found throughout the Himalayan region of south and central Asia. We describe the type of and the current level of human–bear conflict (HBC) with Himalayan brown bears in the Zanskar region of northern India and suggest potential mitigation methods. Between July and September 2018, we interviewed 218 households across the Zanskar region, all of whom had experienced HBC. Participants reported increasing numbers of HBC events in the last 4 years. The most common form of HBC was damage to granaries where food is stored (50%). As a result of HBC, most participants said they feared bears (95%) and did not like them (73%). However, 95% of participants thought that the Himalayan brown bear should be conserved. We conclude that local people are receptive to bear conservation, but the current measures are insufficient to protect property and livestock. We encourage community involvement in bear monitoring as well as installation of bear-resistant food containers, solar lights, and electric fences to reduce incidences of HBC and foster tolerance of bears in Zanskar, India.
{"title":"Human-Bear Conflict and Community Perceptions of Risk in the Zanskar Region, Northern India","authors":"K. Chavan, Sophie M. Watts, T. Namgail","doi":"10.26077/B965-BC80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/B965-BC80","url":null,"abstract":"The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) is an endangered subspecies of brown bear (U. a. spp.) and is found throughout the Himalayan region of south and central Asia. We describe the type of and the current level of human–bear conflict (HBC) with Himalayan brown bears in the Zanskar region of northern India and suggest potential mitigation methods. Between July and September 2018, we interviewed 218 households across the Zanskar region, all of whom had experienced HBC. Participants reported increasing numbers of HBC events in the last 4 years. The most common form of HBC was damage to granaries where food is stored (50%). As a result of HBC, most participants said they feared bears (95%) and did not like them (73%). However, 95% of participants thought that the Himalayan brown bear should be conserved. We conclude that local people are receptive to bear conservation, but the current measures are insufficient to protect property and livestock. We encourage community involvement in bear monitoring as well as installation of bear-resistant food containers, solar lights, and electric fences to reduce incidences of HBC and foster tolerance of bears in Zanskar, India.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"10 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84357120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Topic: 50th Anniversary of the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971","authors":"T. Messmer","doi":"10.26077/FE80-D87E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/FE80-D87E","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"4 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82455033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Gethöffer, W. Baumgärtner, M. Schmicke, N. Kemper, C. Lempp, N. Jungwirth, Joseph G. Schnitzler, U. Siebert
Trapping of terrestrial animals is an important tool for harvest, pest control and research worldwide. To catch animals alive, animal welfare has to be ensured, which is reflected in different agreements on trading and trapping of animals between sovereign nations (Council Regulation [EEC] No 3254/91). The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and stone marten (Martes foina) represent important predatory animals. Their influence on protected species as well as their increasing appearance in urban areas demand responsible handling. In our study, we evaluated 2 trap systems used for trapping red foxes and stone martens in accordance with criteria stipulated in the Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS) and International Organisation for Standardisation 10990 Part 5 – Methods for Testing Restraining Traps (ISO 10990). In total, we captured 20 red foxes in a concrete pipe vault trap and 13 stone martens in a Strack’s wooden box trap in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and observed their behavior inside each trap. After anesthesia, a clinical examination of each animal was conducted, and blood and hair samples were taken. After euthanasia, radiological examinations of the full body were taken, and necropsies and histopathological investigations were performed. No trap-associated lesions were found. Hormone analysis showed no remarkable signs of stress for the animals, according to state-of-the-art methods. Apart from serum cortisol, the quotient of dehydroepiandrosterone in serum and hair seems to be the most predictive value on stress response of the 2 different species. Video observation of the trapped animals emerged as a valuable tool to estimate animal welfare by behavior. This study complements AIHTS and ISO 10990 criteria with results on behavior and hormone analysis, being an additional benefit when evaluating animal welfare of each trapping system.
{"title":"Stress Response of Stone Martens and Red Foxes in Two Different Live Traps","authors":"F. Gethöffer, W. Baumgärtner, M. Schmicke, N. Kemper, C. Lempp, N. Jungwirth, Joseph G. Schnitzler, U. Siebert","doi":"10.26077/E148-E827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/E148-E827","url":null,"abstract":"Trapping of terrestrial animals is an important tool for harvest, pest control and research worldwide. To catch animals alive, animal welfare has to be ensured, which is reflected in different agreements on trading and trapping of animals between sovereign nations (Council Regulation [EEC] No 3254/91). The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and stone marten (Martes foina) represent important predatory animals. Their influence on protected species as well as their increasing appearance in urban areas demand responsible handling. In our study, we evaluated 2 trap systems used for trapping red foxes and stone martens in accordance with criteria stipulated in the Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS) and International Organisation for Standardisation 10990 Part 5 – Methods for Testing Restraining Traps (ISO 10990). In total, we captured 20 red foxes in a concrete pipe vault trap and 13 stone martens in a Strack’s wooden box trap in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and observed their behavior inside each trap. After anesthesia, a clinical examination of each animal was conducted, and blood and hair samples were taken. After euthanasia, radiological examinations of the full body were taken, and necropsies and histopathological investigations were performed. No trap-associated lesions were found. Hormone analysis showed no remarkable signs of stress for the animals, according to state-of-the-art methods. Apart from serum cortisol, the quotient of dehydroepiandrosterone in serum and hair seems to be the most predictive value on stress response of the 2 different species. Video observation of the trapped animals emerged as a valuable tool to estimate animal welfare by behavior. This study complements AIHTS and ISO 10990 criteria with results on behavior and hormone analysis, being an additional benefit when evaluating animal welfare of each trapping system.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"182 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89005157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakub Drimaj, J. Kamler, R. Plhal, P. Janata, Z. Adamec, M. Homolka
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is now an important species of wild ungulates in Central Europe. Next to conflicts of wild boar with agriculture, the main threat of wild boar presence lies in the expansion of African swine fever across Europe. The regulation of the wild boar population is complicated by the high reproduction rate and intelligent behavior of the species, which limits hunting effectiveness. We analyzed the spatial behavior of wild boar in an environment with a lack of natural food resources. The study area consisted of a forest complex (1,283 ha) with 2 areas. In the “risk” area, wild boar were intensively hunted, and in the “refuge” area, the hunting pressure was much lower. The distribution of wild boar was not regular within the study area. The wild boar density was higher in the refuge area than in the risk area. Even in times of food shortage, wild boar avoided the area where obtaining quality food was associated with a high risk of being killed. The conclusion applies to the winter season and an environment where the wild boar can become sufficiently fattened in the crop fields in the summer. For effective control of wild boar populations, it is therefore essential to organize the coordination of hunting pressure evenly in large areas.
{"title":"Intensive Hunting Pressure Changes Local Distribution of Wild Boar","authors":"Jakub Drimaj, J. Kamler, R. Plhal, P. Janata, Z. Adamec, M. Homolka","doi":"10.26077/B792-8211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/B792-8211","url":null,"abstract":"Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is now an important species of wild ungulates in Central Europe. Next to conflicts of wild boar with agriculture, the main threat of wild boar presence lies in the expansion of African swine fever across Europe. The regulation of the wild boar population is complicated by the high reproduction rate and intelligent behavior of the species, which limits hunting effectiveness. We analyzed the spatial behavior of wild boar in an environment with a lack of natural food resources. The study area consisted of a forest complex (1,283 ha) with 2 areas. In the “risk” area, wild boar were intensively hunted, and in the “refuge” area, the hunting pressure was much lower. The distribution of wild boar was not regular within the study area. The wild boar density was higher in the refuge area than in the risk area. Even in times of food shortage, wild boar avoided the area where obtaining quality food was associated with a high risk of being killed. The conclusion applies to the winter season and an environment where the wild boar can become sufficiently fattened in the crop fields in the summer. For effective control of wild boar populations, it is therefore essential to organize the coordination of hunting pressure evenly in large areas.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"24 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79375629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human–snake conflict results in negative outcomes for people and snakes, and if left unmanaged, could undermine conservation efforts. One approach to managing conflict between people and snakes is to use signage to inform members of the public on the presence of venomous snakes and measures to prevent snakebites. To be an effective tool, however, signs must first be noticed, then read and understood by the target audience. As part of conservation efforts targeting eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) in southwestern Ontario, Canada, we tested the effectiveness of signage at increasing awareness of its presence, status and threats, and snakebite prevention. We installed 6 informational signs at trailheads in a park occupied by massasaugas and conducted a random questionnaire survey of visitors during a 3-week period before (n = 51) and after (n = 54) sign installation. Awareness of the presence of massasauga habitat increased significantly after sign installation, whereas awareness of status, threats, and snakebite prevention methods did not change. Our results suggest that informational signs were effective, to some degree, at shortterm information sharing with recreationists in the context of venomous snake conservation. This cost-effective approach warrants consideration as part of an overall strategy to mitigate human–snake conflict.
{"title":"Informational Signage Increases Awareness of a Rattlesnake in a Canadian Urban Park System","authors":"Jonathan D Choquette, Alexis Hand","doi":"10.26077/9E24-0DC5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/9E24-0DC5","url":null,"abstract":"Human–snake conflict results in negative outcomes for people and snakes, and if left unmanaged, could undermine conservation efforts. One approach to managing conflict between people and snakes is to use signage to inform members of the public on the presence of venomous snakes and measures to prevent snakebites. To be an effective tool, however, signs must first be noticed, then read and understood by the target audience. As part of conservation efforts targeting eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) in southwestern Ontario, Canada, we tested the effectiveness of signage at increasing awareness of its presence, status and threats, and snakebite prevention. We installed 6 informational signs at trailheads in a park occupied by massasaugas and conducted a random questionnaire survey of visitors during a 3-week period before (n = 51) and after (n = 54) sign installation. Awareness of the presence of massasauga habitat increased significantly after sign installation, whereas awareness of status, threats, and snakebite prevention methods did not change. Our results suggest that informational signs were effective, to some degree, at shortterm information sharing with recreationists in the context of venomous snake conservation. This cost-effective approach warrants consideration as part of an overall strategy to mitigate human–snake conflict.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"23 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90905391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cause extensive crop loss, infrastructure damage, and are vectors for zoonotic diseases. Due to reduced efficacy, environmental and animal welfare concerns related to traditional pest management tools, such as rodenticides, it is imperative to find new methods for controlling commensal rodents. Fertility control is emerging as a safe, humane, and effective method of long-term population management. Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide are 2 compounds that are known to target and inhibit ovarian function. Furthermore, triptolide debilitates spermatogenesis and sperm motility. We prepared liquid bait containing no active ingredients (control) or containing VCD (0.098%) and triptolide (0.0012%, treatment) and offered ad libitum for 56 days to male and female Norway rats placed in open, indoor arenas and allowed to breed for 4 rounds (a total of 138 days). The first 3 breeding rounds of treatment-matched matings produced fewer pups in the treatment rats compared to control rats (P < 0.001). In the fourth breeding round, control rats were cross-bred with treatment rats. There were no differences in pup numbers between these cross-breeding groups, but the litter sizes in both groups were smaller than those seen in the control female/control male matings. In addition to reduced pup numbers, treatment males and females exhibited decreased reproductive organ weights without any effect on adrenal, kidney, spleen, and liver weights compared to control rats. Use of a liquid contraceptive bait containing VCD and triptolide may be a suitable alternative to the traditional pest management tools used to control wild rat pest populations.
{"title":"Reduced Fecundity in Free-Ranging Norway Rats After Baiting With a Liquid Fertility Control Bait","authors":"G. Witmer, Stefanie Raymond-Whish","doi":"10.26077/10A0-13C9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/10A0-13C9","url":null,"abstract":"Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cause extensive crop loss, infrastructure damage, and are vectors for zoonotic diseases. Due to reduced efficacy, environmental and animal welfare concerns related to traditional pest management tools, such as rodenticides, it is imperative to find new methods for controlling commensal rodents. Fertility control is emerging as a safe, humane, and effective method of long-term population management. Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide are 2 compounds that are known to target and inhibit ovarian function. Furthermore, triptolide debilitates spermatogenesis and sperm motility. We prepared liquid bait containing no active ingredients (control) or containing VCD (0.098%) and triptolide (0.0012%, treatment) and offered ad libitum for 56 days to male and female Norway rats placed in open, indoor arenas and allowed to breed for 4 rounds (a total of 138 days). The first 3 breeding rounds of treatment-matched matings produced fewer pups in the treatment rats compared to control rats (P < 0.001). In the fourth breeding round, control rats were cross-bred with treatment rats. There were no differences in pup numbers between these cross-breeding groups, but the litter sizes in both groups were smaller than those seen in the control female/control male matings. In addition to reduced pup numbers, treatment males and females exhibited decreased reproductive organ weights without any effect on adrenal, kidney, spleen, and liver weights compared to control rats. Use of a liquid contraceptive bait containing VCD and triptolide may be a suitable alternative to the traditional pest management tools used to control wild rat pest populations.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"10 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88724572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Considering the Wide World of Wild Pig Management","authors":"John M. Tomeček","doi":"10.26077/A04D-BB95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/A04D-BB95","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"116 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87931417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negative human–wildlife interactions can be better managed by early detection of the wildlife species involved. However, many animals that pose a threat to humans are highly cryptic, and detecting their presence before the interaction occurs can be challenging. We describe a method whereby the presence of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), a cryptic and potentially dangerous predator of humans, was detected using traces of DNA shed into the water, known as environmental DNA (eDNA). The estuarine crocodile is present in waterways throughout southeast Asia and Oceania and has been responsible for >1,000 attacks upon humans in the past decade. A critical factor in the crocodile’s capability to attack humans is their ability to remain hidden in turbid waters for extended periods, ambushing humans that enter the water or undertake activities around the waterline. In northern Australia, we sampled water from aquariums where crocodiles were present or absent, and we were able to discriminate the presence of estuarine crocodile from the freshwater crocodile (C. johnstoni), a closely related sympatric species that does not pose a threat to humans. Further, we could detect the presence of estuarine crocodiles within an hour of its entry and up to 72 hours after the crocodiles were removed from aquariums. We conclude that eDNA could be a valuable tool for reducing human–wildlife conflict through early detection of the species.
{"title":"Using environmental DNA to detect estuarine crocodiles, a cryptic-ambush predator of humans","authors":"A. Rose, Y. Fukuda, H. Campbell","doi":"10.26077/JSVZ-FH36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/JSVZ-FH36","url":null,"abstract":"Negative human–wildlife interactions can be better managed by early detection of the wildlife species involved. However, many animals that pose a threat to humans are highly cryptic, and detecting their presence before the interaction occurs can be challenging. We describe a method whereby the presence of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), a cryptic and potentially dangerous predator of humans, was detected using traces of DNA shed into the water, known as environmental DNA (eDNA). The estuarine crocodile is present in waterways throughout southeast Asia and Oceania and has been responsible for >1,000 attacks upon humans in the past decade. A critical factor in the crocodile’s capability to attack humans is their ability to remain hidden in turbid waters for extended periods, ambushing humans that enter the water or undertake activities around the waterline. In northern Australia, we sampled water from aquariums where crocodiles were present or absent, and we were able to discriminate the presence of estuarine crocodile from the freshwater crocodile (C. johnstoni), a closely related sympatric species that does not pose a threat to humans. Further, we could detect the presence of estuarine crocodiles within an hour of its entry and up to 72 hours after the crocodiles were removed from aquariums. We conclude that eDNA could be a valuable tool for reducing human–wildlife conflict through early detection of the species.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"6 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84096266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in the Kenya Greater Tsavo Ecosystem","authors":"Joseph M. Mukeka, J. Ogutu, E. Kanga, E. Røskaft","doi":"10.26077/BF21-497E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/BF21-497E","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"30 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80160708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wild pigs, an invasive and destructive species, are among the greatest global threat to our ecosystems and native wildlife Costing the US alone $2 5 billion in economic losses, emphasis on control and removal of wild pigs has accelerated over the past decade with research and operational management in the scientific spotlight In 2012, the National Wild Pig Task Force (NWPTF) was formed to unify and engage all constituents affected by wild pigs through the exchange of pertinent information on techniques, tools, and research findings The main product of the NWPTF and the venue for information exchange is the Wild Pig Conference, held every other year in varied locations typically throughout the southeast US
{"title":"When Pigs Virtually Fly","authors":"Jessica L. Tegt","doi":"10.26077/D530-6A32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/D530-6A32","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs, an invasive and destructive species, are among the greatest global threat to our ecosystems and native wildlife Costing the US alone $2 5 billion in economic losses, emphasis on control and removal of wild pigs has accelerated over the past decade with research and operational management in the scientific spotlight In 2012, the National Wild Pig Task Force (NWPTF) was formed to unify and engage all constituents affected by wild pigs through the exchange of pertinent information on techniques, tools, and research findings The main product of the NWPTF and the venue for information exchange is the Wild Pig Conference, held every other year in varied locations typically throughout the southeast US","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"18 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86353293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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