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Black Soldier Fly Frass Supports Plant Growth and Reduces Nitrogen Leaching during Coleus Production 黑兵飞草支持植物生长,减少色素生产过程中的氮淋失
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05093-22
J. Beasley, J. Kuehny, Thanos Gentimis, J. Fields
Industrial insect rearing is expected to increase as a feedstock to meet growing global food demand. This will lead to greater production of insect excreta known as frass, a nutrient-dense organic material that has shown promise as a natural fertilizer source with potential environmental benefits. In this study, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) frass (BSFF) was compared with a synthetic fertilizer (SF) during production of containerized ornamentals grown under greenhouse conditions. Fertilizers were incorporated into a bark-based substrate at 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 kg⋅m–3 nitrogen (N) planted with coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) plugs. Growth index, shoot dry weight, and leaf quality were assessed for a period of 6 weeks. In addition, coleus fertilized at 0.3 kg⋅m–3 N and a control had leachate collected and analyzed weekly for volume, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient losses. Black soldier fly frass was found to produce marketable coleus plants at 0.3 kg⋅m–3 N and reduce cumulative N leaching by 87% compared with coleus fertilized with SF at the same rate. Therefore, BSFF can be a suitable fertilizer source for coleus production without compromising growth and leaf quality while potentially decreasing nutrient leaching losses.
预计工业昆虫饲养作为一种原料将增加,以满足日益增长的全球粮食需求。这将导致被称为草的昆虫排泄物的产量增加,草是一种营养密集的有机物质,有望成为一种天然肥料来源,具有潜在的环境效益。本研究在温室条件下盆栽观赏植物生产过程中,对黑虻(Hermetia illucens)草(BSFF)与合成肥料(SF)进行了比较。将肥料加入以树皮为基础的基质中,分别以0、0.1、0.2或0.3 kg⋅m-3的氮(N)施用,并种植菊花(Plectranthus scutellarioides)。测定生长指数、地上部干重和叶片品质,为期6周。此外,在0.3 kg⋅m-3 N施肥的雏菊和对照雏菊每周收集并分析渗滤液的体积、pH、电导率和养分损失。结果表明,在0.3 kg⋅m-3 N处理下,黑兵飞草可产生可销售的花色植株,与相同施量的SF相比,黑兵飞草可使花色植株的累积N淋失量减少87%。因此,BSFF可以作为一种合适的肥料来源,在不影响生长和叶片质量的同时,潜在地减少养分淋失。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical Promotion of Branching and Stem Elongation of Poinsettia 化学促进一品红分枝和茎伸长的研究
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05186-23
J. Kalinowski, I. Ahmad, J. Dole
Growers have traditionally used mechanical pinching and other cultural practices to control height and encourage branching for full and uniform poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) plants. A total of six experiments were conducted over 5 years to evaluate the impact of chemically treating poinsettia on final height, branching, first color, visible bud formation, and anthesis. The first four experiments evaluated the potential of benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellins [GA(4+7)] to increase height of treated poinsettia. Timing of the application was assessed during Expt. 1 using a combined concentration of 3 ppm BA and 3 ppm GA(4+7) applied at 5, 7, 9, or 11 weeks after pinching; some cultivars exhibited significantly more elongated inflorescences when treatment occurred 7 or 9 weeks after pinching. The application method and frequency was assessed during Expt. 2, and treatments were applied one or three times with either drench application at a concentration of 2 ppm or foliar application at a concentration of 5 ppm or untreated controls. All plants treated with three drench applications produced taller plants on average than when only applied once or when treated with a foliar application. Expt. 3 further assessed height gain and effects on flowering during late-season production with foliar applications of BA+GA(4 + 7) applied 2 weeks after first color at a concentration of 2 ppm compared with untreated control plants. One cultivar, Mars Red, was observed to have a significant decrease in days to anthesis when treated (9 days) compared with untreated plants, but no cultivars exhibited a significant change in height resulting from treatment. Expt. 4 assessed both the application method (foliar and drench) and change in final environment when plants were either maintained in a greenhouse or relocated to a postharvest room before anthesis. Most cultivars experienced a significant height increase when treated with foliar application of BA+GA(4 + 7) regardless of the final environment, but a significant delay in days to first color, visible bud, and anthesis was prevalent, and only one cultivar exhibited a treatment benefit from drench application with no significant delay in flowering or differences caused by changing environment. Expts. 5 and 6 were conducted over 2 growing years to evaluate the benefits of chemically pinching poinsettia using dikegulac sodium at a concentration of 800 ppm applied either once or twice (1 week apart) or 1600 ppm applied once to promote branching. The tallest plants were those treated one time at a concentration of 800 ppm showing lack of dominance in the apical meristem. The greatest number of shoots occurred when plants were treated with 800 ppm twice, whereas one application of 800 or 1600 ppm often, but not always, resulted in more shoots compared with mechanically pinched plants. Interestingly, the increased number of shoots from treated plants was often more than double the number compared with mechanical pinching,
种植者传统上使用机械摘心和其他栽培方法来控制高度,并鼓励对饱满均匀的一品红(一品红)植物进行分枝。在5年的时间里,共进行了6个实验,以评估化学处理一品红对最终高度、分枝、第一颜色、可见芽形成和开花的影响。前四个实验评估了苄基腺嘌呤(BA)和赤霉素[GA(4+7)]增加处理过的一品红高度的潜力。在实验1期间使用在捏夹后5、7、9或11周施用的3ppm BA和3ppm GA(4+7)的组合浓度来评估施用的时间;一些品种在摘心后7或9周处理时表现出明显更细长的花序。在试验2期间评估施用方法和频率,并施用一次或三次处理,以浓度为2ppm的淋施或浓度为5ppm的叶面施用或未处理的对照。所有经过三次淋水处理的植物平均比只施用一次或叶面处理的植物长得更高。试验3通过叶面施用BA+GA进一步评估了晚季生产期间的高度增加和对开花的影响(4 + 7) 与未处理的对照植物相比,在第一次着色后2周以2ppm的浓度施用。与未处理的植物相比,一个品种Mars Red在处理(9天)时开花天数显著减少,但没有任何品种因处理而表现出高度的显著变化。试验4评估了开花前将植物保持在温室中或转移到采后室时的施用方法(叶面和淋水)和最终环境的变化。当叶面施用BA+GA时,大多数品种的高度都显著增加(4 + 7) 无论最终环境如何,但普遍存在初色、可见芽和开花的显著延迟天数,只有一个品种表现出淋施的处理效益,而开花没有显著延迟或环境变化引起的差异。Expts。在2个生长年内进行了第5和第6项的试验,以评估使用浓度为800ppm的dikegulac钠施用一次或两次(间隔1周)或施用一次1600ppm以促进分枝的化学掐尖一品红的益处。最高的植物是那些在800ppm浓度下处理一次的植物,它们在顶端分生组织中缺乏优势。当植物用800ppm处理两次时,出现了最大数量的芽,而与机械挤压的植物相比,一次施用800ppm或1600ppm通常(但并不总是)会产生更多的芽。有趣的是,与机械摘心相比,处理过的植物的新芽数量增加了一倍多,但这些额外的新芽未能发育,导致只有一两个额外的花序。生产时间被发现是一种权衡,因为大多数dikegulac钠处理的植物经历了第一次着色、可见芽和/或开花的天数增加。这些结果表明,高度控制,无论是促进茎伸长还是停止顶端优势,都是品种特有的,尽管在某些品种上可以统一确定方法和浓度,但由于花发育的潜在延迟,施用时间至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of ‘Chambourcin’ Winegrape on 10 Different Root Systems in Southern Missouri, USA 美国密苏里州南部10个不同根系上“香槟酒”的表现
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05163-22
A. Bozzolo, A. Thomas, J. Harris, Connie Liu, M. Kwasniewski, R. K. Striegler
In the midwestern United States, especially Missouri, winegrape (Vitis sp.) growers mostly plant interspecific hybrids, which are well adapted to the climate and pests of the region. ‘Chambourcin’ (an interspecific French-American hybrid) is one of the most widely planted winegrape cultivars in the area. It is usually grown as own-rooted (nongrafted) vines because the economic and horticultural benefits of grafting this cultivar to rootstocks have not been well developed. Further, few significant winegrape rootstock evaluations have been conducted in the midwestern United States, including evaluations of newer rootstocks developed and released by private and public breeding programs. The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of using rootstocks in ‘Chambourcin’ production in southern Missouri, with implications for the midwestern United States. Fruit yield, vine growth, and fruit composition metrics from ‘Chambourcin’ on 10 different root systems [own-rooted, and grafted to rootstocks ‘Couderc 3309’, ‘Couderc 1616’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘Sélection Oppenheim 4’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’, ‘Kingfisher’, ‘Matador’ (all Vitis sp.), and ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ riverbank grape (Vitis riparia)] in an experimental vineyard in southwest Missouri were compared. Following three establishment years (2008–10), data were collected across four growing and vintage seasons (2011–14). Yield components evaluated included total fruit production, clusters per vine, cluster weight, berry weight, weight of cane prunings, and crop load. Petiole mineral analysis was conducted in 2011, 2013, and 2014. Grape juice attributes measured were soluble solids concentration, juice pH, titratable acidity (TA), potassium (K), anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics, and organic acids. When simply comparing grafted vs. ungrafted vines, grafting generally induced higher plant vigor and a higher pH in the juice, whereas the other parameters did not differ. When the performances were compared among the 10 root systems, vines grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ had higher yields compared with vines grafted to six other rootstocks and own-rooted vines. Grafting to ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’ induced higher cluster weight compared with the other rootstocks. The ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’ rootstock promoted a higher pH and TA as well as a higher concentration of K in the juice, and ‘Paulsen 1103’ also promoted high pH, TA, and malic acid in the juice, and higher concentrations of phosphorous (P) and K in the petiole compared with most rootstocks. ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ induced a lower P content in the petiole and a higher tartaric/malic acid ratio. Rootstock use can strongly influence some vineyard production metrics as well as nutrient uptake and K levels in the juice (the latter further influencing juice pH). The results of this study provide insights into the complex viticultural and enological interactions resulting from the use of rootstocks in
在美国中西部,特别是密苏里州,酿酒葡萄(Vitis sp.)种植者大多种植种间杂交品种,这些品种很好地适应了该地区的气候和害虫。“Chambourcin”(一种种间法美杂交品种)是该地区种植最广泛的酿酒葡萄品种之一。它通常作为自根(非嫁接)藤蔓种植,因为嫁接到砧木上的经济和园艺效益尚未得到很好的发展。此外,在美国中西部地区,很少有重要的酿酒葡萄砧木评估,包括对私人和公共育种计划开发和发布的新砧木的评估。本研究的目的是评估在密苏里州南部“香槟酒”生产中使用砧木的潜在价值,以及对美国中西部的影响。在密苏里州西南部的一个实验葡萄园中,比较了‘香槟酒’在10种不同根系上的果实产量、葡萄藤生长和果实成分指标[自根,嫁接到砧木‘库德克3309’、‘库德克1616’、‘Paulsen 1103’、‘ssamlection Oppenheim 4’、‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’、‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’、‘Kingfisher’、‘Matador’(都是葡萄品种)和‘Gloire de Montpellier’河岸葡萄(Vitis riparia)]。在三个建立年份(2008-10)之后,收集了四个生长季节和葡萄年份(2011-14)的数据。评估的产量成分包括果实总产量、每株葡萄串数、串重、果实重量、甘蔗修剪重量和作物负荷。叶柄矿物分析分别于2011年、2013年和2014年进行。测量的葡萄汁属性包括可溶性固形物浓度、葡萄汁pH、可滴定酸度(TA)、钾(K)、花青素、单宁、酚类物质和有机酸。当简单比较嫁接和未嫁接的葡萄藤时,嫁接通常诱导更高的植株活力和更高的汁液pH,而其他参数没有差异。对比10个根系的表现,嫁接到“古德克3309”上的葡萄产量高于嫁接到其他6个砧木和自根藤上的葡萄产量。嫁接到' Millardet et de Grasset 101-14 '上,与其他砧木相比,可以产生更高的簇重。与大多数砧木相比,‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’砧木提高了汁液中pH、TA和K的浓度,而‘Paulsen 1103’砧木也提高了汁液中pH、TA和苹果酸的浓度,以及叶柄中磷和K的浓度。‘蒙彼利埃荣光’诱导了较低的叶柄磷含量和较高的酒石酸/苹果酸比值。砧木的使用会强烈影响一些葡萄园的生产指标,以及果汁中的营养吸收和钾含量(后者进一步影响果汁的pH值)。这项研究的结果为美国密苏里州杂交酿酒葡萄生产中使用砧木所产生的复杂的葡萄栽培和酿酒相互作用提供了见解。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Compact Pepper Cultivars for Container Gardening Indoors Under Light-emitting Diodes and in a Greenhouse Under Sunlight 紧凑型辣椒品种在室内和日光温室容器园艺中的评价
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05194-23
Stephanie Cruz, E. van Santen, Celina Gómez
Numerous compact pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars are available for home gardening. However, evaluations under different environmental conditions are limited. This study aimed to characterize growth and productivity of 14 compact pepper cultivars grown indoors under environmental conditions that simulated a residential space (11 mol·m−2·d−1 provided by white of light-emitting diode fixtures, constant 22 °C, and moderate relative humidity of 40% to 60%) and in a greenhouse with sunlight only. Plants in the greenhouse were generally larger in size and produced more fruit [both in number and total fresh weight (FW)] than those grown indoors. For example, growth index, which is a measure of canopy volume that integrates shoot height and width, and fruit FW were up to 250% and 621% higher in the greenhouse than indoors, respectively. ‘Fresh Bites Red Improved’ and ‘Sweet Yellow’ had the highest fruit FW per plant when grown in the greenhouse (695 g) and indoors (483 g), respectively. All cultivars evaluated in this study are recommended for gardening under sunlight, and most for indoor gardening except for Cosmo, Pinata, and Yellow Tomato, which had the lowest fruit FW when grown indoors (61, 59, and 52 g) and thus, should not be recommended to consumers aiming to maximize fruit yield. In addition, ‘Cayennetta’, ‘Cheyenne’, ‘Hot Tomato Red’, ‘Pinata’, ‘Spicy Jane’, and ‘Sweet Yellow’ were affected by intumescence, which could negatively affect indoor gardening experiences until widespread recommendations to mitigate this disorder become available.
许多紧凑型辣椒(辣椒)品种可用于家庭园艺。然而,在不同环境条件下的评估是有限的。本研究旨在表征14个紧凑型辣椒品种在室内生长的环境条件下的生长和生产力,这些环境条件模拟了由白色发光二极管固定装置提供的居住空间(11 mol·m−2·d−1,常数22 °C,以及40%至60%的中等相对湿度)和只有阳光的温室中。温室中的植物通常比室内生长的植物体积更大,结出的果实[数量和总鲜重(FW)]更多。例如,温室中的生长指数(衡量冠层体积的指标,包括地上部高度和宽度)和果实FW分别比室内高出250%和621%在温室(695克)和室内(483克)生长时,“改良鲜咬红”和“甜黄”的单株果实FW最高。本研究中评估的所有品种都被推荐用于阳光下的园艺,除Cosmo、Pinata和Yellow Tomato外,大多数品种都被建议用于室内园艺,它们在室内种植时的水果FW最低(61、59和52克),因此不应推荐给旨在最大限度提高水果产量的消费者。此外,“Cayennetta”、“Cheyenne”、“Hot Tomato Red”、“Pinata”、“Spicy Jane”和“Sweet Yellow”都受到膨胀的影响,这可能会对室内园艺体验产生负面影响,直到有广泛的建议来缓解这种障碍。
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引用次数: 2
Land-use and Energy Practices on US Golf Courses 美国高尔夫球场的土地利用和能源实践
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05207-23
T. Shaddox, J. B. Unruh, Mark Johnson, C. D. Brown, G. Stacey
Golf facilities require a large area and consume energy to operate. As such, golf facilities have the potential to influence ecosystems and contribute to national and regional energy demands. The objective of this study was to document the land-use and energy practices of US golf facilities in 2021 and to determine if changes have occurred since 2005. A survey was distributed via e-mail to 13,938 US golf facilities, with 1861 responding. From 2005 to 2021, the projected acres of maintained turfgrass declined by 14.2%, whereas the median maintained turfgrass acreage declined by 3.0% indicating the decline in projected acres was likely a result of facility closures. In 2021, water features, turfgrass, and natural areas accounted for 92% of the total projected facility acres. More golf facilities used cleaner energy sources, such as natural gas and solar-electric, and fewer golf facilities used gasoline and diesel in 2021 than in 2005. The percentage of golf facilities at which behavioral changes were implemented to decrease energy use declined but design changes increased from 2005 to 2021. Golf facilities became more land and energy efficient from 2005 to 2021 by reducing the acreage of maintained turfgrass and increasing the use of clean energy sources, but room for improvement still exists in human behaviors that affect energy use.
高尔夫设施占地面积大,运行能耗高。因此,高尔夫设施有可能影响生态系统,并有助于满足国家和地区的能源需求。本研究的目的是记录2021年美国高尔夫设施的土地使用和能源实践,并确定自2005年以来是否发生了变化。一项调查通过电子邮件分发给13938家美国高尔夫设施,1861家做出了回应。从2005年到2021年,预计维护草坪的英亩数下降了14.2%,而维护草坪的平均面积下降了3.0%,这表明预计英亩数的下降可能是设施关闭的结果。2021年,水景、草坪和自然区域占预计设施总英亩数的92%。2021年,更多的高尔夫设施使用更清洁的能源,如天然气和太阳能,使用汽油和柴油的高尔夫设施比2005年更少。从2005年到2021年,实施行为改变以减少能源使用的高尔夫设施的百分比有所下降,但设计变化有所增加。从2005年到2021年,通过减少维护的草坪面积和增加清洁能源的使用,高尔夫设施变得更加节约土地和能源,但影响能源使用的人类行为仍有改进的空间。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Calcium Sources for the Management of Botrytis Blight on Petunia Flowers 钙源对矮牵牛花灰霉病防治的评价
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05097-22
Katherine Bennett, G. Schnabel, J. Faust
Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of calcium (Ca) spray applications derived from Ca chloride for reducing botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) infection severity on petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) flowers. This study examines the effects of six Ca sources for their efficacy in reducing Botrytis blight on petunia flowers and their potential to cause spray damage or phytotoxicity. In the first experiment, the six Ca sources evaluated were laboratory-grade and commercial-grade Ca chloride, Ca nitrate, Ca ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelate, Ca amino acid chelate, and Ca silicate. In the second experiment, petunia flowers that were 0, 1, 3, 5, or 7 days old at the time of the Ca spray applications were evaluated for spray damage severity. For both experiments, treatments were applied to flowering plants. For the evaluation of Botrytis blight efficacy, flowers were excised and inoculated with botrytis spores 24 hours after the Ca spray application, and were evaluated every 12 hours for 72 hours. Laboratory-grade and commercial-grade Ca chloride at 1250 mg⋅L–1 Ca were the most effective Ca sources evaluated for decreasing Botrytis blight severity while not causing spray damage at any flower age. Spray damage to the flowers from the Ca chloride application increased when Ca concentrations increased to 2000 mg⋅L–1, but no additional benefit was observed for reducing Botrytis blight severity compared with the 1250-mg⋅L–1 Ca application. The results demonstrate that several Ca sources reduce Botrytis blight severity significantly; however, selection of the Ca source is important for minimizing the risk of spray damage.
先前的研究已经证明了从氯化钙中提取的钙(Ca)喷雾应用对降低矮牵牛(petunia ×hybrida)花上的葡萄球菌(botrytis cinerea)感染的严重程度的有效性。本研究考察了6种钙源在减少矮牵牛花灰霉病中的作用,以及它们可能引起的喷雾损害或植物毒性。在第一个实验中,评估的六种钙来源是实验室级和商业级氯化钙、硝酸钙、乙二胺四乙酸螯合钙、氨基酸螯合钙和硅酸钙。在第二个试验中,对Ca喷施时间为0、1、3、5、7天的矮牵牛花进行了喷害程度评价。两个试验均对开花植物进行处理。在Ca喷施后24 h,取花接种孢灰菌孢子,每12 h接种一次,连续接种72 h,评价灰霉病防治效果。1250 mg·L-1 Ca浓度的实验室级和商业级氯化钙是降低葡萄孢枯萎病严重程度的最有效Ca源,且在任何花龄均不会造成喷雾伤害。当Ca浓度增加到2000 mg⋅L-1时,施用氯化钙对花的伤害增加,但与施用1250 mg⋅L-1 Ca相比,在降低葡萄枯萎病严重程度方面没有额外的效果。结果表明,几种Ca源均能显著降低葡萄枯萎病的严重程度;然而,钙源的选择对于最小化喷雾损伤的风险是很重要的。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in Production Practices Used for Disease Management in Blueberry Nurseries in Georgia, USA, Over a 15-year Period 15年来美国乔治亚州蓝莓苗圃病害管理生产实践的变化
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05154-22
J. Haralson, P. Brannen, Walt Sanders, H. Scherm
Surveys of blueberry [rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) and southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrids)] nurseries in the State of Georgia, USA, were conducted in 2007 and 2022 to determine the prevalence of and associations among propagation practices, especially related to disease management. As indicated by the reduction in surveyed nurseries in 2022 (7) compared with 2007 (18), the Georgia blueberry nursery industry has consolidated. However, cultural disease management practices have generally improved in these remaining nurseries. In 2007, in nurseries where cuttings were grown in containers, 77.8% reused containers and 66.7% did not sterilize them before use. The growing medium [pine (Pinus sp.) bark] was reused for subsequent production cycles in 29.4% of nurseries, although such reuse of media tended to be associated with production in beds as opposed to containers (P = 0.08). Nurseries used well water in 88.2% and pond water in 11.8% of cases. Cuttings were grown on benches (vs. the ground) in slightly fewer than half of the nurseries. In contrast, all nurseries surveyed in 2022 grew their cuttings in containers, used well water, and had increased bench use, albeit only slightly. Although all nurseries reused containers, only 28.5% did not sterilize containers before use, and only 14.3% of nurseries reported reusing media. Most nurseries surveyed in 2007 (83.3%) were on a routine, calendar-based fungicide program using a.i. targeted primarily against aboveground diseases (blights and leaf spots) and secondarily against soil-borne water molds (Phytophthora and Pythium species of the Oomycetes class). In contrast, 42.8% of those surveyed in 2022 were on a 2- to 3-week spray schedule, 42.8% used fungicides on an as-needed basis, and 14.4% were on a monthly schedule, indicating that fungicide scheduling varied dramatically among the remaining nurseries.
2007年和2022年对美国乔治亚州蓝莓[兔眼蓝莓(Vaccinium virgatum)和南方高丛蓝莓(Vaccinium corymbosum)种间杂交品种]苗圃进行了调查,以确定繁殖方法的流行程度及其相关性,特别是与疾病管理相关的方法。与2007年(18)相比,2022年(7)调查的苗圃数量减少表明,乔治亚州蓝莓苗圃产业已经整合。然而,在这些剩余的苗圃中,文化病管理做法普遍有所改善。2007年,插枝在容器中种植的苗圃中,77.8%的苗圃重复使用容器,66.7%的苗圃在使用前没有对容器进行消毒。29.4%的苗圃在随后的生产周期中重复使用生长介质[松树(Pinus sp.)树皮],尽管这种介质的重复使用往往与床上生产有关,而不是容器(P = 0.08)。苗圃使用井水占88.2%,池塘水占11.8%。在略少于一半的苗圃中,插枝是在长凳上(而不是在地上)种植的。相比之下,2022年接受调查的所有苗圃都在容器中种植插枝,使用井水,并且增加了长凳的使用,尽管只是轻微的。虽然所有托儿所都重复使用容器,但只有28.5%的托儿所在使用前没有对容器进行消毒,只有14.3%的托儿所报告重复使用培养基。2007年调查的大多数苗圃(83.3%)使用人工智能进行常规的、基于日历的杀菌剂计划,主要针对地上疾病(枯萎病和叶斑病),其次针对土壤传播的水霉菌(卵菌纲中的疫霉和霉)。相比之下,在2022年的调查中,42.8%的人采用了2至3周的喷雾计划,42.8%的人根据需要使用杀菌剂,14.4%的人采用了每月的计划,这表明杀菌剂的使用时间表在其他苗圃之间差异很大。
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引用次数: 0
Brussels Sprout Cultivar Performance and Response to Apical Meristem Removal 球芽甘蓝品种性能及对顶端分生组织去除的响应
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05170-22
Rebecca Grube Sideman, Caterina Roman, Elisabeth A. Hodgdon
We compared the performance of Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) cultivars in New Hampshire and evaluated the effects of topping (apical meristem removal) on marketable yields. A total of 23 cultivars were evaluated in the study, with 8 to 16 cultivars evaluated in any given year. We identified several cultivars that produced moderate to high yields of well-spaced, uniform sprouts that had few Alternaria blight (Alternaria sp.) symptoms, and identified many others, including all red cultivars evaluated, that produced very low yields consistently. In 2013, 2014, and 2015, we used a replicated split-plot experimental design with cultivar as the main plot and topping treatment as the subplot, to evaluate the effects of topping plants. Early and midseason cultivars showed increased yields in response to topping, unless topping was performed too early. Cultivars with sprouts that did not reach marketable size within our growing season generally produced low yields, and topping had no effect on yields. To explore the effects of topping at different dates, we evaluated three cultivars on seven different topping dates plus an untopped control in 2015 and 2017. In addition to reducing stalk height by limiting late-season growth, topping affected marketable yields by affecting the number of sprouts that were either undersized or oversized. The ideal topping date window for minimizing defects and maximizing yields varied slightly for each cultivar, ranging from early to late September.
本研究比较了美国新罕布什尔州的球芽甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)品种的生产性能,并评估了打顶(顶端分生组织去除)对市场产量的影响。本研究共评价23个品种,每年评价8 ~ 16个品种。我们发现了几个品种,它们产生了中等到高的产量,间距均匀,几乎没有疫病(Alternaria sp.)症状,并且发现了许多其他品种,包括所有被评估的红色品种,它们始终产生非常低的产量。在2013年、2014年和2015年,采用以品种为主、打顶处理为副的重复分畦试验设计,评价了打顶植株的效果。除非过早打顶,否则早、中季品种对打顶的反应是增产的。在我们的生长季节,芽苗菜没有达到可销售大小的品种通常产量低,打顶对产量没有影响。为探讨不同采穗期的采穗效应,本研究在2015年和2017年对3个品种在7个不同采穗期加1个未采穗期对照进行了评价。除了通过限制晚季生长而降低茎高外,打顶还通过影响矮小或超大的芽的数量来影响可销售产量。减少缺陷和提高产量的理想抽穗日期窗口在9月初至9月底之间略有不同。
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引用次数: 0
Selectivity and Efficacy of Acetic Acid and d-Limonene on Four Aquatic Plants 乙酸和d-柠檬烯对四种水生植物的选择性和药效
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05168-22
L. Gettys, Kyle L. Thayer, J. Sigmon, Jennifer H. Bishop
Most lake, canal, and pond management programs in the United States use herbicides labeled for aquatic use because many of these products, which are registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency, are relatively inexpensive and can effectively control undesirable plants without excessive damage to desirable species. Managers of these resources have expressed an interest in alternative methods for aquatic weed control that could reduce the use of traditional synthetic herbicides. We studied the effects of acetic acid and d-limonene on growth of the invasive aquatic species rotala (Rotala rotundifolia) and crested floatingheart (Nymphoides cristata), as well as on the native wetland plants spatterdock (Nuphar advena) and giant bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus). We applied acetic acid and d-limonene (alone and in combination) once as foliar treatments to healthy plants, then grew out the plants for 8 weeks after treatment to observe damage resulting from treatments. We also evaluated diquat dibromide at three concentrations as “industry-standard” synthetic treatments for comparison. A 0.22% concentration of diquat dibromide eliminated most or all vegetation of rotala, crested floatingheart, and giant bulrush, but was much less damaging to spatterdock. Single-product applications of acetic acid or d-limonene had little effect on any of the four species evaluated. Some combinations of acetic acid and d-limonene provided acceptable control of rotala and selectivity on spatterdock and giant bulrush, but no treatments reduced crested floatingheart growth by more than 40%. Treating rotala with acetic acid and d-limonene instead of diquat dibromide would result in a 25-fold increase in material costs, which would make this option unaffordable for most aquatic system managers.
美国的大多数湖泊、运河和池塘管理项目都使用标记为水生用途的除草剂,因为这些产品中的许多都是由美国环境保护署注册的,相对便宜,可以有效地控制不需要的植物,而不会对需要的物种造成过度损害。这些资源的管理人员已表示有兴趣采用可减少传统合成除草剂使用的水生杂草控制替代方法。本文研究了醋酸和d-柠檬烯对入侵水生植物轮藻(rotala rotundifolia)和凤头浮心(nyymphoides cristata)生长的影响,以及对本土湿地植物散花草(Nuphar advena)和巨草(Schoenoplectus californicus)生长的影响。我们将乙酸和d-柠檬烯(单独和联合)作为叶片处理一次,然后在处理后将植株生长8周,观察处理造成的损害。我们还评估了三种浓度的双溴双菊酯作为“工业标准”的合成处理进行比较。浓度为0.22%的二溴双菊酯对轮苔草、凤头花心草和金盏花的大部分或全部植被均有杀伤作用,但对散花草的杀伤作用较小。醋酸或d-柠檬烯的单一产品应用对四种被评估物种的影响很小。乙酸和d-柠檬烯的一些组合对散花草和野刺草的轮虫和选择性有一定的控制作用,但没有一种处理能使冠状浮心的生长减少40%以上。用醋酸和d-柠檬烯代替双氯菊酯处理轮藻将导致材料成本增加25倍,这将使大多数水生系统管理人员无法负担这一选择。
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引用次数: 0
Clipping and Gibberellin Treatments Promote Germination in Dormant Grape Seeds 修剪和赤霉素处理促进葡萄休眠种子发芽
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q3 HORTICULTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05155-22
Bridget Bolt, Anna G. Baloh, Roberta Magnani, M. Nosarzewski, Carlos Rodriguez López, R. Geneve
‘Crimson Cabernet’ grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds showed physiological dormancy and germinated at ∼60% after 60 days of chilling stratification. Fresh seeds harvested after physiological maturity and sown without drying failed to germinate after 30 days when sown on agar. In agar-sown fresh seeds cut at the distal seed end or intact seeds treated with gibberellic acid (GA), the seeds germinated at ∼20% after 30 days. The highest germination percentages after 30 days were 63% to 83% in fresh, agar-sown seeds that were cut and treated with GA at 5000 mg⋅L–1 regardless of stratification time. Similar results were seen in seeds allowed to dry before sowing. Seeds cut and treated with GA at 5000 mg⋅L–1 germinated at 79% after 30 days. However, dry seeds sown on germination paper showed lower germination after cutting and GA treatment compared with agar-sown seeds. The highest germination percentages after 30 days in dry, cut seeds on germination paper treated with GA at 2000 and 5000 mg⋅L–1 were 33% and 55%, respectively, compared with agar-sown seeds, which germinated at 76% and 79%, with the same treatments. Results from this study provide a system that reduces the need for chilling stratification for grape seed germination by using partial seedcoat removal and GA treatment.
“深红赤霞珠”葡萄(Vitis vinifera)种子表现出生理休眠,经过60天的低温分层后,发芽率为~60%。生理成熟后收获的未经干燥播种的新鲜种子在琼脂上播种30天后未能发芽。在琼脂播种的种子末端切割的新鲜种子或用赤霉酸(GA)处理的完整种子中,30天后种子发芽率为~20%。在新鲜琼脂播种的种子中,30天后的最高发芽率为63%至83%,这些种子被切割并用5000 mg·L–1的GA处理,无论分层时间如何。类似的结果也出现在播种前晾干的种子上。经5000 mg·L–1 GA处理的种子在30天后发芽率为79%。然而,与琼脂播种的种子相比,在发芽纸上播种的干种子在切割和GA处理后表现出较低的发芽率。在2000和5000 mg·L–1 GA处理的发芽纸上,在干燥、切割的种子中30天后的最高发芽率分别为33%和55%,而在相同处理下,琼脂播种的种子发芽率为76%和79%。本研究的结果提供了一种系统,该系统通过使用部分种皮去除和GA处理来减少葡萄种子发芽对冷藏分层的需要。
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引用次数: 0
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