Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.279-290
V. Sevostyanov, Nikolai T. Shain, S. Sverguzova, M. Sevostyanov, Dmitry N. Perelygin, A. V. Uralskij
Using the fundamental kinetic laws of materials grinding processes, a resource-energy-saving technology for complex processing and mechanoactivation of mineral components has been developed. For the technology, patent-protected energy-efficient grinding units for selective grinding of materials have been developed: press-roll grinders (PRG) for volume-shear deformation (VSD) of materials and obtaining their microdefect structure; drum ball mills (DBMs) with internal energy-exchanging devices (IEDs), which implement impact-crushing-abrading action with less 10–20 % grinding load. A technological complex was developed for mechanoactivation of fine-grained materials and obtain nanostructured composite mixtures from them: “PRG–VSD”– vibration-centrifugal unit (VCU) of selective grinding at each stage – vortex-acoustic dispersants (VADs) for obtaining ultrafine particles < 5 μm with mechanical-aerodynamic and acoustic grinding. Resource-energy-saving technology has been tested for complex thermomechanical processing of quartzite-iron-containing was teat the Lebedinsky mining and processing plant for production of pigments-fillers for the purpose of volumetric dyeing of products.
{"title":"Resource-energy-saving technologies and equipment \u0000for complex processing of man-made materials","authors":"V. Sevostyanov, Nikolai T. Shain, S. Sverguzova, M. Sevostyanov, Dmitry N. Perelygin, A. V. Uralskij","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.279-290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.279-290","url":null,"abstract":"Using the fundamental kinetic laws of materials grinding processes, a resource-energy-saving technology for complex processing and mechanoactivation of mineral components has been developed. For the technology, patent-protected energy-efficient grinding units for selective grinding of materials have been developed: press-roll grinders (PRG) for volume-shear deformation (VSD) of materials and obtaining their microdefect structure; drum ball mills (DBMs) with internal energy-exchanging devices (IEDs), which implement impact-crushing-abrading action with less 10–20 % grinding load. A technological complex was developed for mechanoactivation of fine-grained materials and obtain nanostructured composite mixtures from them: “PRG–VSD”– vibration-centrifugal unit (VCU) of selective grinding at each stage – vortex-acoustic dispersants (VADs) for obtaining ultrafine particles < 5 μm with mechanical-aerodynamic and acoustic grinding. Resource-energy-saving technology has been tested for complex thermomechanical processing of quartzite-iron-containing was teat the Lebedinsky mining and processing plant for production of pigments-fillers for the purpose of volumetric dyeing of products.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87099689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.291-298
K. Khuziakhmetova, L. Abdrakhmanova, R. Nizamov, V. Khozin
The paper deals with filling polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compositions modified with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in a wide concentration range (per hundredth of PVC resin (phr) 10–20 phr ABS) with short-fiber basalt fiber, intended for production of profile mounded products of various functional purposes. The introduction of ABS into PVC compositions makes it easier to process the material, and improves the impact toughness, which for rigid PVC products is an important factor since it expands the areas of their application. However, as a rule, polymer-polymer blends are characterized by low mechanical properties under compression, tension and bending, resulting from the formation of two-phase morphology, which is often heterogeneous. To increase stiffness and strength, 7 phr of short-fiber basalt fiber was introduced into their composition. Experimental samples were made by extrusion in the form of flat profiles. Filling with short-fiber basalt fiber resulted in an increase in the bending strength of PVC specimens over the entire concentration range with an optimum in the region of 10–20 phr ABS, as compared to unfilled blended polymer compositions. The method of energy dispersion analysis established that, depending on the ABS content in the mixture, the interaction of the polymer (PVC) with the filler (fiber) is observed either at the polymer-filler boundary or through the boundary layer of the elastomer.
{"title":"Influence of fiber filler on the structure and properties \u0000of polyvinyl chloride / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends","authors":"K. Khuziakhmetova, L. Abdrakhmanova, R. Nizamov, V. Khozin","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.291-298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.291-298","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with filling polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compositions modified with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in a wide concentration range (per hundredth of PVC resin (phr) 10–20 phr ABS) with short-fiber basalt fiber, intended for production of profile mounded products of various functional purposes. The introduction of ABS into PVC compositions makes it easier to process the material, and improves the impact toughness, which for rigid PVC products is an important factor since it expands the areas of their application. However, as a rule, polymer-polymer blends are characterized by low mechanical properties under compression, tension and bending, resulting from the formation of two-phase morphology, which is often heterogeneous. To increase stiffness and strength, 7 phr of short-fiber basalt fiber was introduced into their composition. Experimental samples were made by extrusion in the form of flat profiles. Filling with short-fiber basalt fiber resulted in an increase in the bending strength of PVC specimens over the entire concentration range with an optimum in the region of 10–20 phr ABS, as compared to unfilled blended polymer compositions. The method of energy dispersion analysis established that, depending on the ABS content in the mixture, the interaction of the polymer (PVC) with the filler (fiber) is observed either at the polymer-filler boundary or through the boundary layer of the elastomer.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88159165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.243-246
V. M. Tyutyunnik
In 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded “for innovative contributions to our understanding of complex systems,” with half awarded jointly to Shukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming”, and the other half to Giorgio Parisi “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”. Parisi discovered hidden patterns in disordered, complex materials. His discoveries are one of the most important contributions to the theory of complex systems. He proved that equilibrium is never achieved in spin glasses, because frustrations do not allow all limitations to be satisfied. In reality, there are an infinite number of practically equilibrium states in which frustrations tend to a minimum. Parisi’s research interests cover 14 different directions.
{"title":"Disorder and fluctuations in complex physical systems: \u0000Nobel Prize winner in physics 2021 Giorgio Parisi","authors":"V. M. Tyutyunnik","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.243-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.243-246","url":null,"abstract":"In 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded “for innovative contributions to our understanding of complex systems,” with half awarded jointly to Shukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming”, and the other half to Giorgio Parisi “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”. Parisi discovered hidden patterns in disordered, complex materials. His discoveries are one of the most important contributions to the theory of complex systems. He proved that equilibrium is never achieved in spin glasses, because frustrations do not allow all limitations to be satisfied. In reality, there are an infinite number of practically equilibrium states in which frustrations tend to a minimum. Parisi’s research interests cover 14 different directions.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"327 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78418662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.216-224
A. O. Zhidovich, A. Stolin, A. Chizhikov, P. Bazhin, A. Konstantinov
Due to their unique properties, metal-matrix composite materials, when used as a surfacing material for electric arc surfacing, provide high properties of the deposited layers. SHS-extrusion is a promising method for a wide range of surfacing metal-matrix electrodes. The gas environment of surfacing affects the quality of coatings formed by SHS electrodes, their microstructure and properties. In this paper, cermet SHS electrodes of the TiB2–Co2B composition obtained by SHS-extrusion were used to form protective coatings on a steel substrate by electric arc surfacing in an argon atmosphere and in a nitrogen atmosphere. The elemental and phase composition, as well as the microstructure of the deposited layers, were investigated. Based on the conducted studies, the influence of the gas atmosphere on the formation of the structure of cermet coatings was established. It is shown that, despite the similar phase composition, there are fundamental differences in the microstructures of the deposited coatings, which are caused by the partial fusion of the tungsten electrode and the transfer of the electrode material in the coating during surfacing in an argon atmosphere. The maximum values of the microhardness of coatings deposited in a nitrogen atmosphere exceed the maximum microhardness of coatings obtained by surfacing in an argon atmosphere by 200–450 HV.
{"title":"The effect of gas atmosphere on the coating formation by electric arc surfacing with cermet SHS electrodes of the TiB2–Co2B composition","authors":"A. O. Zhidovich, A. Stolin, A. Chizhikov, P. Bazhin, A. Konstantinov","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.216-224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.216-224","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their unique properties, metal-matrix composite materials, when used as a surfacing material for electric arc surfacing, provide high properties of the deposited layers. SHS-extrusion is a promising method for a wide range of surfacing metal-matrix electrodes. The gas environment of surfacing affects the quality of coatings formed by SHS electrodes, their microstructure and properties. In this paper, cermet SHS electrodes of the TiB2–Co2B composition obtained by SHS-extrusion were used to form protective coatings on a steel substrate by electric arc surfacing in an argon atmosphere and in a nitrogen atmosphere. The elemental and phase composition, as well as the microstructure of the deposited layers, were investigated. Based on the conducted studies, the influence of the gas atmosphere on the formation of the structure of cermet coatings was established. It is shown that, despite the similar phase composition, there are fundamental differences in the microstructures of the deposited coatings, which are caused by the partial fusion of the tungsten electrode and the transfer of the electrode material in the coating during surfacing in an argon atmosphere. The maximum values of the microhardness of coatings deposited in a nitrogen atmosphere exceed the maximum microhardness of coatings obtained by surfacing in an argon atmosphere by 200–450 HV.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88006999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.204-215
V. Dolgunin, O. Ivanov, S. A. Akopyan
The micro structural models for shear stress generation during rapid gravity flow of granular materials on a rough chute are discussed. The mechanism of the shear stress formation, taking into account the tangential impulse formed under transversal mass transfer of particles, is suggested. The analogy between granular media during rapid shear deformation and dense gases is used to develop the suggested mechanism on the basis of kinetic theory. The total shear stress is determined as the sum of the stress components induced by collisions, transversal mass transfer and contact interactions of uniform cohesionless inelastic spherical particles. The mathematical models describing the components of shear kinetic stresses are developed as the functions of particle properties, structural and kinematical gravity flow characteristics. The equations of impulse and energy conservation in the course of rapid gravity flow of uniform cohesionless particles are formulated. A variant of the formulation of boundary conditions at the flow bottom is proposed for mathematical modeling of the dynamics of rapid gravity flows of granular materials on a rough chute. The variant assumes the displacement of the area with the most intense shear rate inside the flow and into its layers adjacent to the rough chute surface.
{"title":"Transversal mass transfer and shear stress formation \u0000during rapid gravity flow of a granular medium","authors":"V. Dolgunin, O. Ivanov, S. A. Akopyan","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.204-215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.204-215","url":null,"abstract":"The micro structural models for shear stress generation during rapid gravity flow of granular materials on a rough chute are discussed. The mechanism of the shear stress formation, taking into account the tangential impulse formed under transversal mass transfer of particles, is suggested. The analogy between granular media during rapid shear deformation and dense gases is used to develop the suggested mechanism on the basis of kinetic theory. The total shear stress is determined as the sum of the stress components induced by collisions, transversal mass transfer and contact interactions of uniform cohesionless inelastic spherical particles. The mathematical models describing the components of shear kinetic stresses are developed as the functions of particle properties, structural and kinematical gravity flow characteristics. The equations of impulse and energy conservation in the course of rapid gravity flow of uniform cohesionless particles are formulated. A variant of the formulation of boundary conditions at the flow bottom is proposed for mathematical modeling of the dynamics of rapid gravity flows of granular materials on a rough chute. The variant assumes the displacement of the area with the most intense shear rate inside the flow and into its layers adjacent to the rough chute surface.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77380084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.299-307
G. Shigabaeva, A. Soromotin, Еvgeny V. Galunin, Аnna V. Ruseikina, Anna А. Kurbash, Andrey E. Petrov, Alena D. Bashmachnikova
The article analyzes and provides data on the processes of accumulation of heavy metals by bottom sediments from the point of view of environmental assessment. The purpose of this paper is to identify the degree of anthropogenic influence on the lakes of the Tazovskiy and Surgut districts, and assess the ecological state of water bodies and adjacent territories. The main processes occurring in natural reservoirs, which lead to the transfer of toxicants into the environment, are considered. The data of quantitative chemical analysis of bottom sediments of two groups of natural reservoirs with an assessment of their ecological state according to the results of statistical processing of the measured values were obtained. Excess concentrations of metals were recorded: for mobile forms – 2200 times for Fe, 1050 times for Mn, 35 times for Cr, 20 times for Co, up to 15 times for Ni, 5 times for Cu, 3 times for Pb, for acid-soluble forms – 45 000 times for Fe, 550 times for Pb, up to 75 times for Ni, 525 times for Mn, 105 times for Cr, 50 times for Cu, 16 times for Co. The geochemical interpretation of the results of the factor analysis is presented.
{"title":"Geo-ecological characteristics of the small lakes bottom sediments \u0000in the North of Western Siberia","authors":"G. Shigabaeva, A. Soromotin, Еvgeny V. Galunin, Аnna V. Ruseikina, Anna А. Kurbash, Andrey E. Petrov, Alena D. Bashmachnikova","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.299-307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.299-307","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes and provides data on the processes of accumulation of heavy metals by bottom sediments from the point of view of environmental assessment. The purpose of this paper is to identify the degree of anthropogenic influence on the lakes of the Tazovskiy and Surgut districts, and assess the ecological state of water bodies and adjacent territories. The main processes occurring in natural reservoirs, which lead to the transfer of toxicants into the environment, are considered. The data of quantitative chemical analysis of bottom sediments of two groups of natural reservoirs with an assessment of their ecological state according to the results of statistical processing of the measured values were obtained. Excess concentrations of metals were recorded: for mobile forms – 2200 times for Fe, 1050 times for Mn, 35 times for Cr, 20 times for Co, up to 15 times for Ni, 5 times for Cu, 3 times for Pb, for acid-soluble forms – 45 000 times for Fe, 550 times for Pb, up to 75 times for Ni, 525 times for Mn, 105 times for Cr, 50 times for Cu, 16 times for Co. The geochemical interpretation of the results of the factor analysis is presented.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88633241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.225-235
I. Alexandrov, A. Muranov, Maxim Mikhailov
This review analyzes the problems caused by heavy wear of loaded friction elements of structures, which is typical of almost all industries. This implies the importance of solving problems of increasing their durability. Of particular relevance is the need to solve the problem of improving wear resistance of contact surfaces of special-purpose shut-off valves, being an irreplaceable component of technical equipment used in the oil and gas industry as well as processing industries, nuclear energy, and medicine. It is shown that the effectiveness of solving problems of increasing durability of equipment is largely associated with additional standard processing of loaded friction elements of such structures, and with the improvement of technologies for increasing wear resistance and strength characteristics of their contact surfaces. The analysis of the possibilities of increasing wear resistance by mechanical methods of surface treatment, as well as by methods of surface modification through various functional coatings has been made. It is substantiated that the vacuum-arc method of ion-plasma spraying of a multilayer nanocomposite coating is the most promising way of creating a functional coating to increase the wear resistance of valves. Widespread industrial introduction of the method of beam surface modification of materials makes it possible to obtain such structural-phase states of materials, which are not possible with traditional methods.
{"title":"The analysis of ways to increase the durability \u0000of shut-off valves loaded elements","authors":"I. Alexandrov, A. Muranov, Maxim Mikhailov","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.225-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.225-235","url":null,"abstract":"This review analyzes the problems caused by heavy wear of loaded friction elements of structures, which is typical of almost all industries. This implies the importance of solving problems of increasing their durability. Of particular relevance is the need to solve the problem of improving wear resistance of contact surfaces of special-purpose shut-off valves, being an irreplaceable component of technical equipment used in the oil and gas industry as well as processing industries, nuclear energy, and medicine. It is shown that the effectiveness of solving problems of increasing durability of equipment is largely associated with additional standard processing of loaded friction elements of such structures, and with the improvement of technologies for increasing wear resistance and strength characteristics of their contact surfaces. The analysis of the possibilities of increasing wear resistance by mechanical methods of surface treatment, as well as by methods of surface modification through various functional coatings has been made. It is substantiated that the vacuum-arc method of ion-plasma spraying of a multilayer nanocomposite coating is the most promising way of creating a functional coating to increase the wear resistance of valves. Widespread industrial introduction of the method of beam surface modification of materials makes it possible to obtain such structural-phase states of materials, which are not possible with traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72964659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.247-255
E. Belonogov, Sergey B. Kushev, Sergey A. Soldatenko, T. L. Turaeva
A comprehensive study of the nanostructured powders (graphite GSM-2; Taunit-M; thermally expanded graphite (TEG)) by methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Raman spectroscopy, was carried out. The experimental XRD halo was interpreted by superimposing theoretical diffraction maxima, and an X-ray amorphous graphite phase was revealed. It was found that the X-ray amorphous phase is characterized by the limiting degree of graphite nanostructuring. From the width of the diffraction rings, the maximum sizes of graphite nanocrystals were estimated, which do not exceed 5 and 10 nm in the [0001] and [ ] directions, respectively. Carbon nanotubes and plates of turbostratic graphene were revealed. The structural and morphological parameters of the nanostructured material “Taunit-M” have been established – multi-walled nanotubes with a diameter of up to 10 nm are combined through an interlayer of X-ray amorphous carbon into flat ribbons up to 40 nm wide. Dark-field TEM images (in reflections of ) revealed moiré patterns that appear on overlapping graphene sheets due to double diffraction of the electron beam. It was found that in thermally expanded graphite, the rotation of graphene sheets ranges from 3 to 4°. Within the graphene sheets, complete dislocations with the Burgers vector b = 1/2 were revealed [1010]. The Fourier analysis of moiré images made it possible to determine the mutual orientation of graphene sheets, to reveal regions of multilayer graphene, and to identify turbostratic graphene. It is shown that the combination of RHEED, TEM, and Fourier transformations of periodic contrast of electron microscopic images is a promising approach to the analysis of the substructure and morphology of nanoscale carbon materials containing graphene and other allotropic modifications of carbon.
{"title":"Morphology and structure characteristics \u0000of nanoscale carbon materials containing graphene","authors":"E. Belonogov, Sergey B. Kushev, Sergey A. Soldatenko, T. L. Turaeva","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.247-255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.247-255","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive study of the nanostructured powders (graphite GSM-2; Taunit-M; thermally expanded graphite (TEG)) by methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Raman spectroscopy, was carried out. The experimental XRD halo was interpreted by superimposing theoretical diffraction maxima, and an X-ray amorphous graphite phase was revealed. It was found that the X-ray amorphous phase is characterized by the limiting degree of graphite nanostructuring. From the width of the diffraction rings, the maximum sizes of graphite nanocrystals were estimated, which do not exceed 5 and 10 nm in the [0001] and [ ] directions, respectively. Carbon nanotubes and plates of turbostratic graphene were revealed. The structural and morphological parameters of the nanostructured material “Taunit-M” have been established – multi-walled nanotubes with a diameter of up to 10 nm are combined through an interlayer of X-ray amorphous carbon into flat ribbons up to 40 nm wide. Dark-field TEM images (in reflections of ) revealed moiré patterns that appear on overlapping graphene sheets due to double diffraction of the electron beam. It was found that in thermally expanded graphite, the rotation of graphene sheets ranges from 3 to 4°. Within the graphene sheets, complete dislocations with the Burgers vector b = 1/2 were revealed [1010]. The Fourier analysis of moiré images made it possible to determine the mutual orientation of graphene sheets, to reveal regions of multilayer graphene, and to identify turbostratic graphene. It is shown that the combination of RHEED, TEM, and Fourier transformations of periodic contrast of electron microscopic images is a promising approach to the analysis of the substructure and morphology of nanoscale carbon materials containing graphene and other allotropic modifications of carbon.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75089585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.163-166
V. M. Tyutyunnik
In 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the creators of lithium-ion batteries, who over the past half century have literally revolutionized the battery power supply. The prize was shared equally by American physicist and materials expert John Bannister Goodenough, British-American chemist Michael Stanley Whittingham and Japanese process chemist Akira Yoshino. The operation of lithium-ion batteries is based on the electrochemical oxidation reactions of lithium metal, which is part of the anode. When discharged, lithium is oxidized and its cation moves to the cathode; when charged, under the action of the applied electrical voltage, lithium cations move to the anode, where the recovery occurs. The biographies of the laureates and their main achievements are described briefly. Lithium-ion batteries are produced in huge quantities and have created another breakthrough in energy supply technology.
{"title":"Another breakthrough in power supply technology – lithium-ion batteries: \u00002019 Nobel Prize winners in chemistry \u0000John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino","authors":"V. M. Tyutyunnik","doi":"10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.163-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.163-166","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the creators of lithium-ion batteries, who over the past half century have literally revolutionized the battery power supply. The prize was shared equally by American physicist and materials expert John Bannister Goodenough, British-American chemist Michael Stanley Whittingham and Japanese process chemist Akira Yoshino. The operation of lithium-ion batteries is based on the electrochemical oxidation reactions of lithium metal, which is part of the anode. When discharged, lithium is oxidized and its cation moves to the cathode; when charged, under the action of the applied electrical voltage, lithium cations move to the anode, where the recovery occurs. The biographies of the laureates and their main achievements are described briefly. Lithium-ion batteries are produced in huge quantities and have created another breakthrough in energy supply technology.","PeriodicalId":13355,"journal":{"name":"Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84190744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.17277/jamt.2021.03.pp.179-203
E. Akulinin, O. Golubyatnikov, D. Dvoretsky, S. Dvoretsky
Methodology for creating and studying technological processes and resource-saving units for adsorption separation and purification of gas mixtures (atmospheric air, synthesis gas) with cyclically changing pressure was developed. A problem-oriented hardware-software complex designed to study the properties and operation regimes of units for adsorption separation of gas mixtures and extraction of product gases was created. The complex can also be used to prepare initial data for the design of industrial units for separation and purification of gas mixtures by the method of pressure swing adsorption. The coefficients of mass transfer and mass conductivity in the adsorbent were calculated for the processes during adsorption and desorption of the adsorptive (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and monoxide, hydrogen) using experimentally obtained kinetic curves, and the adequacy of mathematical models was established. Using the hardware-software complex, experimental and numerical studies of technological processes for extraction of product gases (oxygen and hydrogen with a purity of 45 to 95.5 vol.%, from 99 to 99.99 vol.%, respectively), the effect of mass and heat exchange processes and operating variables (“adsorption-desorption” cycle time, pressure at the adsorption step), disturbing influences (composition and temperature of the initial gas mixture) on the performance indicators of the pressure swing adsorption unit were carried out.
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