Solid phase direct-write (SPDW) patterning is a promising technique for nanoscale device fabrication. It enables the deposition of a range of materials with the precision and relatively low cost inherent in scanning force microscopy. The ability to deposit controlled 2D and 3D patterns at the nanometer scale and image them with the same instrument adds versatility to nanodevice design and fabrication. This technique works by loading an atomic force microscopy tip with a solid phase "ink" then reversing the process to write a pattern. Linewidths between 40nm and 500nm can be written, with the dimension varied by user specified parameters. To date, four materials have been successfully deposited: carbon, silicon, tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide. This report presents an overview of SPDW and its application to the direct write fabrication of electronic devices.
{"title":"Application of solid phase direct write (SPDW) via scanning force microscopy for electrical devices and sensors","authors":"P. Spinney, S. Collins, Rosemary L. Smith","doi":"10.1117/12.777809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777809","url":null,"abstract":"Solid phase direct-write (SPDW) patterning is a promising technique for nanoscale device fabrication. It enables the deposition of a range of materials with the precision and relatively low cost inherent in scanning force microscopy. The ability to deposit controlled 2D and 3D patterns at the nanometer scale and image them with the same instrument adds versatility to nanodevice design and fabrication. This technique works by loading an atomic force microscopy tip with a solid phase \"ink\" then reversing the process to write a pattern. Linewidths between 40nm and 500nm can be written, with the dimension varied by user specified parameters. To date, four materials have been successfully deposited: carbon, silicon, tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide. This report presents an overview of SPDW and its application to the direct write fabrication of electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133799241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Manohara, M. Bronikowski, R. Toda, E. Urgiles, R. Lin, K. Yee, A. Kaul, John Hong
JPL has developed high performance cold cathodes using arrays of carbon nanotube bundles that routinely produce > 15 A/cm2 at applied fields of 5 to 8 V/μm without any beam focusing. They have exhibited robust operation in poor vacuums of 10-6 to 10-4 Torr- a typically achievable range inside hermetically sealed microcavities. A new double-SOI process to monolithically integrate gate and additional beam tailoring electrodes has been developed. These electrodes are designed according to application requirements making carbon nanotube field emission sources application specific (Application Specific electrode-Integrated Nanotube Cathodes or ASINCs). ASINCs, vacuum packaged using COTS parts and a reflow bonding process, when tested after 6-month shelf life have shown little emission degradation. Lifetime of ASINCs is found to be affected by two effects- a gradual decay of emission due to anode sputtering, and dislodging of CNT bundles at high fields (> 10 V/μm). Using ASINCs miniature X-ray tubes and mass ionizers have been developed for future XRD/XRF and miniature mass spectrometer instruments for lander missions to Venus, Mars, Titan, and other planetary bodies.
{"title":"Application specific electrode-integrated nanotube cathodes (ASINCs) for miniature analytical instruments for space exploration","authors":"H. Manohara, M. Bronikowski, R. Toda, E. Urgiles, R. Lin, K. Yee, A. Kaul, John Hong","doi":"10.1117/12.777322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777322","url":null,"abstract":"JPL has developed high performance cold cathodes using arrays of carbon nanotube bundles that routinely produce > 15 A/cm2 at applied fields of 5 to 8 V/μm without any beam focusing. They have exhibited robust operation in poor vacuums of 10-6 to 10-4 Torr- a typically achievable range inside hermetically sealed microcavities. A new double-SOI process to monolithically integrate gate and additional beam tailoring electrodes has been developed. These electrodes are designed according to application requirements making carbon nanotube field emission sources application specific (Application Specific electrode-Integrated Nanotube Cathodes or ASINCs). ASINCs, vacuum packaged using COTS parts and a reflow bonding process, when tested after 6-month shelf life have shown little emission degradation. Lifetime of ASINCs is found to be affected by two effects- a gradual decay of emission due to anode sputtering, and dislodging of CNT bundles at high fields (> 10 V/μm). Using ASINCs miniature X-ray tubes and mass ionizers have been developed for future XRD/XRF and miniature mass spectrometer instruments for lander missions to Venus, Mars, Titan, and other planetary bodies.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126358450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the business scope to which DLP® Products works under with emphasis placed upon some of the technological complications and challenges present when developing an actuator array with the ultimate intention of rendering visual content at high-definition and standard video rates. Additionally, some general thoughts on alternative applications of this spatial light modulation technology are provided.
{"title":"Texas Instruments' DLP products massively paralleled MOEMS arrays for display applications: a distant second to Mother Nature","authors":"P. Oden","doi":"10.1117/12.778499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.778499","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the business scope to which DLP® Products works under with emphasis placed upon some of the technological complications and challenges present when developing an actuator array with the ultimate intention of rendering visual content at high-definition and standard video rates. Additionally, some general thoughts on alternative applications of this spatial light modulation technology are provided.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117135333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil properties have a significant impact in the observed responses of various sensors for mine detection. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an important sensor for mine detection. The performance GPR is largely governed by the soil moisture content. Characterizing the spatial and temporal changes in the dielectric properties of soil surrounding the landmines represents a major challenge for radar evaluation studies. Laboratory and field studies are currently in progress to better document the effect of soil moisture variability on radar sensing of buried landmines. These studies are conducted using commercially available GPRs operating at 400 MHz and 1.5 GHz. The study site is a government mine test facility with various anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) mines buried at different depths. The test lanes at this facility are grass-covered and the sub-surface root system plays an important role in modulating the soil properties. Our goal is to investigate the seasonal changes in soil processes at this site and to document how these processes impact the radar signatures of landmines.
{"title":"Investigation of soil processes on radar signature of landmines","authors":"D. Abrams, N. Lamie, G. Koh","doi":"10.1117/12.777829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777829","url":null,"abstract":"Soil properties have a significant impact in the observed responses of various sensors for mine detection. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an important sensor for mine detection. The performance GPR is largely governed by the soil moisture content. Characterizing the spatial and temporal changes in the dielectric properties of soil surrounding the landmines represents a major challenge for radar evaluation studies. Laboratory and field studies are currently in progress to better document the effect of soil moisture variability on radar sensing of buried landmines. These studies are conducted using commercially available GPRs operating at 400 MHz and 1.5 GHz. The study site is a government mine test facility with various anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) mines buried at different depths. The test lanes at this facility are grass-covered and the sub-surface root system plays an important role in modulating the soil properties. Our goal is to investigate the seasonal changes in soil processes at this site and to document how these processes impact the radar signatures of landmines.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131759226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes our attempts to model sea bottom textures in high-frequency synthetic aperture sonar imagery using a Gaussian Markov random field. A least-squares estimation technique is first used to estimate the model parameters of the down-sampled grey-scale sonar images. To qualitatively measure estimation results, a fast sampling algorithm is then used to synthesize the sea bottom textures of a fourth-order Gaussian Markov random field which is then compared with the original sonar image. A total of four types of sea floor texture are used in the case study. Results show that the 4th order GMRF model mimics patchy sandy textures and sand ripple, but does not reproduce more complex textures exhibited by coral and rock formations.
{"title":"Gaussian Markov random field modeling of textures in high-frequency synthetic aperture sonar images","authors":"S. Foo, J. T. Cobb, J. Stack","doi":"10.1117/12.775539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.775539","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes our attempts to model sea bottom textures in high-frequency synthetic aperture sonar imagery using a Gaussian Markov random field. A least-squares estimation technique is first used to estimate the model parameters of the down-sampled grey-scale sonar images. To qualitatively measure estimation results, a fast sampling algorithm is then used to synthesize the sea bottom textures of a fourth-order Gaussian Markov random field which is then compared with the original sonar image. A total of four types of sea floor texture are used in the case study. Results show that the 4th order GMRF model mimics patchy sandy textures and sand ripple, but does not reproduce more complex textures exhibited by coral and rock formations.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125285155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a technique for using infrared (IR) imagery to eliminate false forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) detections by examining areas in IR images corresponding to FLGPR alarm locations. The FLGPR and IR co-location is based on the assumption of a flat earth and the pinhole camera model. The parameters of the camera and its location on the vehicle are not assumed to be known. The parameters of the model are estimated using a set of correspondences gathered from the data utilizing the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) optimization algorithm. Detection of false alarms is accomplished by generating a descriptor, consisting of various statistics calculated from the IR images along with the FLGPR confidence value, for each alarm location. The alarms are then classified based on the Mahalanobis distance between their descriptor and a multivariate normal distribution used to model false alarms. The false alarm distribution is computed from training data where the validity of each alarm location is already known. Using this technique, generally fifteen to twenty percent or more of the FLGPR false alarms can be eliminated without losing any true alarms.
{"title":"On the registration of FLGPR and IR data for a forward-looking landmine detection system and its use in eliminating FLGPR false alarms","authors":"K. Stone, J. Keller, K. C. Ho, M. Busch, P. Gader","doi":"10.1117/12.782238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782238","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a technique for using infrared (IR) imagery to eliminate false forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) detections by examining areas in IR images corresponding to FLGPR alarm locations. The FLGPR and IR co-location is based on the assumption of a flat earth and the pinhole camera model. The parameters of the camera and its location on the vehicle are not assumed to be known. The parameters of the model are estimated using a set of correspondences gathered from the data utilizing the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) optimization algorithm. Detection of false alarms is accomplished by generating a descriptor, consisting of various statistics calculated from the IR images along with the FLGPR confidence value, for each alarm location. The alarms are then classified based on the Mahalanobis distance between their descriptor and a multivariate normal distribution used to model false alarms. The false alarm distribution is computed from training data where the validity of each alarm location is already known. Using this technique, generally fifteen to twenty percent or more of the FLGPR false alarms can be eliminated without losing any true alarms.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"314-316 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132135194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgia Tech recently initiated a weathering effects measurement program to monitor the optical properties of several common building materials. A set of common building materials were placed outdoors and optical property measurements made over a series of weeks to assess the impact of exposure on these properties. Both reflectivity and emissivity measurements were made. Materials in this program included aluminum flashing, plastic sheets, bricks, roof shingles, and tarps. This paper will discuss the measurement approach, experimental setup, and present preliminary results from the optical property measurements.
{"title":"Exposure effects on the optical properties of building materials","authors":"S. Lane, J. M. Cathcart, J. Harrell","doi":"10.1117/12.784967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.784967","url":null,"abstract":"Georgia Tech recently initiated a weathering effects measurement program to monitor the optical properties of several common building materials. A set of common building materials were placed outdoors and optical property measurements made over a series of weeks to assess the impact of exposure on these properties. Both reflectivity and emissivity measurements were made. Materials in this program included aluminum flashing, plastic sheets, bricks, roof shingles, and tarps. This paper will discuss the measurement approach, experimental setup, and present preliminary results from the optical property measurements.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132864369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Dubinskii, N. Ter-Gabrielyan, L. Merkle, G. Newburgh, A. Ikesue
Remote monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming increasingly important for homeland security needs as well as for studying the CO2 distribution in the atmosphere as it pertains to global warming problems. So, efficient solid-state lasers emitting in the 1.55 - 1.65 μm spectral range, where CO2 absorption lines are, (i), plentiful and, (ii), carry significant relevant information, are in great demand. Reported here is the first laser performance of resonantly pumped Er3+-doped scandia (Sc2O3) ceramic. The laser was operated in the cryogenically-cooled regime with the quantum defect (QD) of only 4.5%, which, along with superior thermal conductivity of scandia, offers significant eye-safe power scaling potential with nearly diffraction limited beam quality. Slope efficiency of 77% and Q-CW output power of 2.35 W were obtained at 1605.5 nm which has significant utility for counter-IED applications.
{"title":"First laser performance of Er3+-doped scandia (Sc2O3) ceramic","authors":"M. Dubinskii, N. Ter-Gabrielyan, L. Merkle, G. Newburgh, A. Ikesue","doi":"10.1117/12.782758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782758","url":null,"abstract":"Remote monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming increasingly important for homeland security needs as well as for studying the CO2 distribution in the atmosphere as it pertains to global warming problems. So, efficient solid-state lasers emitting in the 1.55 - 1.65 μm spectral range, where CO2 absorption lines are, (i), plentiful and, (ii), carry significant relevant information, are in great demand. Reported here is the first laser performance of resonantly pumped Er3+-doped scandia (Sc2O3) ceramic. The laser was operated in the cryogenically-cooled regime with the quantum defect (QD) of only 4.5%, which, along with superior thermal conductivity of scandia, offers significant eye-safe power scaling potential with nearly diffraction limited beam quality. Slope efficiency of 77% and Q-CW output power of 2.35 W were obtained at 1605.5 nm which has significant utility for counter-IED applications.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116429046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Aroutiounian, V. Arakelyan, V. Galstyan, K. Martirosyan, P. Soukiassian
Hydrogen nanosensor working near room temperature made of porous silicon covered by the TiO2-x or ZnO thin film was realized. Porous silicon layer was formed by electrochemical anodization on a p- and n-type silicon surface. Thereafter, n-type TiO2-x and ZnO thin films were deposited onto the porous silicon surface by electron-beam evaporation and magnetron sputtering, respectively. Platinum catalytic layer and gold electric contacts were for further measurements deposited onto obtained structures by ion-beam sputtering. The sensitivity of manufactured structures to 1000-5000 ppm of hydrogen was studied. Results of measurements showed that it is possible to realize a hydrogen nanosensor which has relatively high sensitivity and selectivity to hydrogen, durability, and short recovery and response times. Such a sensor can also be a part of silicon integral circuit and work near room temperatures.
{"title":"Porous silicon near room temperature nanosensor covered by TiO2 or ZnO thin films","authors":"V. Aroutiounian, V. Arakelyan, V. Galstyan, K. Martirosyan, P. Soukiassian","doi":"10.1117/12.777345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777345","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen nanosensor working near room temperature made of porous silicon covered by the TiO2-x or ZnO thin film was realized. Porous silicon layer was formed by electrochemical anodization on a p- and n-type silicon surface. Thereafter, n-type TiO2-x and ZnO thin films were deposited onto the porous silicon surface by electron-beam evaporation and magnetron sputtering, respectively. Platinum catalytic layer and gold electric contacts were for further measurements deposited onto obtained structures by ion-beam sputtering. The sensitivity of manufactured structures to 1000-5000 ppm of hydrogen was studied. Results of measurements showed that it is possible to realize a hydrogen nanosensor which has relatively high sensitivity and selectivity to hydrogen, durability, and short recovery and response times. Such a sensor can also be a part of silicon integral circuit and work near room temperatures.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125668771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 9-DoF mobile robotic manipulator system consisting of a 7-DoF redundant manipulator and a differentially driven 2-DoF mobile non-holonomic platform was mathematically modeled to represent a general redundant mobile manipulator. The control of the 3-degree of redundancy system combines the mobility and manipulation, expands on the conventional control methods and introduces user-specified weights to the singularity-robust (S-R) inverse of the Jacobian. Criterion function weight was added to the weight matrix to optimize the control based on joint limit avoidance. A numerical example to apply and compare several control methods was presented. Singularity and joint limit avoidance along with user-defined motion preference were implemented in simulation. Possible applications in defense were explored.
{"title":"Weighted singularity-robust inverse with criterion function optimization of redundant mobile manipulators in 3D space with defense applications","authors":"Redwan Alqasemi, R. Dubey","doi":"10.1117/12.777413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777413","url":null,"abstract":"A 9-DoF mobile robotic manipulator system consisting of a 7-DoF redundant manipulator and a differentially driven 2-DoF mobile non-holonomic platform was mathematically modeled to represent a general redundant mobile manipulator. The control of the 3-degree of redundancy system combines the mobility and manipulation, expands on the conventional control methods and introduces user-specified weights to the singularity-robust (S-R) inverse of the Jacobian. Criterion function weight was added to the weight matrix to optimize the control based on joint limit avoidance. A numerical example to apply and compare several control methods was presented. Singularity and joint limit avoidance along with user-defined motion preference were implemented in simulation. Possible applications in defense were explored.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133705340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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