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Effects of Photoperiod Treatments on Stock Plants and Cutting Rooting of Three Cultivars of Ornamental Perennials 光周期处理对三个多年生观赏植物品种的栽培植株和扦插生根的影响
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05368-23
Ronda D. Conner Koski, James E. Klett, Daniel Burcham
Many species of herbaceous perennials now have numerous cultivars, with growth habits and flower colors unique to each cultivar. Vegetative propagation is required so that resulting plants are genetically identical to the parent plant. Although many cultivars are selected for precocious and vigorous flowering, it is often difficult to collect adequate vegetative cuttings from such cultivars for commercial production because juvenile (vegetative) growth is preferred for high-quality cuttings. Cuttings that are reproductive (with flower buds or flowers) can have reduced or delayed rooting and increased occurrences of fungal pathogens (especially Botrytis species), resulting in lack of crop uniformity. We sought to answer the question, can growing stock plants of herbaceous perennials under defined photoperiods extend the length of the vegetative period and enhance the rooting of cuttings harvested from these stock plants? In this study, stock plants of ‘P009S’ twinspur (Diascia integerrima), ‘Furman's Red’ sage (Salvia greggii), and ‘Wild Thing’ sage (Salvia greggii) were grown under ambient, 12-hour light, 10-hour light, and 8-hour light to determine if a particular photoperiod could be used to suppress reproductive growth by promoting vegetative growth, thereby enhancing cutting rooting success. Effects of photoperiod treatments varied among the plant cultivars studied. Plants grown under 8-hour photoperiod had longer duration of vegetative growth, smaller growth rates, and lower dry weights when compared with plants grown under 12-hour or 10-hour photoperiod. Plants grown under 12-hour photoperiod had shorter duration of vegetative growth, larger growth rates, and higher dry weights when compared with plants grown under 10-hour and 8-hour photoperiods. The probability of rooting of cuttings harvested from stock plants of ‘P009S’ twinspur, ‘Furman’s Red’ sage, and ‘Wild Thing’ sage grown under 12-hour and 10-hour photoperiods was greater when compared with cuttings harvested from stock plants grown under 8 h photoperiod.
现在,许多种多年生草本植物都有许多栽培品种,每个栽培品种都有独特的生长习性和花色。栽培品种需要进行无性繁殖,这样培育出来的植株才能与亲本植株的基因完全相同。虽然许多栽培品种被选育为早熟和开花旺盛的品种,但通常很难从这些栽培品种中收集到足够的无性繁殖插条用于商业生产,因为优质插条更倾向于幼苗(无性)生长。有生殖能力(有花蕾或花)的插条可能会减少或延迟生根,增加真菌病原体(尤其是灰霉病菌)的发生,导致作物缺乏一致性。我们试图回答这样一个问题:在规定的光周期下种植多年生草本植物的原种植株,能否延长无性期的长度并提高从这些原种植株上收获的插条的生根率?在这项研究中,'P009S'双孢蘑菇(Diascia integerrima)、'Furman'红色鼠尾草(Salvia greggii)和'Wild Thing'鼠尾草(Salvia greggii)的原种植株分别在常温、12 小时光照、10 小时光照和 8 小时光照下生长,以确定是否可以通过促进无性生长来抑制生殖生长,从而提高扦插生根的成功率。光周期处理对不同栽培品种的影响各不相同。与 12 小时或 10 小时光周期下生长的植物相比,8 小时光周期下生长的植物无性生长持续时间更长、生长速度更慢、干重更低。与 10 小时和 8 小时光周期下的植株相比,12 小时光周期下的植株无性生长持续时间较短、生长速度较快、干重较高。从 12 小时和 10 小时光周期下生长的'P009S'双花鼠尾草、'Furman's Red'鼠尾草和'Wild Thing'鼠尾草原种植株上收获的插条与从 8 小时光周期下生长的原种植株上收获的插条相比,生根的几率更大。
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引用次数: 0
Selected Beneficial Microbes Alleviate Salinity Stress in Hydroponic Lettuce and Pak Choi 精选有益微生物缓解水培生菜和白菜的盐度胁迫
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05403-24
Angela Karen Hirst, Sanzida Akhter Anee, Matthew Joseph Housley, Kuan Qin, R. Ferrarezi
Hydroponics is widely used in greenhouse and vertical farming production because these facilities can precisely control environmental conditions such as lighting, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit. However, the fertilizer solutions have a short life span, and they often do not have adequate microbial populations to enhance plant growth. Previous studies have shown the potential of beneficial microbes to promote plant production and alleviate abiotic and biotic stressors in the field, and studies on their use in controlled environments such as greenhouses and vertical farms are limited in the literature. In this study, we selected several plant growth promoting microbes (PGPMs) and tested their effects on alleviating salinity stress in ‘Rex’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and ‘Red Pac’ pak choi (Brassica chinensis) grown in deep water culture hydroponics. Our goal was to use one stressor, salinity, that induces profound symptoms in plant morphology. A three-cycle study was conducted using five PGPMs [Bacillus, Glomus, Lactobacillus, Trichoderma, and Bacillus/Pseudomonas/Trichoderma (B/P/T) mix] and two salinity levels [no salinity and salinity treatment, with 120 mM, 40 mM, and 80 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) solution used for the first, second, and third cycles, respectively]. We measured the effects of PGPMs and salinity on plant growth and quality and the solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Salinity stress decreased lettuce and pak choi leaf area and shoot fresh weight and increased plant leaf chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents with increased solution EC. Under high-salinity stress (120 mM NaCl), the addition of Trichoderma reduced pak choi leaf area and fresh weight but increased solution pH, whereas under low salinity stress (40 mM NaCl), Trichoderma increased pak choi leaf chlorophyll content. Under moderate-salinity stress (80 mM NaCl) condition, the addition of Glomus sp. increased lettuce fresh weight and leaf area, and B/P/T mix increased pak choi leaf area. In conclusion, using the selected PGPMs in low to moderate-salinity stress could increase lettuce and pak choi growth and quality parameters. These results have some practical applications in the future when more saline water is used for production.
水培法被广泛应用于温室和垂直农业生产,因为这些设施可以精确控制光照、温度和蒸汽压不足等环境条件。然而,肥料溶液的寿命很短,而且往往没有足够的微生物种群来促进植物生长。以往的研究表明,有益微生物具有促进植物生产、缓解田间非生物和生物胁迫的潜力,而关于在温室和垂直农场等受控环境中使用有益微生物的研究在文献中还很有限。在本研究中,我们选择了几种植物生长促进微生物(PGPMs),并测试了它们对缓解在深水培养水培法中生长的'Rex'生菜(Lactuca sativa)和'Red Pac'白菜(Brassica chinensis)的盐度胁迫的影响。我们的目标是使用一种能在植物形态上诱发深刻症状的胁迫因素--盐度。我们使用五种 PGPM(芽孢杆菌、革兰氏菌、乳酸杆菌、毛霉菌和芽孢杆菌/假单胞菌/毛霉菌(B/P/T)混合物)和两种盐度水平(无盐度和盐度处理,第一、第二和第三周期分别使用 120 毫摩尔、40 毫摩尔和 80 毫摩尔氯化钠(NaCl)溶液)进行了三周期研究。我们测量了 PGPMs 和盐度对植物生长和质量以及溶液 pH 值和导电率(EC)的影响。盐度胁迫降低了莴苣和白菜的叶面积和嫩枝鲜重,增加了植物叶片的叶绿素和花青素含量,同时增加了溶液的导电率。在高盐度胁迫(120 毫摩尔 NaCl)下,加入毛霉菌会减少白菜叶面积和鲜重,但会增加溶液 pH 值;而在低盐度胁迫(40 毫摩尔 NaCl)下,毛霉菌会增加白菜叶叶绿素含量。在中度盐度胁迫(80 毫摩尔 NaCl)条件下,加入 Glomus sp. 增加了莴苣鲜重和叶面积,B/P/T 混合菌增加了白菜叶面积。总之,在中低盐度胁迫条件下使用所选的 PGPMs 可提高莴苣和白菜的生长和品质参数。这些结果在未来使用更多盐水进行生产时具有一定的实际应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Yields, Postharvest Storage, and Response to Pruning of Eggplant Cultivars Grown in High Tunnels in New Hampshire, USA 美国新罕布什尔州高棚种植的茄子品种的产量、采后贮藏以及对修剪的反应
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05404-24
R. Sideman, Heather Bryant, Olivia Saunders
We grew eight cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena) over 2 years in four experiments conducted in high tunnels located in Durham, NH; North Haverhill, NH; and Ossipee, NH, USA. The marketable yields of eggplant harvested over 14 to 15 weeks ranged from 925 to 3269 g per plant (2.5–8.8 kg⋅m–2), depending on year and cultivar. Significant differences in marketable yield among cultivars were observed in three of the four experiments, but trends were not consistent. Parthenocarpic cultivars developed for greenhouse production, including Angela, Annina, Aretussa, Jaylo, and Michal, did not produce significantly greater yields than the cultivars developed for field production (Nadia, Traviata, and White Star). In two experiments, using a subset of cultivars, we explored the effects of training plants to four leaders compared with the standard practice of no pruning. Pruning treatment did not impact significantly the number or weight of marketable fruit, or the percentage of cull fruit, and there was no cultivar-by-pruning treatment interaction. In three separate experiments in Durham NH, USA, weight loss, browning, and softness were evaluated after 2 weeks of storage in one of three conditions: within the ideal range of temperatures (average of 50–64 °F), too warm (63–73 °F), and too cool (38–49 °F). Overall, responses to conditions that were warmer or cooler than ideal were as predicted, and weight loss, softness, and browning were all minimized when fruit were stored at 50 or 60 °F. We did, however, see some differences among cultivars in susceptibility to common postharvest storage problems. In conclusion, we found that cultivar choice can be important for high-tunnel eggplant producers, especially if postharvest storage conditions are not ideal. We also found that pruning and parthenocarpy did not enhance marketable yields, allowing growers to reduce labor and seed costs without impacting yield or fruit quality negatively.
我们在位于美国新罕布什尔州达勒姆、新罕布什尔州北哈弗希尔和新罕布什尔州奥西皮的四个高架隧道中种植了 8 个茄子(Solanum melongena)栽培品种,历时 2 年。根据年份和栽培品种的不同,经过 14 至 15 周收获的茄子每株的可销售产量为 925 至 3269 克(2.5-8.8 千克/平方米-2)。在四个试验中,有三个试验观察到不同栽培品种的可销售产量存在显著差异,但趋势并不一致。为温室生产培育的孤雌生殖栽培品种(包括 Angela、Annina、Aretussa、Jaylo 和 Michal)的产量并不比为大田生产培育的栽培品种(Nadia、Traviata 和 White Star)高出很多。在两项实验中,我们使用了部分栽培品种,探讨了将植株培养成四条龙头与不修剪的标准做法相比的效果。修剪处理对可上市果实的数量、重量或剔除果实的百分比没有显著影响,也不存在栽培品种与修剪处理之间的交互作用。在美国新罕布什尔州达勒姆进行的三项独立实验中,在三种条件之一下储藏 2 周后对重量损失、褐变和柔软度进行了评估:理想温度范围内(平均 50-64 °F)、过热(63-73 °F)和过冷(38-49 °F)。总体而言,果实在比理想温度更高或更低的条件下的反应与预期一致,果实在 50 或 60 华氏度条件下贮藏时,重量损失、柔软度和褐变都降到了最低。不过,我们也发现不同栽培品种对常见采后贮藏问题的敏感性存在一些差异。总之,我们发现栽培品种的选择对高垄茄子生产者来说非常重要,尤其是在采后贮藏条件不理想的情况下。我们还发现,修剪和孤雌生殖并不会提高上市产量,种植者可以降低劳动力和种子成本,而不会对产量或果实质量产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Psychophysiological and Psychological Responses of Teenage Students Conducting Computer Programming Activities Combined with Horticultural Activities 结合园艺活动开展计算机编程活动的青少年学生的心理生理和心理反应
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05311-23
Sun-Mi Lee, Sin-Ae Park
This study investigated whether coding (computer programming) and horticultural activities alone and combined have psychophysiological and psychological effects. Compulsory computer programming has been required in elementary schools in South Korea since 2018. A total of 34 participants, who were students between the ages of 11 and 16 years were involved in the study. Participants undertook the following activities in random order: connecting components, coding, horticultural activities, and combining coding and horticultural activities (run program, horticultural activities, and coding modifications). Brain waves were measured during the activity, and a subjective self-report evaluation was conducted at the end of each activity. In a spectral edge frequency of 50% of the alpha spectrum band, which indicates a comfortable, stable, and relaxed state, there was a significant difference in the left prefrontal pole when participants performed a combination of coding and horticultural activities (P < 0.001). In addition, there were significant differences in the coding activities based on horticultural activities (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), with a relatively low beta, indicating attention and alertness; relative mid beta, indicating active awareness; ratio of SMR to theta, indicating focused attention; and the ratio of mid beta to theta, indicating concentrated focus. It is judged that activities involving plant engagement can contribute to comfort, stability, focused attention, and positive effects in response to active stimuli. As a result of a subjective evaluation, it was found that horticultural activities had a positive effect on participants’ emotions (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that horticulture-based coding activities have a positive impact on physiological relaxation and cognitive enhancement, and are also associated with subjectively reported positive emotions.
本研究调查了编码(计算机编程)和园艺活动单独或结合是否会产生心理生理和心理效应。自 2018 年起,韩国小学开始强制要求学生学习计算机编程。共有 34 名 11 至 16 岁的学生参与了这项研究。参与者按照随机顺序进行了以下活动:连接组件、编码、园艺活动以及编码与园艺活动相结合(运行程序、园艺活动和编码修改)。在活动过程中测量脑电波,并在每个活动结束时进行主观自我报告评估。在表示舒适、稳定和放松状态的阿尔法频谱带 50%的频谱边缘频率上,参与者在进行编码和园艺活动组合时,左前额极有显著差异(P < 0.001)。此外,基于园艺活动的编码活动也存在显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.001),相对较低的β表示注意力和警觉性;相对中等的β表示主动意识;SMR与θ之比表示集中注意力;中等β与θ之比表示集中注意力。据此判断,涉及植物参与的活动有助于提高舒适度、稳定性、集中注意力以及对积极刺激做出反应的积极效果。主观评价结果显示,园艺活动对参与者的情绪有积极影响(P < 0.01)。这项研究表明,以园艺为基础的编码活动对生理放松和认知提升有积极影响,也与主观报告的积极情绪有关。
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引用次数: 0
Flowers or Leaves? Assessing the Impact of Crape Myrtle Observation on the Physical and Mental Well-being of Senior Citizens 花还是叶?评估紫薇观察对老年人身心健康的影响
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05364-23
Siwen Hao, Donglin Zhang, Yafeng Wen, Yiqun Yang, Hengwei Zhang, Lu Hou
Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial impact of plants on the overall well-being of elderly individuals. However, there remains a gap in our understanding which specific plant species have a notable influence on the physical and mental health of the elderly population. Among the various woody ornamental plants used worldwide, crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) holds a growing significance in the natural environment. This study aimed to investigate the physiological parameters (such as blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and fingertip pulse) as well as psychological aspects (measured using positive and negative affect schedule scores and smile face scale) associated with crape myrtle observation activities. The finding revealed the following key points: 1) engaging in crape myrtle observation activities significantly enhanced the physical and mental well-being of elderly participants; 2) the impact of observing crape myrtle flowers differed notably from that of observing its leaves, with flower observation having a more positive effect on the physical and mental health of elderly individuals; and 3) the natural environment was found to exert an influence on the physical and mental health of elderly individuals through visual stimulation. Following the observation of crape myrtle, there was a significant decrease in the physiological indices of elderly individuals. Our findings offer valuable insights into the therapeutic benefits of crape myrtle observation activities and contributing evidence-based recommendations for future landscape design aimed at enhancing well-being.
以往的研究表明,植物对老年人的整体健康有益。然而,我们对哪些特定植物物种会对老年人的身心健康产生显著影响的认识仍然存在差距。在世界范围内使用的各种木本观赏植物中,紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)在自然环境中的重要性与日俱增。本研究旨在调查与紫薇观察活动相关的生理参数(如血压、心率、血氧饱和度和指尖脉搏)和心理方面(使用积极和消极情绪表评分和笑脸量表测量)。研究结果揭示了以下要点:1)参与紫薇观察活动能显著提高老年参与者的身心健康;2)观察紫薇花与观察紫薇叶的影响明显不同,观察紫薇花对老年人的身心健康有更积极的影响;3)发现自然环境通过视觉刺激对老年人的身心健康产生影响。观察紫薇后,老年人的生理指数显著下降。我们的研究结果为紫薇观察活动的治疗效果提供了宝贵的见解,并为未来旨在提高幸福感的景观设计提供了基于证据的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Unwrapping the Native Plant Black Box: Consumer Perceptions and Segments for Target Marketing Strategies 揭开本土植物黑匣子:目标市场营销战略的消费者认知与细分
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05401-24
Alicia L. Rihn, Ariana P. Torres, B. Behe, Susan S. Barton
The increasing demand for sustainable products has helped spur demand for native plants. This study used an online survey of 2066 US consumers, a factor analysis, and Ward’s linkage cluster analysis to identify unique customer segments in the native plant marketplace. The following three clusters were identified: native averse (31.6%), native curious (35.7%), and native enthusiast (32.7%). The native enthusiast cluster agreed strongly with positive statements related to native plant perceptions and attributes. The native averse cluster exhibited the lowest level of agreement with these items and the greatest level of agreement with negative or neutral statements about native plants. The native curious cluster was intermediate between the other clusters but generally agreed with positive attributes. Demographic characteristics impacted cluster membership. The marketing implications are discussed.
对可持续产品日益增长的需求刺激了对本地植物的需求。本研究通过对 2066 名美国消费者进行在线调查、因素分析和沃德关联聚类分析,确定了本地植物市场中独特的客户群。确定了以下三个群组:厌恶本地植物(31.6%)、对本地植物好奇(35.7%)和本地植物爱好者(32.7%)。原生爱好者组群非常同意与原生植物认知和属性相关的正面陈述。厌恶原生植物的组群对这些项目的认同度最低,对有关原生植物的负面或中性陈述的认同度最高。对原生植物好奇的群组介于其他群组之间,但总体上同意积极的属性。人口统计特征影响了该群组的成员组成。本文讨论了其营销意义。
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引用次数: 0
Twenty-five Years of Award-winning Education Publication Excellence in ASHS Journals 二十五年来,ASHS 期刊的教育出版物屡获殊荣
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05375-23
Curt R. Rom
The American Society for Horticultural Science Education Publication Excellence award was established in 1997 to recognize the most outstanding publication in ASHS journals related to education and teaching. This article reviews the award history, authors, and topics of the awarded papers. The award was recognized annually from 1998 to 2023 except for 3 years when no award was given. The majority of awarded papers were published in HortTechnology. Awards were presented to 70 authors from 23 institutions in 20 states and two other countries. Of the awarded papers, three had single authors, and 20 had multiple authors. Several awarded authors have been recognized in other ASHS publication awards or professional career awards. The majority of awarded papers focused on undergraduate students, teaching methods, and floriculture or ornamental topics.
美国园艺科学教育学会优秀出版物奖设立于 1997 年,旨在表彰在美国园艺科学教育学会期刊上发表的与教育和教学相关的最杰出的出版物。本文回顾了该奖项的历史、作者和获奖论文的主题。从 1998 年到 2023 年,该奖项每年颁发一次,只有 3 年没有颁奖。大多数获奖论文发表在《园艺技术》上。共有来自 20 个州和 2 个国家 23 个机构的 70 位作者获奖。在获奖论文中,3 篇为单作者,20 篇为多作者。有几位获奖作者曾获得过其他 ASHS 出版奖或专业职业奖。大多数获奖论文都是关于本科生、教学方法以及花卉栽培或观赏主题的。
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引用次数: 0
The Most Outstanding—Recognizing Achievements through ASHS Publication Awards: A Brief History of Publications and an Introduction to Publication Awards 最杰出的--通过 ASHS 出版物奖表彰成就:出版物简史和出版物奖简介
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05358-23
Curt R. Rom
The American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) has since its inception published annual serial monographs or journals to achieve its mission of communicating horticultural science. To recognize the accomplishments of the membership, a series of professional awards was created. After the individual awards, the ASHS created publication awards. This paper, and the papers that follow, document the publication awards of the ASHS. The papers were based on presentations at the 2023 annual conference and serve as additional recognition of the contributions of member authors and as a historical record of achievements of the ASHS.
美国园艺科学学会(ASHS)自成立以来,每年都会出版系列专著或期刊,以实现其传播园艺科学的使命。为了表彰会员的成就,协会设立了一系列专业奖项。继个人奖之后,园艺学会又设立了出版物奖。本文及随后的论文记录了美国园艺协会的出版奖项。这些论文以 2023 年年会的发言为基础,是对会员作者所作贡献的额外认可,也是 ASHS 成就的历史记录。
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引用次数: 0
Novel Low Tunnel Coverings and Plant Type Affect Productivity of Day-neutral Strawberries 新型低矮隧道覆盖物和植物类型影响日光中性草莓的产量
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05409-24
Richard Gaisser, Kaspar Kuehn, Marvin Pritts
Growers producing day-neutral strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa) in temperate climates face challenges when attempting to extend the season and mitigate the effects of rain. Conventional plastic coverings over low tunnels have been used for these purposes, but they often exacerbate heat-induced problems in summer. We examined two approaches for addressing this challenge. The first was to start dormant bare root ‘Albion’ strawberry plants in small pots in the greenhouse, then plant them into the field in spring so they could begin production before the onset of consistently high temperatures. Plants set in small pots on 26 Feb in the greenhouse and field planted on 6 May were compared with bare root plants set directly into the field on 6 May. The second approach used various low tunnel coverings to modify the light and temperature environment around the plants. Three coverings were woven nets embedded with reflective strips at various densities that allowed 50%, 60%, and 70% light transmission, and these were intended to lower temperatures under the covers by reflecting infrared radiation. A fourth covering was a polyethylene plastic embedded with optically active additives that shift incident light into wavelengths that are more photosynthetically active. Two other covers were standard commercial polyethylene plastics, and the final treatment was an uncovered control. Over the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons (hot and dry vs. moderate and wet, respectively), plots were harvested once or twice a week from June through October and fruit yield, size, and marketability were assessed. In both years, strawberry plants started in the greenhouse produced significantly higher yields than bare root plants over the season (30.5% and 43.7%). Bare root plants were less responsive to cover type than greenhouse plants. In 2020, yields tended to be higher in the middle of summer in plots with reflective coverings that reduced temperature and higher later in the season with coverings of wavelength-shifting film. Polyethylene covers that increased temperature without shifting the light spectrum had lower yields. Under the cooler conditions of 2021, plants under covers that increased temperature tended to have higher yields. In a third year (2023), bare root plants were covered with a reflective covering from 29 Jun until 1 Sep, then this cover was replaced with polyethylene with optical additives as the weather cooled and light levels dropped. This sequenced treatment was compared with uncovered plots and plots covered with standard commercial polyethylene plastic. Plants under the two-phase sequential covering performed significantly better than uncovered plots or those covered with standard polyethylene plastic alone.
在温带气候条件下生产日光中性草莓(Fragaria ×ananassa)的种植者在试图延长草莓生长期和减轻降雨影响时面临着挑战。传统的塑料薄膜覆盖在低矮的隧道上可以达到上述目的,但在夏季往往会加剧热引起的问题。我们研究了两种应对这一挑战的方法。第一种是将休眠期的裸根 "阿尔比恩 "草莓植株放入温室的小花盆中,然后在春季将其种植到田间,这样它们就能在持续高温到来之前开始生产。2 月 26 日在温室小花盆中栽种、5 月 6 日在田间种植的植株与 5 月 6 日直接在田间种植的裸根植株进行了比较。第二种方法是使用各种低矮的隧道覆盖物来改变植物周围的光照和温度环境。其中三种覆盖物是编织网,内嵌不同密度的反光条,透光率分别为 50%、60% 和 70%,目的是通过反射红外辐射来降低覆盖物下的温度。第四种覆盖物是一种聚乙烯塑料,内嵌光学活性添加剂,可将入射光转换成光合作用更活跃的波长。另外两个覆盖物是标准的商用聚乙烯塑料,最后一个处理是未覆盖的对照。在 2020 年和 2021 年的生长季节(分别为炎热干燥和温和潮湿),从 6 月到 10 月,每周对地块进行一次或两次采收,并对果实产量、大小和适销性进行评估。在这两年中,在温室中开始种植的草莓植株在整个季节的产量明显高于裸根植株(30.5% 和 43.7%)。裸根植株对覆盖类型的反应不如温室植株。2020 年,采用反射性覆盖物降温的地块在盛夏产量往往较高,而采用波长偏移薄膜覆盖物的地块在后期产量往往较高。聚乙烯覆盖物在不改变光谱的情况下提高了温度,但产量较低。在 2021 年较凉爽的条件下,温度升高的覆盖物下的植物产量往往较高。第三年(2023 年),裸根植物从 6 月 29 日到 9 月 1 日一直覆盖反光罩,然后随着天气转凉,光照度下降,再用添加了光学添加剂的聚乙烯罩代替。这种有序的处理方法与无覆盖物的地块和覆盖标准商用聚乙烯塑料的地块进行了比较。与未覆盖的地块或仅覆盖标准聚乙烯塑料的地块相比,两阶段有序覆盖下的植物表现明显更好。
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引用次数: 0
Varietal Tolerance of Cucurbitaceous Crops with S-metolachlor Applied Postemergence 葫芦科作物对苗后施用 S-甲草胺的品种耐受性
IF 1 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.21273/horttech05420-24
K. Vollmer, L. Sosnoskie, M. VanGessel, Thierry E. Besançon
Cucurbit crops comprise ∼25% of the vegetable acreage in the mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. However, options for postemergence weed control in these crops are limited. Overlapping herbicides is a technique that involves sequential applications of soil-applied residual herbicides to lengthen herbicidal activity before the first herbicide dissipates. Residual herbicides such as S-metolachlor will not control emerged weeds, but weed control efficacy may be extended if these herbicides are applied after crop emergence, but before weed emergence occurs. Currently S-metolachlor is not labeled for broadcast applications over cucurbit crops. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate pumpkin, cucumber, and summer squash variety response to varying S-metolachlor rates. S-metolachlor was applied at 1.42 and 2.85 lb/acre at the two-leaf stage of pumpkin and 0.71, 1.42, 2.85, and 5.7 lb/acre at the two-leaf stage of cucumber and summer squash. Cucumber showed a greater response to S-metolachlor with up to 67% injury observed at 5.70 lb/acre. S-metolachlor applications to pumpkin and summer squash resulted in less than 6% injury, regardless of application rate or crop variety. S-metolachlor applied at 2.85 lb/acre reduced pumpkin and cucumber dry weight 6% and 19%, respectively, but did not reduce squash dry weight. S-metolachlor reduced cucumber dry weight 78% for all varieties. Pumpkin varieties ‘Munchkin’ and ‘Baby Bear’ exhibited a 23% difference in dry weight, but no other differences were observed among other varieties because of S-metolachlor applications. Summer squash varieties ‘Respect’ and ‘Golden Glory’ exhibited a 31% difference in dry weight, but no other differences were observed among other varieties. Results show that pumpkin and summer squash demonstrated good crop safety when S-metolachlor was applied as a broadcast treatment after crop emergence. However, caution should be urged when applying this herbicide to cucumber.
葫芦科作物占美国大西洋中部和东北部蔬菜种植面积的 25%。然而,对这些作物进行苗后除草的选择很有限。重叠施用除草剂是一种技术,包括连续施用土壤残留除草剂,以在第一种除草剂消散前延长除草剂的活性。S-甲草胺等残留除草剂不能控制出苗杂草,但如果在作物出苗后、杂草出苗前施用这些除草剂,则可延长除草效果。目前,S-metolachlor 未被标明用于葫芦科作物的播撒施用。温室研究评估了南瓜、黄瓜和夏季南瓜品种对不同 S-metolachlor 施用量的反应。在南瓜两叶期施用 1.42 和 2.85 磅/英亩的 S-甲草胺,在黄瓜和夏南瓜两叶期施用 0.71、1.42、2.85 和 5.7 磅/英亩的 S-甲草胺。黄瓜对 S-甲草胺的反应更大,在 5.70 磅/英亩的施用量下,黄瓜受害率高达 67%。在南瓜和夏南瓜上施用 S-甲草胺,无论施用量或作物品种如何,伤害率都低于 6%。施用 2.85 磅/英亩的 S-甲草胺会使南瓜和黄瓜的干重分别减少 6% 和 19%,但不会减少南瓜的干重。S-metolachlor 可使所有品种的黄瓜干重减少 78%。南瓜品种'Munchkin'和'Baby Bear'的干重相差 23%,但施用 S-甲草胺后,其他品种之间没有发现其他差异。夏南瓜品种'Respect'和'Golden Glory'的干重相差 31%,但其他品种之间没有发现其他差异。结果表明,在作物出苗后以撒施方式施用 S-甲草胺时,南瓜和夏南瓜表现出良好的作物安全性。不过,在黄瓜上施用这种除草剂时应谨慎。
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