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Collective effect of landfills and landscape composition on bird–aircraft collisions 堆填区和景观构成对鸟-机碰撞的集体效应
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.26077/RCFE-Z054
M. Pfeiffer, B. F. Blackwell, T. Devault
Ninety-three percent of all reported bird strikes occur below 1,067 m, which based on the typical approach and departure angles of aircraft is within 8–13 km of an airport. Concomitantly, the Federal Aviation Administration and the International Civil Aviation Organization recommend that any feature that would attract hazardous wildlife to the approach and departure airspace be restricted. Thus, preventing the establishment of wildlife attractants, such as municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLFs) within 8 km or 13 km extents (U.S. and international recommendations, respectively) of airports, has been recommended to mitigate the risk of bird–aircraft collisions (strikes). However, robust evidence linking wildlife attractants at these spatial scales to an increase in strikes is lacking. We investigated the effect of densities of MSWLFs and construction and demolition (C&D) landfills, landscape diversity, and human population density on the adverse effect (AE; strikes that caused damage or had a negative effect on flight) bird strike rate involving species broadly associated with MSWLFs. We predicted that airports surrounded by a high density of MSWLFs, high human population densities, and high landscape diversity would increase the AE strike rate. We evaluated our predictions via generalized linear mixed models with bird strike data from 2009 through 2017 at 111 Part 139 airports. Only U.S. airports were used because of high wildlife strike reporting rates. Part 139 certificated airports are those that facilitate air carriers with >30 seats for passengers and crew. Our average model included density of MSWLFs and C&D landfills for both the 8and 13-km extent from the airports. We found no significant contribution by any variable to the AE strike rate variance. Our results indicated that the effects of landfills on AE strike rates are inconclusive. Possible explanations for our findings include the influence of unmeasured landscape features and lack of fine-scale data on bird habitat use at landfill facilities. Future research should investigate bird 3-dimensional space use in addition to bird and habitat survey techniques.
在所有报告的鸟击事件中,93%发生在1067米以下,根据飞机的典型进近和起飞角度,这是在机场8-13公里范围内。与此同时,美国联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration)和国际民用航空组织(International Civil Aviation Organization)建议,限制任何可能吸引危险野生动物进入进场和离场空域的设施。因此,建议防止在机场8公里或13公里范围内建立野生动物引诱剂,如城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLFs)(分别为美国和国际建议),以减轻鸟与飞机碰撞(撞击)的风险。然而,缺乏将这些空间尺度上的野生动物引诱剂与袭击事件增加联系起来的有力证据。我们调查了垃圾填埋场和建拆填埋场的密度、景观多样性和人口密度对负面影响的影响(AE;造成损害或对飞行产生负面影响的鸟击率,涉及与海洋自然保护区广泛相关的物种。结果表明,机场周边高密度的无水垃圾填埋场、高人口密度和高景观多样性将增加声发射命中率。我们通过广义线性混合模型和2009年至2017年在111个139部分机场的鸟击数据来评估我们的预测。由于野生动物袭击报告率高,只有美国机场被使用。第139部分认证的机场是那些为航空承运人提供乘客和机组人员超过30个座位的机场。我们的平均模型包括了距离机场8公里和13公里范围内的垃圾填埋场和堆填区的密度。我们没有发现任何变量对AE击中率方差的显著贡献。我们的结果表明,垃圾填埋场对声发射命中率的影响是不确定的。对我们的研究结果可能的解释包括未测量的景观特征的影响以及缺乏填埋场设施鸟类栖息地使用的精细数据。未来的研究应在鸟类和栖息地调查技术的基础上,进一步研究鸟类的三维空间利用。
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引用次数: 11
Do Urban Red Foxes Attack People? An Exploratory Study and Review of Incidents in Britain 城市里的红狐会攻击人吗?英国事件的探索性研究与回顾
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.26077/D6F5-F6F3
Bethany Bridge, S. Harris
Human–wildlife interactions are believed to be increasing worldwide, and a number of studies have analyzed the risks posed by larger carnivores. However, people can also perceive smaller species of carnivores as threatening, particularly in urban areas. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) started to colonize British cities in the 1930s, and there is growing public concern about foxes biting people, particularly babies. These events are generally described in the press as attacks and generate intense media coverage and speculation that foxes view human infants as potential prey. Because foxes rely primarily on auditory cues for hunting, we conducted acoustic playback experiments in the gardens of 15 residential houses in northwest Bristol, United Kingdom, in December 2015 and 11 gardens from May to June 2016 to determine whether urban foxes were attracted to infant distress calls (cries). Foxes were not more likely to be attracted to infant cries or laughs than silence, although a minority of foxes cautiously approached and contacted the source of both types of infant vocalization. Their behavior appeared to be investigative rather than aggressive or predatory. Our review of the incidents reported in the British media showed that most people were bitten or scratched while sleeping, and adults were more likely to be bitten than children. The nature of the interactions and the wounds inflicted suggest that the foxes were using their mouth or forefeet to investigate an unusual object. Most incidents occurred inside people’s homes, even though it is unusual for foxes to enter houses. The data suggested that incidents where people were bitten were chance events, possibly involving a particularly bold fox. To minimize the risk to the public, more quantitative data are required on the age, social status, and health of the foxes that enter houses and those that bite people.
人类与野生动物的互动被认为在世界范围内正在增加,许多研究分析了大型食肉动物带来的风险。然而,人们也会将小型食肉动物视为威胁,尤其是在城市地区。红狐(Vulpes Vulpes)在20世纪30年代开始在英国城市殖民,公众越来越担心狐狸咬人,尤其是咬婴儿。这些事件通常被媒体描述为攻击,并产生了大量的媒体报道和猜测,即狐狸将人类婴儿视为潜在的猎物。由于狐狸主要依靠听觉线索进行狩猎,我们于2015年12月和2016年5月至6月在英国布里斯托尔西北部的15个住宅花园和11个花园进行了声学回放实验,以确定城市狐狸是否会被婴儿的求救信号(哭声)所吸引。相比于沉默,狐狸更容易被婴儿的哭声或笑声所吸引,尽管少数狐狸会谨慎地接近并接触婴儿这两种声音的来源。它们的行为似乎是调查性的,而不是攻击性或掠夺性的。我们对英国媒体报道的事件进行了回顾,发现大多数人在睡觉时被咬伤或抓伤,成年人比儿童更容易被咬伤。相互作用的性质和造成的伤口表明,狐狸正在使用它们的嘴或前脚来调查一个不寻常的物体。大多数事件发生在人们的家中,尽管狐狸很少进入房屋。数据表明,人们被咬伤的事件是偶然事件,可能与一只特别大胆的狐狸有关。为了最大限度地减少对公众的风险,需要更多关于进入房屋和咬人的狐狸的年龄、社会地位和健康状况的定量数据。
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引用次数: 3
Modeling Migratory Nongame Birds: A Plea for Data 为迁徙的非种鸟建模:对数据的请求
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.26077/4983-4FC9
G. Linz
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引用次数: 0
Remote Sensing Applications for Abating Aircraft–Bird Strike Risks in Southeast Brazil 遥感技术在降低巴西东南部飞机鸟击风险中的应用
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.26077/3Z5D-EB31
Natalia S. Novoselova, A. Novoselov, Arthur Macarrão, Guilherme Gallo-Ortiz, W. R. Silva
The rising number of aircraft collisions with birds requires the development of appropriate mitigation measures to control their populations in the vicinity of airports. The black vulture (Coragyps atratus; vultures) is considered one of the most dangerous species for aviation in Brazil. To better understand the spatial distribution patterns of flying vultures and the risks they may pose to aviation, we studied natural and anthropogenic superficial factors and then numerically estimated and mapped the risk of collision with birds over the Airport Safety Area (ASA) for the Amarais Airport and Presidente Prudente Airport in the southeast part of Brazil. To conduct our research, we surveyed soaring black vultures monthly between September 2012 and August 2013 from 26 points within 20-km ASA zones. We obtained the environmental parameters (i.e., relief, surface temperature, surface covering type, and anthropogenic pressure) from satellite imagery and georeferenced them with our vulture survey. The tabulated data were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation and principal component analysis to determine if any the relationships existed between vulture flight patterns and ASA environmental characteristics. We found that the contrast in surface temperatures correlated well with the intensity of vulture soaring flights. Vultures tend to soar using the strongest thermals in their surroundings. Relief parameters, including altitude above sea level, slope exposure, and inclination, were not related with the vulture soaring activity. Water bodies and roadways were the most attractive landscapes for soaring vultures. We recorded the least number of soaring vultures over the uninterrupted urbanized lands. However, the scattered enclaves of urban settlement surrounded by natural and rural landscapes were selected by soaring birds. To mitigate the bird strike risk in ASA zones, we propose that managers should plot the objects generating thermals that attract vultures on risk assessment maps and reroute aviation to avoid them.
飞机与鸟类碰撞的次数不断增加,需要制定适当的缓解措施,以控制机场附近鸟类的数量。黑秃鹫(Coragyps atratus;秃鹫)被认为是巴西航空最危险的物种之一。为了更好地了解秃鹫的空间分布格局及其对航空安全的威胁,我们研究了自然和人为的表面因素,并对巴西东南部阿马莱斯机场和总统普吕登特机场的机场安全区(ASA)上空与鸟类碰撞的风险进行了数值估计和绘制。为了进行我们的研究,我们在2012年9月至2013年8月期间,从20公里ASA区域内的26个点每月调查翱翔的黑秃鹫。我们从卫星图像中获得了环境参数(地形、地表温度、地表覆盖类型和人为压力),并将其与我们的秃鹫调查进行了地理参考。利用Spearman’s rank correlation和主成分分析对数据表进行检验,以确定秃鹫飞行模式与ASA环境特征之间是否存在任何关系。我们发现,表面温度的对比与秃鹫翱翔的强度密切相关。秃鹫倾向于利用周围最强的热源翱翔。地形参数包括海拔高度、坡度暴露度和倾斜度与秃鹰翱翔活动无关。水体和道路是对翱翔的秃鹫最具吸引力的景观。我们记录了在不间断的城市化土地上翱翔秃鹫的最少数量。然而,被自然和乡村景观包围的分散的城市聚居地被翱翔的鸟类选中。为了降低ASA区域的鸟击风险,我们建议管理者应该在风险评估图上绘制出产生吸引秃鹫的热量的物体,并改变航空路线以避开它们。
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引用次数: 5
Book Review: The Figure of the Animal in Modern and Contemporary Poetry 书评:《现当代诗歌中的动物形象》
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.26077/ACD1-0A61
Yunxiang Yan
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引用次数: 0
Worldviews and Coexistence with Coyotes 世界观和与土狼的共存
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235730.018
S. M. Alexander, D. Draper
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引用次数: 3
Human–Wildlife Interactions
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235730.023
J. Glikman, B. Frank, S. Marchini
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引用次数: 20
Map 地图
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235730.003
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引用次数: 0
Tolerance for Wildlife 对野生动物的宽容
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235730.008
K. Slagle, Jeremy T. Bruskotter
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引用次数: 16
Index 指数
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235730.024
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Human–Wildlife Interactions
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