Strawberry (F. ànanassa) is one of the most popular and widespread berry crops in the world. Strawberry diseases are the main limiting factor that seriously affects the yield of plants and leads to economic losses. Most strawberry cultivars are very sensitive to pathogenic fungi and bacteria, such as Colletotrichum acutatum (anthracnose root), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (crown rot), Fusarium oxysporum fragariae (fusarium wilt), Phytophthora fragariae (red stele root rot), Verticillium dahlia (verticillium wilt), Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) and Xanthomonas fragariae (angular leaf spot). Currently, due to the rapid development of molecular genetics in general, and in particular knowledge related to the organization of genomes of agricultural crops, the use of DNA technologies in strawberry breeding has become possible. To identify disease resistance loci, the most popular approach was to map the loci of quantitative traits (QTL). Accurate evaluation of heritability and the number, location and effects of loci controlling traits are the basis for strategic decisions in breeding programs. The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date data on known genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the resistance to the most common strawberry pathogens.
{"title":"Genes and Loci Controlling the Resistance of Strawberry (F. ananassa Duch.) to Pathogens","authors":"M. Keldibekova, S.D. Knyazev","doi":"10.18805/ijare.af-808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.af-808","url":null,"abstract":"Strawberry (F. ànanassa) is one of the most popular and widespread berry crops in the world. Strawberry diseases are the main limiting factor that seriously affects the yield of plants and leads to economic losses. Most strawberry cultivars are very sensitive to pathogenic fungi and bacteria, such as Colletotrichum acutatum (anthracnose root), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (crown rot), Fusarium oxysporum fragariae (fusarium wilt), Phytophthora fragariae (red stele root rot), Verticillium dahlia (verticillium wilt), Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) and Xanthomonas fragariae (angular leaf spot). Currently, due to the rapid development of molecular genetics in general, and in particular knowledge related to the organization of genomes of agricultural crops, the use of DNA technologies in strawberry breeding has become possible. To identify disease resistance loci, the most popular approach was to map the loci of quantitative traits (QTL). Accurate evaluation of heritability and the number, location and effects of loci controlling traits are the basis for strategic decisions in breeding programs. The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date data on known genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the resistance to the most common strawberry pathogens.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139262754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Selvakumar, K. S. Chakravarthy, P. Baskar, C. Sangeetha
Background: Adsorption and subsequent release of pre-emergence herbicide into the soil solution decides the herbicide availability to kill the weeds. Herbicides applied on clay or organic rich soil type, absorb more results in lowering its availability in soil solution become sub lethal to kill the weeds, whereas sandy soil adsorb less and desorb more, sometime it increases the herbicide concentration to toxic level to crop. Effective weed control could be achieved by studying the variability of soil and deciding the dose based on the sorption and desorption properties of the soil. Methods: With this information on the background a laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India during 2021 to study the optimum level of oxyflourfen concentration in soil solution required to kill the weeds effectively. The study on sorption and desorption was carried out with pre-emergence herbicide oxyflourfen with five different concentrations in five different soil types. Result: The highest sorption of 98.53 per cent was observed with clayey soils followed by sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter content (96.97 per cent). The lowest sorption (77.96 per cent) was recorded with sandy loam soils. The highest desorption of 57.44 per cent was recorded with sandy loam soil and the lowest desorption percentage (13.18 per cent) was obtained with sandy clay loam soil with higher organic matter. Based on the analytical results of sorption and desorption, oxyflourfen dose was optimized as 0.53 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter, 0.34 kg ha-1 for clay soil, 0.29 kg ha-1 for sandy clay, 0.21 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soil and 0.12 kg ha-1 for sandy loam soils. In conclusion, the clay soil required more quantity of oxyflourfen compared to other types of soil for effective management of weeds under irrigated condition.
{"title":"Optimizing Pre-emergence Herbicide Oxyfluorfen Dose based on Its Sorption and Desorption for Effective Weed Management under Different Soil Types","authors":"S. Selvakumar, K. S. Chakravarthy, P. Baskar, C. Sangeetha","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6133","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adsorption and subsequent release of pre-emergence herbicide into the soil solution decides the herbicide availability to kill the weeds. Herbicides applied on clay or organic rich soil type, absorb more results in lowering its availability in soil solution become sub lethal to kill the weeds, whereas sandy soil adsorb less and desorb more, sometime it increases the herbicide concentration to toxic level to crop. Effective weed control could be achieved by studying the variability of soil and deciding the dose based on the sorption and desorption properties of the soil. Methods: With this information on the background a laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India during 2021 to study the optimum level of oxyflourfen concentration in soil solution required to kill the weeds effectively. The study on sorption and desorption was carried out with pre-emergence herbicide oxyflourfen with five different concentrations in five different soil types. Result: The highest sorption of 98.53 per cent was observed with clayey soils followed by sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter content (96.97 per cent). The lowest sorption (77.96 per cent) was recorded with sandy loam soils. The highest desorption of 57.44 per cent was recorded with sandy loam soil and the lowest desorption percentage (13.18 per cent) was obtained with sandy clay loam soil with higher organic matter. Based on the analytical results of sorption and desorption, oxyflourfen dose was optimized as 0.53 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soils with high organic matter, 0.34 kg ha-1 for clay soil, 0.29 kg ha-1 for sandy clay, 0.21 kg ha-1 for sandy clay loam soil and 0.12 kg ha-1 for sandy loam soils. In conclusion, the clay soil required more quantity of oxyflourfen compared to other types of soil for effective management of weeds under irrigated condition.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"11 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pornthiwa Khwanthaworn, P. Songsri, N. Jongrungklang
Background: Recently, multipurpose and biomass canes have become important in breeding. However, biomass sampling is limited in early generation selection. The surrogate traits that represent biomass performance need to be established, especially using non-destructive sampling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the correlation between agronomic and physiological traits and the biomass of a diverse set of sugarcane genotypes under different drought durations. Methods: The experiment was conducted under field conditions and arranged in a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plot was represented by three drought durations: no water stress, short-term drought and long-term drought and the subplot consisted of six sugarcane genotypes. Samples were collected at 3, 6, 8 and 12 months after transplanting to determine biomass and nondestructive agronomic and physiological traits. A simple correlation was used to determine the relationship between biomass and physiological and agronomic traits. Result: In both field capacity and long drought conditions, 3 months after transplanting, there was a positive correlation between canopy height and biomass and between green leaf number and biomass. The non-destructive leaf area index was a trait that contributed to biomass at 6 months after transplanting under non-water stress conditions. At 8 months after transplanting, a positive relationship between canopy height and biomass was found under short drought and long drought conditions and green leaf number was also related to biomass under field capacity conditions. Biomass at the harvesting stage contributed to canopy width in sugarcane under field capacity conditions. Non-destructive traits in this experiment, such as canopy height and green leaf number, could be used as indirect measurements to reflect the biomass performance under field capacity and long drought conditions at the tillering and physiological maturity phases. For the elongation phase, the non-destructive leaf area index was an altered characteristic that indirectly determined biomass. This information will be useful as an alternative measurement to indicate biomass in the breeding program for drought resistance at the early growth stage.
{"title":"Association of Agronomic, Physiological Traits and Biomass of a Diverse Set of Sugarcane Genotypes under Varied Early Season Droughts","authors":"Pornthiwa Khwanthaworn, P. Songsri, N. Jongrungklang","doi":"10.18805/ijare.af-805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.af-805","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Recently, multipurpose and biomass canes have become important in breeding. However, biomass sampling is limited in early generation selection. The surrogate traits that represent biomass performance need to be established, especially using non-destructive sampling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the correlation between agronomic and physiological traits and the biomass of a diverse set of sugarcane genotypes under different drought durations. Methods: The experiment was conducted under field conditions and arranged in a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plot was represented by three drought durations: no water stress, short-term drought and long-term drought and the subplot consisted of six sugarcane genotypes. Samples were collected at 3, 6, 8 and 12 months after transplanting to determine biomass and nondestructive agronomic and physiological traits. A simple correlation was used to determine the relationship between biomass and physiological and agronomic traits. Result: In both field capacity and long drought conditions, 3 months after transplanting, there was a positive correlation between canopy height and biomass and between green leaf number and biomass. The non-destructive leaf area index was a trait that contributed to biomass at 6 months after transplanting under non-water stress conditions. At 8 months after transplanting, a positive relationship between canopy height and biomass was found under short drought and long drought conditions and green leaf number was also related to biomass under field capacity conditions. Biomass at the harvesting stage contributed to canopy width in sugarcane under field capacity conditions. Non-destructive traits in this experiment, such as canopy height and green leaf number, could be used as indirect measurements to reflect the biomass performance under field capacity and long drought conditions at the tillering and physiological maturity phases. For the elongation phase, the non-destructive leaf area index was an altered characteristic that indirectly determined biomass. This information will be useful as an alternative measurement to indicate biomass in the breeding program for drought resistance at the early growth stage.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: As a pest, the mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G) is very important as it ranks second in terms of damage inflicted to the fruit crop. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids are considered to be significant deterrent of mango mealy bug. These natural enemies can act as biological control agent which can bring about pest suppression as an important tool of integrated pest management. Therefore, studies of natural enemy complex of mango mealy bug become pertinent. In the current study the available predators, parasitoids of mango mealy bug was surveyed at different regions of Malda. Methods: The predators of mango mealy bugs were studied by sampling mealy bug infested colonies present in the inflorescence and in 20 cm2 area of trunk. Sampling was carried out by visualization of predatory behavior of the entomophagous insects. Parasitoid was studied by observing the emergence of adults from infested mealy bugs in a closed container. Result: Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings were the most abundant predators; their relative abundance was 48.96% and 37.30%. Among the coccinellids, Rodalia amabilis and one unidentified coccinellid were found as dominant. The green lacewing larva, Chrysoparla sp. acted as important predator. Besides Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings, the spiders and bugs were also noticed in the predatory guild. Only one dipteran parasitoid species, Cryptochetum sp. nr. iceryae (Williston) was found to parasitize the mealy bugs. The standardization of mass rearing techniques for the three predators and one parasitoid and their release in the mealy bug infested orchards can bring about efficacious control of this menacing pest.
{"title":"Study of Diversity and Abundance Pattern of Natural Enemies Associated with the Mango Mealy Bug (Drosicha mangiferae G) at Malda of West Bengal, India","authors":"Subhamoy Roy, Prasanta Saha, Devanshu Gupta, Kaushik Chakraborty, Partha Sarathi Nandi","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6129","url":null,"abstract":"Background: As a pest, the mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G) is very important as it ranks second in terms of damage inflicted to the fruit crop. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids are considered to be significant deterrent of mango mealy bug. These natural enemies can act as biological control agent which can bring about pest suppression as an important tool of integrated pest management. Therefore, studies of natural enemy complex of mango mealy bug become pertinent. In the current study the available predators, parasitoids of mango mealy bug was surveyed at different regions of Malda. Methods: The predators of mango mealy bugs were studied by sampling mealy bug infested colonies present in the inflorescence and in 20 cm2 area of trunk. Sampling was carried out by visualization of predatory behavior of the entomophagous insects. Parasitoid was studied by observing the emergence of adults from infested mealy bugs in a closed container. Result: Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings were the most abundant predators; their relative abundance was 48.96% and 37.30%. Among the coccinellids, Rodalia amabilis and one unidentified coccinellid were found as dominant. The green lacewing larva, Chrysoparla sp. acted as important predator. Besides Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings, the spiders and bugs were also noticed in the predatory guild. Only one dipteran parasitoid species, Cryptochetum sp. nr. iceryae (Williston) was found to parasitize the mealy bugs. The standardization of mass rearing techniques for the three predators and one parasitoid and their release in the mealy bug infested orchards can bring about efficacious control of this menacing pest.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chitrasena Padhy, M. Devender Reddy, Rabindra Kumar Raj
Background: The cotton cultivation in India is influenced by high inputs and expenditure. But the farmers do not get sufficient access to institutional credit; hence the farmers borrow money at the higher interest from other sources. Higher risks due to the impacts of climate change furtherincrease the economic burden and uncertainty of getting reasonable income to the farmers. Furthermore, the crop suffers due to incidence of pests and diseases. Because of this situation, farmers encounter risks and pressures, yet they seldom openly reveal the psychological strain that accompanies their agricultural work. Hence, the current study was carried to identify strategies to be adopted by cotton growers to manage risk and stress in crop management, agricultural extension and input arrangement. Methods: The study was conducted by collecting information from 240 cotton growers of four blocks in Gajapati and Rayagada districts of Odisha. The opinion on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply strategies to be adopted was collected individually through a semi-structured schedule and analyzed. Result: The opinion of cotton growing farmers on the strategies to be adopted in minimizing the risks and stresses in cotton production on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply showed that the farmers preferred to have participatory decision on cluster approach, developing good drainage facility and advance supply of inputs and materials, periodical visits by extension officials’ to the farmers’ field and create awareness on latest varieties availablewith high yield and training on latest technologies and ensuring quality and timely input supply, providing information on market price and immediate payment for their produce.
{"title":"Socio-psychological, Technological and Input based Strategies to be Adopted by Cotton Growers of Odisha to Manage Risks and Stresses in Cotton Cultivation","authors":"Chitrasena Padhy, M. Devender Reddy, Rabindra Kumar Raj","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6157","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The cotton cultivation in India is influenced by high inputs and expenditure. But the farmers do not get sufficient access to institutional credit; hence the farmers borrow money at the higher interest from other sources. Higher risks due to the impacts of climate change furtherincrease the economic burden and uncertainty of getting reasonable income to the farmers. Furthermore, the crop suffers due to incidence of pests and diseases. Because of this situation, farmers encounter risks and pressures, yet they seldom openly reveal the psychological strain that accompanies their agricultural work. Hence, the current study was carried to identify strategies to be adopted by cotton growers to manage risk and stress in crop management, agricultural extension and input arrangement. Methods: The study was conducted by collecting information from 240 cotton growers of four blocks in Gajapati and Rayagada districts of Odisha. The opinion on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply strategies to be adopted was collected individually through a semi-structured schedule and analyzed. Result: The opinion of cotton growing farmers on the strategies to be adopted in minimizing the risks and stresses in cotton production on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply showed that the farmers preferred to have participatory decision on cluster approach, developing good drainage facility and advance supply of inputs and materials, periodical visits by extension officials’ to the farmers’ field and create awareness on latest varieties availablewith high yield and training on latest technologies and ensuring quality and timely input supply, providing information on market price and immediate payment for their produce.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"251 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manukonda Prince Frederick, M. Devender Reddy, Tanmoy Sankar, Arunabha Pal
Background: The low glycemic rice variety RNR 15048 was introduced in Southern Odisha recently but the nitrogen and potassium requirement was not worked out for rabi / summer season. Methods: In this study, RNR 15048, a low glycemic index rice variety, was conducted in a split plot design with four main plots at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare and three subplot levels at 0, 30 and 60 kg of potassium per hectare, each of which was reproduced three times. Result: A significant increase in yield, yield components and NPK uptake was noted with increase in nitrogen levels from 0 to 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and potassium levels from 0 to 30 and 60 kg/ha.
背景:最近在南奥里萨邦引进了低血糖水稻品种RNR 15048，但没有计算出夏季氮素和钾的需用量。方法:以低血糖指数水稻品种RNR 15048为试验材料，采用分块设计，设4个施氮量分别为0、50、100和150 kg /公顷的主区和3个施钾量分别为0、30和60 kg /公顷的小区，每个小区重复3次。结果:施氮量从0增加到50、100和150 kg/ha，施钾量从0增加到30和60 kg/ha，产量、产量组成和氮磷钾吸收显著增加。
{"title":"Effect of Different Nitrogen and Potassium Levels on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of RNR 15048 during Summer Season in Southern Odisha","authors":"Manukonda Prince Frederick, M. Devender Reddy, Tanmoy Sankar, Arunabha Pal","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6109","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The low glycemic rice variety RNR 15048 was introduced in Southern Odisha recently but the nitrogen and potassium requirement was not worked out for rabi / summer season. Methods: In this study, RNR 15048, a low glycemic index rice variety, was conducted in a split plot design with four main plots at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare and three subplot levels at 0, 30 and 60 kg of potassium per hectare, each of which was reproduced three times. Result: A significant increase in yield, yield components and NPK uptake was noted with increase in nitrogen levels from 0 to 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and potassium levels from 0 to 30 and 60 kg/ha.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Maize [Zea mays (L.)] is one of the most versatile crop thriving well in a myriad of agro-climatic environments. In Haryana, it is grown over an area of 0.07 lakh ha with production of 0.20 lakh tonnes having productivity of 3026 kg ha-1 in 2020-21. Traditionally, maize is cultivated in kharif season in Haryana but in recent years, the area under spring maize is also picking up in eastern part of the State owing to assured irrigation facilities. So, the present study evaluated cost and returns structure of spring maize and resource use efficiency in its cultivation in irrigated tract of Haryana during 2020-21. Methods: The study was based on primary data collected through face to face approach from 80 spring maize farmers using multi-stage purposive sampling technique. Simple budgeting technique was done for determining the cost and return structure of spring maize. In order to work out the resource use efficiency, production function analysis i.e. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed. Result: The findings exposed that, based on 2020-21 market prices, the average total cost of cultivation was ₹ 83350 ha-1 and gross returns realized were ₹ 108029 ha-1 reflecting net returns of ₹ 24679 ha-1. Moreover, the value of B-C ratio (1.29) reflected the profitability of spring maize cultivation in the study area. Further, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis revealed that value of R2 was more than 0.80 in both districts and efficiency of resource use in spring maize exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Karnal (0.91) and Kurukshetra (0.70) districts. Over-utilization of farm resources in cultivation of spring maize was observed in the study area.
{"title":"An Economic Appraisal and Resource Use Efficiency of Spring Maize Cultivation in Haryana","authors":"Mandeep Kumar, R.S. Pannu, D.P. Malik","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6116","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maize [Zea mays (L.)] is one of the most versatile crop thriving well in a myriad of agro-climatic environments. In Haryana, it is grown over an area of 0.07 lakh ha with production of 0.20 lakh tonnes having productivity of 3026 kg ha-1 in 2020-21. Traditionally, maize is cultivated in kharif season in Haryana but in recent years, the area under spring maize is also picking up in eastern part of the State owing to assured irrigation facilities. So, the present study evaluated cost and returns structure of spring maize and resource use efficiency in its cultivation in irrigated tract of Haryana during 2020-21. Methods: The study was based on primary data collected through face to face approach from 80 spring maize farmers using multi-stage purposive sampling technique. Simple budgeting technique was done for determining the cost and return structure of spring maize. In order to work out the resource use efficiency, production function analysis i.e. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed. Result: The findings exposed that, based on 2020-21 market prices, the average total cost of cultivation was ₹ 83350 ha-1 and gross returns realized were ₹ 108029 ha-1 reflecting net returns of ₹ 24679 ha-1. Moreover, the value of B-C ratio (1.29) reflected the profitability of spring maize cultivation in the study area. Further, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis revealed that value of R2 was more than 0.80 in both districts and efficiency of resource use in spring maize exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Karnal (0.91) and Kurukshetra (0.70) districts. Over-utilization of farm resources in cultivation of spring maize was observed in the study area.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135803236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Arun Kumar, M.K. Kalarani, D. Vijayalakshmi, V. Geethalakshmi, M. Raveendran, V. Anandhi
Background: Rice is the world’s third most important food crop, particularly in Asia. Drought stress has varying degrees of impact on its production. New plant growth regulators have been studied in recent years as a way to overcome physiological limitations and increase productivity. Melatonin has been investigated for its potential advantages in boosting plant resistance to environmental stresses. In this study, the precise processes and functions of melatonin with respect to germination and early seedling establishment during drought were investigated. Methods: Rice seeds were subjected to different pretreatment of melatonin (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µM) prior to experiencing drought stress characterized by a water potential of -0.4 MPa. Germination and physiological traits, including germination speed, shoot length, root length, promptness index, vigor index, stress index, fresh and dry weight were assessed. Result: These findings demonstrated that pretreatment of melatonin effectively mitigated the detrimental impacts of drought stress by enhancing germination percentage, seedling growth and physiological traits. Among the various concentration, 200 µM of melatonin proved to be the ideal concentration that has the ability to improve rice seed germination, early seedling growth and minimize the negative consequences of drought stress.
{"title":"Evaluation of Melatonin Concentrations on Germination and Seedling Traits of Rice against Drought Stress","authors":"K. Arun Kumar, M.K. Kalarani, D. Vijayalakshmi, V. Geethalakshmi, M. Raveendran, V. Anandhi","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6147","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rice is the world’s third most important food crop, particularly in Asia. Drought stress has varying degrees of impact on its production. New plant growth regulators have been studied in recent years as a way to overcome physiological limitations and increase productivity. Melatonin has been investigated for its potential advantages in boosting plant resistance to environmental stresses. In this study, the precise processes and functions of melatonin with respect to germination and early seedling establishment during drought were investigated. Methods: Rice seeds were subjected to different pretreatment of melatonin (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µM) prior to experiencing drought stress characterized by a water potential of -0.4 MPa. Germination and physiological traits, including germination speed, shoot length, root length, promptness index, vigor index, stress index, fresh and dry weight were assessed. Result: These findings demonstrated that pretreatment of melatonin effectively mitigated the detrimental impacts of drought stress by enhancing germination percentage, seedling growth and physiological traits. Among the various concentration, 200 µM of melatonin proved to be the ideal concentration that has the ability to improve rice seed germination, early seedling growth and minimize the negative consequences of drought stress.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135969966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Narmadha, P. Murali Arthanari, N. Sakthivel, A. Senthil, R. Shanmugasundaram, R. Jerlin, T. Selvakumar
Background: Weeds are one of the most important elements influencing crop productivity. Tillage practices have a significant effect on the weed seed bank and the appearance of weeds, both of which have a direct impact on farm productivity. Different tillage strategies based on ploughing depth, as well as weed control practices, change the dynamics of weed seeds in the soil. This research will aid in the development of integrated weed control methods by investigating the interaction between tillage and weed management practices. Methods: Field trials were carried out in two seasons, Summer and Kharif 2022, using a split-plot design with three tillage methods and four weed management practices. The treatments were replicated three times. Result: Among the different tillage treatments Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator recorded the lowest weed density. With respect to weed management methods, pre- and post-emergence herbicide application and hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded the lower weed density. Interaction effects of tillage and weed management practices resulted in lower weed density in Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with herbicide application and Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with hand weeding. Highest weed density was recorded under Cultivator fb Rotovator in unweeded control. With respect to relative density, among the broad-leaved weeds (BLW) Trianthema portulacastrum and Dactyloctenium aegyptium in grasses dominated among the weed species in 30 and 60 DAS respectively. From the present study it was concluded that the Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with hand weeding twice or herbicide application reduces the weed emergence from the soil weed seed bank.
{"title":"Above Ground Emergence and Floristic Composition of Weeds in Relation to Tillage and Weed Management Practices in Maize and Cowpea","authors":"R. Narmadha, P. Murali Arthanari, N. Sakthivel, A. Senthil, R. Shanmugasundaram, R. Jerlin, T. Selvakumar","doi":"10.18805/ijare.a-6139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6139","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Weeds are one of the most important elements influencing crop productivity. Tillage practices have a significant effect on the weed seed bank and the appearance of weeds, both of which have a direct impact on farm productivity. Different tillage strategies based on ploughing depth, as well as weed control practices, change the dynamics of weed seeds in the soil. This research will aid in the development of integrated weed control methods by investigating the interaction between tillage and weed management practices. Methods: Field trials were carried out in two seasons, Summer and Kharif 2022, using a split-plot design with three tillage methods and four weed management practices. The treatments were replicated three times. Result: Among the different tillage treatments Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator recorded the lowest weed density. With respect to weed management methods, pre- and post-emergence herbicide application and hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded the lower weed density. Interaction effects of tillage and weed management practices resulted in lower weed density in Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with herbicide application and Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with hand weeding. Highest weed density was recorded under Cultivator fb Rotovator in unweeded control. With respect to relative density, among the broad-leaved weeds (BLW) Trianthema portulacastrum and Dactyloctenium aegyptium in grasses dominated among the weed species in 30 and 60 DAS respectively. From the present study it was concluded that the Mouldboard plough fb Cultivator fb Rotovator with hand weeding twice or herbicide application reduces the weed emergence from the soil weed seed bank.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136209962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Al-Ragam, H.S. Al-Menaie, A. Al-Shatti, M.A. Babu
Background: Plant genetic diversity is the key to the development of new crop varieties for enhanced crop production and improvement of food security. Barley is one of the most dependable cereal crop under saline and drought conditions and used majorly in feed, food and malting industry. The growth and yield of barley is highly influenced by the production environment and genotype. Methods: The study evaluated the growth and yield performance of fourteen barley genotypes under Kuwait’s environmental conditions. The field trials were conducted in Kuwait for two successive seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Result: The combined analysis of variance has shown that plant height, number of tillers/m2, number of days to heading, hundred kernel weight, grain and biomass yield varied significantly between the fourteen different barley varieties. Similarly, all the parameters varied significantly between the years except hundred kernel weight. In addition, an interaction was observed between genotype and year, for all parameters except hundred kernel weight, biomass yield and number of tillers/m2. Taking into consideration the two growing seasons, the varieties Kuwait 3 and Kuwait 4 presented superior performance over other varieties in terms of grain and biomass yield under Kuwait’s harsh environmental conditions.
{"title":"Enhancing Food Security Through Identification of Best Performing Barley Cultivars under Arid Conditions","authors":"O. Al-Ragam, H.S. Al-Menaie, A. Al-Shatti, M.A. Babu","doi":"10.18805/ijare.af-784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.af-784","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plant genetic diversity is the key to the development of new crop varieties for enhanced crop production and improvement of food security. Barley is one of the most dependable cereal crop under saline and drought conditions and used majorly in feed, food and malting industry. The growth and yield of barley is highly influenced by the production environment and genotype. Methods: The study evaluated the growth and yield performance of fourteen barley genotypes under Kuwait’s environmental conditions. The field trials were conducted in Kuwait for two successive seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Result: The combined analysis of variance has shown that plant height, number of tillers/m2, number of days to heading, hundred kernel weight, grain and biomass yield varied significantly between the fourteen different barley varieties. Similarly, all the parameters varied significantly between the years except hundred kernel weight. In addition, an interaction was observed between genotype and year, for all parameters except hundred kernel weight, biomass yield and number of tillers/m2. Taking into consideration the two growing seasons, the varieties Kuwait 3 and Kuwait 4 presented superior performance over other varieties in terms of grain and biomass yield under Kuwait’s harsh environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":13398,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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