The new allele DQA1*03:03:11 differs from DQA1*03:03:01:03 by one nucleotide change in Exon 4.
The new allele DQA1*03:03:11 differs from DQA1*03:03:01:03 by one nucleotide change in Exon 4.
When an HLA association is observed for a disease, it is typically to one or a few HLA class II allotypes. Considering that the HLA association is mechanistically tied to a preferential presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells, its presence suggests that only one or a few HLA-binding peptides are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis. By contrast, if many antigenic peptides are involved, the likelihood for involvement of several HLA allotypes increases and, consequently, the disease will not appear as an HLA associated disease even though T cells could play equally important roles. With B cells serving as antigen-presenting cells, the B-cell receptor will improve antigen uptake and, at the same time, serve as a pruning filter for antigen thus giving rise to the above-described scenario of few antigenic peptides being preferred for presentation to CD4+ T cells. This notion of B cells as key antigen presenting cells in HLA class II-associated diseases is supported by recent results from coeliac disease. This paper, written on the occasion of deliverance of the Ceppellini Award Lecture in 2025, reviews the HLA association of coeliac disease and presents the experimental data obtained for this disorder which demonstrate how disease-specific autoantibodies are connected to disease-associated HLA-DQ allotypes via involvement of the antigen-presenting capacity of B cells. The view of B cells as key antigen-presenting cells should be reconciled with the impressive effectiveness of B-cell-targeting therapies for the treatment of HLA class II-associated diseases.
A single synonymous substitution in exon 4 of HLA-A*30:01:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-A*30:01:33.
The HLA-B*46:104 allele differs from HLA-B*46:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 177 in exon 3.
HLA-A*31:241N differs from HLA-A*31:01:02:01 by a single non-synonymous nucleotide change in exon 2.
HLA-B*35:293 differs from HLA-B*35:01:01:01 by two nucleotide substitutions in codons 81 and 84 in exon 2.
The HLA-A*31:247, B*15:748 and C*14:174 alleles were identified in individuals from Kazakhstan.
Two novel HLA alleles HLA-A*01:501 and HLA-C*05:316 were detected during routine HLA typing by next generation sequencing.
HLA-A*11:217 differs from HLA-A*11:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 21 in exon 2.
The novel allele HLA-B*57:198 differs from HLA-B*57:01:01:01 by a single change in codon 239, AGA to GGA.
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