Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17781-24
Ryan N. Contreras
{"title":"Hibiscus syriacus ‘ORSTHIB5x1’ Petite Pink Flamingo™ Althea","authors":"Ryan N. Contreras","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17781-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17781-24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141234878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17722-24
Mary Sutton, Daniel Stanton, T. Vashisth
Increased preharvest fruit drop rates and reduced fruit sizes are common symptoms associated with Huanglongbing (HLB) in sweet orange. Small fruit may be more likely to drop during preharvest fruit drop. The objective of the current study was to determine whether fruit size could be used as an indicator of the preharvest fruit drop likelihood. Nearly 1400 fruit were surveyed over the following three timepoints across two years: 11 Mar 2022, 15 Apr 2022, and 22 Mar 2023. Each fruit was evaluated to determine the equator and peduncle diameter, fruit detachment force (FDF), type of detachment (mechanically broken or abscission), and lopsidedness. The total soluble solids content was determined for a subset of fruit. The FDF was consistently lower in abscising fruit than in mechanically broken fruit, suggesting that the physiological process of abscission had begun in these fruit and that they were more likely to drop. The fruit diameter was significantly smaller in abscising fruit than in mechanically broken fruit on 11 Mar 2022 and 22 Mar 2023, but not on 15 Apr 2022. Similarly, the fruit diameter and FDF were also significantly and positively correlated, but this relationship was weaker at time points late in the season (closer to harvest). These findings suggest that small fruit are indeed more likely to drop early in the preharvest period. The abscising fruit had total soluble solids contents similar to those of the mechanically broken fruit. Therefore, we hypothesized that the smaller fruit ceased growing and are able to respond to abscission signals earlier than the larger fruit. Therefore, any strategies to mitigate fruit drop, such as the use of plant growth regulators, should be applied early in the season when the fruit are still actively growing. When growth ceases, the fruit are vulnerable to drop.
{"title":"Fruit Size as an Indicator of Fruit Drop in Huanglongbing-affected ‘Valencia’","authors":"Mary Sutton, Daniel Stanton, T. Vashisth","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17722-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17722-24","url":null,"abstract":"Increased preharvest fruit drop rates and reduced fruit sizes are common symptoms associated with Huanglongbing (HLB) in sweet orange. Small fruit may be more likely to drop during preharvest fruit drop. The objective of the current study was to determine whether fruit size could be used as an indicator of the preharvest fruit drop likelihood. Nearly 1400 fruit were surveyed over the following three timepoints across two years: 11 Mar 2022, 15 Apr 2022, and 22 Mar 2023. Each fruit was evaluated to determine the equator and peduncle diameter, fruit detachment force (FDF), type of detachment (mechanically broken or abscission), and lopsidedness. The total soluble solids content was determined for a subset of fruit. The FDF was consistently lower in abscising fruit than in mechanically broken fruit, suggesting that the physiological process of abscission had begun in these fruit and that they were more likely to drop. The fruit diameter was significantly smaller in abscising fruit than in mechanically broken fruit on 11 Mar 2022 and 22 Mar 2023, but not on 15 Apr 2022. Similarly, the fruit diameter and FDF were also significantly and positively correlated, but this relationship was weaker at time points late in the season (closer to harvest). These findings suggest that small fruit are indeed more likely to drop early in the preharvest period. The abscising fruit had total soluble solids contents similar to those of the mechanically broken fruit. Therefore, we hypothesized that the smaller fruit ceased growing and are able to respond to abscission signals earlier than the larger fruit. Therefore, any strategies to mitigate fruit drop, such as the use of plant growth regulators, should be applied early in the season when the fruit are still actively growing. When growth ceases, the fruit are vulnerable to drop.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141231950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17731-24
Rachel A. Spaeth, Dominique D. A. Pincot, Daniel Potter, P.J. Brown, Tom Gradziel, John E. Preece
The renowned horticultural artist and plant breeder Luther Burbank worked with many species of plants. During his 50-year career, he introduced more than 800 cultivars, including more than 150 accessions of plums (Prunus spp.) in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Burbank preferred using wide, interspecific crosses to create a vast range of phenotypic variation and then artificially select from the extremes. Although a great artist, Burbank was a substandard scientist because he was derelict in pedigree note-taking. Although many of his introductions are extinct, hobbyists, enthusiasts, and international collections retain nearly a third of the economically viable cultivars he bred. For a century, many of his hybridizations remained inscrutable mysteries until modern genomic and computational tools developed their resolution and statistical power. Today, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for pedigree reconstruction in the absence of reliable records. GBS can inform principal component analyses, identity by descent (IBD) kinship, and phylogenetic admixture, revealing complex relationships among taxa. In this study, whole genome sequencing was performed on 53 Prunus taxa used by Burbank in his breeding experiments in the most comprehensive genetic survey of his work to date. Exact parent–offspring relationships between this population may be impossible to discern due to years of back crossing, sibling mating, and open pollination. However, the proportion of genomic similarity among these taxa provides information on the relatedness of the genotypes in Burbank’s Prunus experiments, defining four primary lineages within his breeding population. These lineages comprised primarily P. salicina and P. simonii but also have influences from P. americana, P. cerasifera, P. domestica, and P. rivularis. The prevalence of P. simonii in Burbank’s Prunus introductions appears to have been vastly underreported, indicating that some of the seedstock founders of his breeding population could have been P. salicina × P. simonii hybrids at the inception of his career. This research has implications for pedigree reconstruction and prioritizing conservation in collections curation for future studies.
知名园艺艺术家和植物育种家路德-伯班克曾培育过许多植物品种。在他 50 年的职业生涯中，他引进了 800 多个栽培品种，其中包括 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初引进的 150 多个李子（梅属）品种。伯班克更喜欢使用广泛的种间杂交来创造广泛的表型变异，然后从极端中进行人工选育。虽然伯班克是一位伟大的艺术家，但他却是一位不合格的科学家，因为他不善于记录血统。尽管他引进的许多品种已经灭绝，但业余爱好者、爱好者和国际收藏界仍保留了他培育的近三分之一具有经济价值的栽培品种。一个世纪以来，在现代基因组学和计算工具开发出分辨率和统计能力之前，他的许多杂交品种仍然是难以捉摸的谜团。如今，通过测序进行基因分型（GBS）是在缺乏可靠记录的情况下重建血统的有效工具。测序基因分型可为主成分分析、世系亲缘关系（IBD）和系统发育掺杂提供信息，揭示类群之间的复杂关系。本研究对伯班克在育种实验中使用的 53 个梅花类群进行了全基因组测序，这是迄今为止对伯班克的工作进行的最全面的遗传调查。由于多年的回交、同胞交配和开放授粉，该种群之间确切的亲子关系可能无法辨别。不过，这些类群之间基因组相似性的比例提供了伯班克梅花实验中基因型亲缘关系的信息，在他的育种群体中定义了四个主要品系。这些品系主要由 P. salicina 和 P. simonii 组成，但也受到 P. americana、P. cerasifera、P. domestica 和 P.rivularis 的影响。在伯班克的梅花引种中，P. simonii 的普遍性似乎被大大低估了，这表明他的育种群体中的一些原种在他的职业生涯开始时可能就是 P. salicina × P. simonii 杂交种。这项研究对今后研究中的血统重建和收藏品保存的优先顺序有重要意义。
{"title":"Relatedness of Luther Burbank’s Plum (Prunus sp.) Introductions Based on Genotyping by Sequencing","authors":"Rachel A. Spaeth, Dominique D. A. Pincot, Daniel Potter, P.J. Brown, Tom Gradziel, John E. Preece","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17731-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17731-24","url":null,"abstract":"The renowned horticultural artist and plant breeder Luther Burbank worked with many species of plants. During his 50-year career, he introduced more than 800 cultivars, including more than 150 accessions of plums (Prunus spp.) in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Burbank preferred using wide, interspecific crosses to create a vast range of phenotypic variation and then artificially select from the extremes. Although a great artist, Burbank was a substandard scientist because he was derelict in pedigree note-taking. Although many of his introductions are extinct, hobbyists, enthusiasts, and international collections retain nearly a third of the economically viable cultivars he bred. For a century, many of his hybridizations remained inscrutable mysteries until modern genomic and computational tools developed their resolution and statistical power. Today, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for pedigree reconstruction in the absence of reliable records. GBS can inform principal component analyses, identity by descent (IBD) kinship, and phylogenetic admixture, revealing complex relationships among taxa. In this study, whole genome sequencing was performed on 53 Prunus taxa used by Burbank in his breeding experiments in the most comprehensive genetic survey of his work to date. Exact parent–offspring relationships between this population may be impossible to discern due to years of back crossing, sibling mating, and open pollination. However, the proportion of genomic similarity among these taxa provides information on the relatedness of the genotypes in Burbank’s Prunus experiments, defining four primary lineages within his breeding population. These lineages comprised primarily P. salicina and P. simonii but also have influences from P. americana, P. cerasifera, P. domestica, and P. rivularis. The prevalence of P. simonii in Burbank’s Prunus introductions appears to have been vastly underreported, indicating that some of the seedstock founders of his breeding population could have been P. salicina × P. simonii hybrids at the inception of his career. This research has implications for pedigree reconstruction and prioritizing conservation in collections curation for future studies.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141232638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17725-24
Matthew C. Havers, Lea Corkidi, Elizabeth Leonard, Cristi L. Palmer, N. Tharayil, James A. Bethke
Pesticide application is used in horticulture to reduce plant damage from organisms such as insects and mites. Systemic insecticides are highly efficacious and readily taken up by plant tissues. However, pesticide-treated plants may impose risks to nontarget insects or other organisms within ecosystems. In this study, insecticide residues in nectar, leaves, and flower petals of the horticulturally significant herbaceous annual snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus (Lamiales: Plantaginaceae), were assessed at two locations over several weeks following foliar and drench treatment with five systemic insecticides. Concentrations of the insecticides were determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The independent effects Application Method, Application Rate, and Time were statistically significant among all active ingredients in the three matrices in both sites in California (CA) and New Jersey (NJ). The interaction effects were also generally statistically significant in the CA site but less consistently so in the NJ site, dependent on the active ingredient and matrix. Post hoc analyses found the highest residue concentrations in leaves and the lowest in nectar, a trend generally consistent over time regardless of active ingredient for both the CA and NJ sites. The results of this study are discussed in the context of conserving pollinators and other beneficial insects. It is recommended that similar studies should be implemented in different geographical regions and climates, along with multiyear studies for perennial ornamental plants.
{"title":"Dynamic Behavior of Systemic Insecticide Residues in Snapdragons","authors":"Matthew C. Havers, Lea Corkidi, Elizabeth Leonard, Cristi L. Palmer, N. Tharayil, James A. Bethke","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17725-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17725-24","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticide application is used in horticulture to reduce plant damage from organisms such as insects and mites. Systemic insecticides are highly efficacious and readily taken up by plant tissues. However, pesticide-treated plants may impose risks to nontarget insects or other organisms within ecosystems. In this study, insecticide residues in nectar, leaves, and flower petals of the horticulturally significant herbaceous annual snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus (Lamiales: Plantaginaceae), were assessed at two locations over several weeks following foliar and drench treatment with five systemic insecticides. Concentrations of the insecticides were determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The independent effects Application Method, Application Rate, and Time were statistically significant among all active ingredients in the three matrices in both sites in California (CA) and New Jersey (NJ). The interaction effects were also generally statistically significant in the CA site but less consistently so in the NJ site, dependent on the active ingredient and matrix. Post hoc analyses found the highest residue concentrations in leaves and the lowest in nectar, a trend generally consistent over time regardless of active ingredient for both the CA and NJ sites. The results of this study are discussed in the context of conserving pollinators and other beneficial insects. It is recommended that similar studies should be implemented in different geographical regions and climates, along with multiyear studies for perennial ornamental plants.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141235164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17802-24
D. L. La Bonte, Imana Power, Tristan Watson, Tara P. Smith, A. Villordon, J. C. Gregorie, Lorin Harvey
{"title":"‘Avoyelles’ Sweetpotato","authors":"D. L. La Bonte, Imana Power, Tristan Watson, Tara P. Smith, A. Villordon, J. C. Gregorie, Lorin Harvey","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17802-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17802-24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141230966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17775-24
L. Wells
Hedge pruning has been used in southeastern US pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards for ∼10 to 15 years and has become common in the region within the past 5 years. However, questions remain regarding how pecan trees in the southeastern United States will respond to hedge pruning into the hot summer months in a humid environment. Two treatments were evaluated for ‘Creek’ and ‘Caddo’ pecan: dormant hedge-pruned (Jan–Feb 2019 and 2022) and summer hedge-pruned (Jun 2019 and 2020). Summer hedge pruning did not affect pecan yield, nut weight, or percent kernel compared with dormant-season pruning. Length of shoot regrowth was reduced significantly by summer hedge pruning compared with dormant-season hedge pruning. The advantages of hedge pruning ‘Creek’ and ‘Caddo’ from the dormant season through midsummer can help transition southeastern US pecan production to a more profitable and sustainable system.
{"title":"Summer Hedge Pruning of Pecan in the Southeastern United States","authors":"L. Wells","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17775-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17775-24","url":null,"abstract":"Hedge pruning has been used in southeastern US pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards for ∼10 to 15 years and has become common in the region within the past 5 years. However, questions remain regarding how pecan trees in the southeastern United States will respond to hedge pruning into the hot summer months in a humid environment. Two treatments were evaluated for ‘Creek’ and ‘Caddo’ pecan: dormant hedge-pruned (Jan–Feb 2019 and 2022) and summer hedge-pruned (Jun 2019 and 2020). Summer hedge pruning did not affect pecan yield, nut weight, or percent kernel compared with dormant-season pruning. Length of shoot regrowth was reduced significantly by summer hedge pruning compared with dormant-season hedge pruning. The advantages of hedge pruning ‘Creek’ and ‘Caddo’ from the dormant season through midsummer can help transition southeastern US pecan production to a more profitable and sustainable system.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17762-24
Qingwu Meng, Ian Kelly
When natural days are short, photoperiodic lighting at the end or beginning of the day (day extension) or in the middle of the night (night break) promotes flowering of long-day plants. The objective of this study was to compare broad-spectrum warm-white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and red (R) + far-red (FR) LEDs at flowering regulation when delivered at different timings in the night period. We performed a greenhouse experiment on four long-day ornamentals [coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora) ‘Early Sunrise’, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’, and petunia ‘Wave Purple Improved’]. We grew plants under a truncated 8-hour photoperiod with or without low-intensity (∼2 μmol·m−2·s−1) nighttime lighting from warm-white or R+FR LEDs. For each light quality, we delivered four timings: 1) 8 hours after dusk; 2) 8 hours before dawn; 3) 4 hours after dusk + 4 hours before dawn; and 4) 4-hour night break. The effectiveness of floral promotion was determined by time from the treatment onset to the first open flower. Coreopsis flowered similarly under all lighting treatments, irrespective of light quality and timing, but did not flower under the short-day treatment by the end of the experiment. At flowering, coreopsis was 18% to 19% shorter under white than R+FR LEDs. In contrast, snapdragon flowered 9 to 20 days later under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night, but flowered similarly under these two lamp types as a 4-hour night break. Compared with the short-day treatment, white and R+FR LEDs promoted flowering of both petunia cultivars, although flowering generally occurred later under white than R+FR LEDs. Snapdragon and petunia ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’ developed 30% to 122% more lateral branches under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night. The effectiveness of warm-white LEDs was generally unaffected by timing, although it was most promotive of flowering in snapdragon when delivered for 8 hours before dawn. For R+FR LEDs, 8-hour day-extension lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting, irrespective of timing. We conclude when delivered for 8 hours at night, warm-white LEDs are generally less effective than R+FR LEDs at promoting flowering of long-day ornamentals but similarly effective as 4-hour night-break lighting. The effectiveness of day-extension lighting is generally independent of timing, although for R+FR LEDs, 8 hours after-dusk and/or before-dawn lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting.
当自然日较短时，在白天的末尾或开始（白天延长）或在夜间的中间（夜间休息）进行光周期照明可促进长日照植物开花。本研究的目的是比较宽光谱暖白光发光二极管（LED）和红光（R）+远红光（FR）LED在夜间不同时间段对开花的调节作用。我们对四种长日照观赏植物[拟南芥（Coreopsis grandiflora）'Early Sunrise'、金鱼草（Antirrhinum majus）'Liberty Classic Yellow'、矮牵牛（Petunia ×hybrida）'Easy Wave Burgundy Star'和矮牵牛'Wave Purple Improved']进行了温室实验。我们在截断的 8 小时光周期下种植植物，同时使用或不使用暖白或 R+FR LED 进行低强度（∼2 μmol-m-2-s-1 ）夜间照明。对于每种光质，我们提供了四个时间点：1）黄昏后 8 小时；2）黎明前 8 小时；3）黄昏后 4 小时+黎明前 4 小时；4）夜间休息 4 小时。催花效果根据从处理开始到第一朵花朵开放的时间来确定。在所有光照处理下，无论光质和光照时间如何，拟南芥的开花情况都相似，但在实验结束时，短日照处理下的拟南芥没有开花。开花时，白光 LED 下的拟南芥比 R+FR LED 下的拟南芥短 18% 到 19%。与此相反，白光 LED 比 R+FR LED 晚照射 8 小时，金鱼草在白光 LED 下的开花时间晚 9 到 20 天，但在这两种类型的灯具下，金鱼草的开花时间与晚间休息 4 小时的金鱼草相似。与短日照处理相比，白光和 R+FR LED 能促进两种牵牛花品种开花，但白光 LED 比 R+FR LED 的开花时间通常要晚。骁勇和牵牛花'Easy Wave Burgundy Star'在白光 LED 下比 R+FR LED 多长出 30% 到 122% 的侧枝，夜间发光时间为 8 小时。暖白光 LED 的效果一般不受时间的影响，但在黎明前 8 小时内使用暖白光 LED 最能促进金鱼草开花。对于 R+FR LED 来说，无论时间长短，8 小时的延昼照明通常比 4 小时的断夜照明更有效。我们的结论是，如果在夜间照明 8 小时，暖白光 LED 在促进长日照观赏植物开花方面的效果一般不如 R+FR LED，但与 4 小时破夜照明的效果类似。延昼照明的效果一般与时间无关，但对于 R+FR LED 而言，黄昏后和/或黎明前 8 小时的照明一般比 4 小时的断夜照明更有效。
{"title":"Efficacy and Optimal Timing of Warm-white or Red + Far-red LED Lamps in Regulation of Flowering in Long-day Ornamentals","authors":"Qingwu Meng, Ian Kelly","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17762-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17762-24","url":null,"abstract":"When natural days are short, photoperiodic lighting at the end or beginning of the day (day extension) or in the middle of the night (night break) promotes flowering of long-day plants. The objective of this study was to compare broad-spectrum warm-white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and red (R) + far-red (FR) LEDs at flowering regulation when delivered at different timings in the night period. We performed a greenhouse experiment on four long-day ornamentals [coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora) ‘Early Sunrise’, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’, and petunia ‘Wave Purple Improved’]. We grew plants under a truncated 8-hour photoperiod with or without low-intensity (∼2 μmol·m−2·s−1) nighttime lighting from warm-white or R+FR LEDs. For each light quality, we delivered four timings: 1) 8 hours after dusk; 2) 8 hours before dawn; 3) 4 hours after dusk + 4 hours before dawn; and 4) 4-hour night break. The effectiveness of floral promotion was determined by time from the treatment onset to the first open flower. Coreopsis flowered similarly under all lighting treatments, irrespective of light quality and timing, but did not flower under the short-day treatment by the end of the experiment. At flowering, coreopsis was 18% to 19% shorter under white than R+FR LEDs. In contrast, snapdragon flowered 9 to 20 days later under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night, but flowered similarly under these two lamp types as a 4-hour night break. Compared with the short-day treatment, white and R+FR LEDs promoted flowering of both petunia cultivars, although flowering generally occurred later under white than R+FR LEDs. Snapdragon and petunia ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’ developed 30% to 122% more lateral branches under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night. The effectiveness of warm-white LEDs was generally unaffected by timing, although it was most promotive of flowering in snapdragon when delivered for 8 hours before dawn. For R+FR LEDs, 8-hour day-extension lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting, irrespective of timing. We conclude when delivered for 8 hours at night, warm-white LEDs are generally less effective than R+FR LEDs at promoting flowering of long-day ornamentals but similarly effective as 4-hour night-break lighting. The effectiveness of day-extension lighting is generally independent of timing, although for R+FR LEDs, 8 hours after-dusk and/or before-dawn lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141229114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17661-23
Harmony Varner, Liz Myhre, Betsy Schacht, Jessica Pupo, Kayla A. Spawton, Lindsey J. du Toit, Gabriel T. LaHue
Although irrigation scheduling has been studied for diverse vegetable crops, much less attention has been given to irrigation scheduling for the seed crops on which these production systems rely. In spinach, for which irrigation scheduling needs are likely to vary greatly between seed and leaf production, this leaves seed producers without adequate resources to make irrigation scheduling decisions. Our research sought to fill this gap by evaluating two alternative irrigation scheduling strategies (a publicly available decision-support tool and soil moisture sensors) and four soil moisture thresholds for irrigation for their impacts on vegetative growth, marketable seed yield, seed quality, and the severity of Stemphylium leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium vesicarium and Stemphylium beticola), a common foliar disease of spinach, under sprinkler irrigation. We found that in all 3 years of the study, earlier and more frequent irrigation increased vegetative growth. However, marketable seed yield only increased relative to the control treatment based on farmers’ standard irrigation practices in 1 of the 3 years—a year with an abnormally late planting date. This indicates that vegetative growth is more responsive than seed yield to earlier and more frequent irrigation, and that increases in vegetative growth do not translate directly to increased marketable seed yield. Contrary to the expected increase in Stemphylium leaf spot severity with increasing irrigation, the severity decreased in both years it was measured, likely as a result of the small stature of the spinach seed parent lines used in our study and opportunistic pathogenicity on moisture-stressed plants. These results provide a useful foundation from which spinach seed producers can make irrigation management decisions for their crops that underpin a valuable global industry.
{"title":"Irrigation Scheduling Impacts Vegetative Growth, Seed Yield, and Fungal Diseases of Spinach Seed Crops in a Maritime Mediterranean Climate","authors":"Harmony Varner, Liz Myhre, Betsy Schacht, Jessica Pupo, Kayla A. Spawton, Lindsey J. du Toit, Gabriel T. LaHue","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17661-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17661-23","url":null,"abstract":"Although irrigation scheduling has been studied for diverse vegetable crops, much less attention has been given to irrigation scheduling for the seed crops on which these production systems rely. In spinach, for which irrigation scheduling needs are likely to vary greatly between seed and leaf production, this leaves seed producers without adequate resources to make irrigation scheduling decisions. Our research sought to fill this gap by evaluating two alternative irrigation scheduling strategies (a publicly available decision-support tool and soil moisture sensors) and four soil moisture thresholds for irrigation for their impacts on vegetative growth, marketable seed yield, seed quality, and the severity of Stemphylium leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium vesicarium and Stemphylium beticola), a common foliar disease of spinach, under sprinkler irrigation. We found that in all 3 years of the study, earlier and more frequent irrigation increased vegetative growth. However, marketable seed yield only increased relative to the control treatment based on farmers’ standard irrigation practices in 1 of the 3 years—a year with an abnormally late planting date. This indicates that vegetative growth is more responsive than seed yield to earlier and more frequent irrigation, and that increases in vegetative growth do not translate directly to increased marketable seed yield. Contrary to the expected increase in Stemphylium leaf spot severity with increasing irrigation, the severity decreased in both years it was measured, likely as a result of the small stature of the spinach seed parent lines used in our study and opportunistic pathogenicity on moisture-stressed plants. These results provide a useful foundation from which spinach seed producers can make irrigation management decisions for their crops that underpin a valuable global industry.","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141231547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.21273/hortsci17782-24
Ryan N. Contreras, Cara Still, Ivory Knutson
{"title":"Styrax japonicus ‘ORSTSTYx1’","authors":"Ryan N. Contreras, Cara Still, Ivory Knutson","doi":"10.21273/hortsci17782-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17782-24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13140,"journal":{"name":"Hortscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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