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Missing Value Treatments for Machine Learning-Based Misbehavior Detection Systems: Survey, Evaluation, and Challenges 基于机器学习的不当行为检测系统的缺失值处理:调查、评估和挑战
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3587612
Daoming Wan;Jimmy Xiangji Huang
Misbehavior detection systems (MDS) play a crucial role in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to guarantee their secure operation. Most recent studies focus on applying machine learning methods to detect misbehavior messages. However, these studies are mainly proposed in the complete VANETs datasets. The MDS with incomplete messages (IMDS) is an inevitable issue that was rarely discussed in previous studies. This survey paper aims to explore the performance of missing value treatments in IMDS. It comprehensively introduces the current missing value treatments as well as the data amputation method from previous studies. Furthermore, this survey simulates the incomplete environments for VANETs datasets and conducts experiments over simulated incomplete datasets with various performance metrics. The experimental results are analyzed and discussed to indicate the best match of missing value treatments for IMDS. Finally, the potential challenges and promising future research directions are also highlighted in this paper.
故障检测系统(MDS)在车载自组织网络(vanet)中起着保证其安全运行的重要作用。最近的研究主要集中在应用机器学习方法来检测不当行为信息。然而,这些研究主要是在完整的VANETs数据集中提出的。伴有不完全消息的MDS (IMDS)是一个不可避免的问题,在以往的研究中很少被讨论。本文旨在探讨缺失值处理在IMDS中的表现。全面介绍了目前缺失值的处理方法以及前人研究的数据截断方法。此外,本研究模拟了VANETs数据集的不完整环境,并在模拟的不完整数据集上进行了各种性能指标的实验。对实验结果进行了分析和讨论,指出了缺失值处理对IMDS的最佳匹配。最后,本文还指出了潜在的挑战和未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
A Robust Multi-Domain Adaptive Anti-Jamming Communication System for a UAV Swarm in Urban ITS Traffic Monitoring via Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient 基于多智能体深度确定性策略梯度的无人机群鲁棒多域自适应抗干扰通信系统
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3584216
Mu Chen;Yong Li;Zaojian Dai;Tao Zhang;Yu Zhou;Hui Wang
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) hold a central position in urban traffic strategies. Reliable and timely communication is crucial for the effective operation of ITS, because it requires uninterrupted real-time data to ensure safe and efficient traffic flow. As an indispensable component of ITS, Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offer the agility, rapid deployment, and wide area vantage required for city-scale monitoring and prompt incident response. However, the crowded urban spectrum—characterized by co-channel interference, malicious jamming, and stringent spectrum and energy constraints—compromises the reliability and timeliness of UAV communications. This study investigates the anti-jamming communication problem for a UAV swarm applied to urban traffic monitoring and models this task as a decentralized, partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP). Based on this model, we develop a multi-domain adaptive scheme based on the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) framework. The combination of centralized training and decentralized execution enables each UAV to optimize channel selection and power control policies based on local observations, while a shared global reward encourages swarm-level cooperation. Extensive simulations show that, compared with baseline methods, the proposed method significantly improves link reliability, reduces power consumption, and lowers the overhead associated with frequent channel switching. Simulation results show that the proposed robust, energy-efficient communication strategy effectively improves the overall performance of the ITS urban traffic monitoring UAV swarm system.
智能交通系统(ITS)在城市交通战略中占有中心地位。可靠及时的通信对于ITS的有效运行至关重要,因为它需要不间断的实时数据来确保安全高效的交通流量。作为ITS不可或缺的组成部分,无人驾驶飞行器(uav)提供了城市规模监控和快速事件响应所需的敏捷性、快速部署和广域优势。然而,拥挤的城市频谱——以同信道干扰、恶意干扰和严格的频谱和能量约束为特征——损害了无人机通信的可靠性和及时性。本研究探讨了应用于城市交通监控的无人机群的抗干扰通信问题,并将该任务建模为分散的、部分可观察的马尔可夫决策过程(Dec-POMDP)。在此基础上,提出了一种基于多智能体深度确定性策略梯度(madpg)框架的多域自适应方案。集中训练和分散执行的结合使每架无人机能够基于局部观察优化通道选择和功率控制策略,而共享的全局奖励鼓励群体级合作。大量的仿真表明,与基线方法相比,该方法显著提高了链路可靠性,降低了功耗,降低了频繁信道切换带来的开销。仿真结果表明,所提出的鲁棒节能通信策略有效地提高了ITS城市交通监控无人机群系统的整体性能。
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引用次数: 0
HGG-Net: Hierarchical Geometry Generation Network for Point Cloud Completion HGG-Net:点云补全的分层几何生成网络
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3584474
Hao Liang;Zhaoshui He;Xu Wang;Wenqing Su;Ji Tan;Shengli Xie
Point cloud completion concerns the inference of the completed geometries for real-scanned point clouds that are sparse and incomplete due to occlusion, noise, and viewpoint. Previous methods usually learn a one-shot partial-to-complete mapping, which is incapable of generating fine structure details for the complex point cloud distributions. In this paper, a Hierarchical Geometry Generation point completion Network (HGG-Net) is proposed to hierarchically generate the fine-grained completed point cloud with a skeleton-to-details strategy, which consists of three fundamental modules, namely Transformer-enhanced Feature Encoder (TFE), Multi-level Geometry Representation Decoder (MGRD), and Hierarchical Dynamic Geometry Generator (HDG). Specifically, TFE first extracts geometry features of the incomplete input and obtains a coarse prediction via self-attention mechanism and edge convolution. Second, MGRD obtains the multi-level decoded geometry representations by Geometric Interactive Transformer (GIT) and Channel-Attention-based Geometry Features Fusion (CAGF), where GIT is proposed to decode the complete prompt by capturing the semantic relationship between geometry features of the incomplete and the decoded complete objects, and CAGF aims to fuse them for the high-quality representation. Third, HDG generates the complete points hierarchically from skeleton to details based on the Dynamic Graph Attention mechanism. Qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate that the proposed HGG-Net outperforms state-of-the-art methods on several point cloud completion datasets. Our code is available at https://github.com/haalexx/HGGNet.
点云补全涉及对由于遮挡、噪声和视点而稀疏和不完整的真实扫描点云进行补全几何的推断。以往的方法通常学习一次局部到完全的映射,无法生成复杂点云分布的精细结构细节。本文提出了一种分层几何生成点补全网络(HGG-Net),采用从骨架到细节的策略分层生成细粒度补全点云,该网络由三个基本模块组成,即变压器增强特征编码器(TFE)、多级几何表示解码器(MGRD)和分层动态几何生成器(HDG)。具体而言,TFE首先提取不完整输入的几何特征,并通过自注意机制和边缘卷积得到粗预测。其次,MGRD通过几何交互转换器(GIT)和基于通道注意力的几何特征融合(CAGF)获得多层解码的几何表示,其中GIT通过捕获不完整对象和解码后的完整对象的几何特征之间的语义关系来解码完整提示,CAGF旨在将它们融合以获得高质量的表示。第三,HDG基于动态图注意机制,从骨架到细节分层生成完整点。定性和定量实验表明,提出的HGG-Net在一些点云补全数据集上优于最先进的方法。我们的代码可在https://github.com/haalexx/HGGNet上获得。
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引用次数: 0
Road Traffic Events Monitoring Using a Multi-Head Attention Mechanism-Based Transformer and Temporal Convolutional Networks 基于多头注意机制的变压器和时间卷积网络的道路交通事件监测
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3585801
Selim Reza;Marta Campos Ferreira;J.J.M. Machado;João Manuel R. S. Tavares
Acoustic monitoring of road traffic events is an indispensable element of Intelligent Transport Systems to increase their effectiveness. It aims to detect the temporal activity of sound events in road traffic auditory scenes and classify their occurrences. Current state-of-the-art algorithms have limitations in capturing long-range dependencies between different audio features to achieve robust performance. Additionally, these models suffer from external noise and variation in audio intensities. Therefore, this study proposes a spectrogram-specific transformer model employing a multi-head attention mechanism using the scaled product attention technique based on softmax in combination with Temporal Convolutional Networks to overcome these difficulties with increased accuracy and robustness. It also proposes a unique preprocessing step and a Deep Linear Projection method to reduce the dimensions of the features before passing them to the learnable Positional Encoding layer. Rather than monophonic audio data samples, stereophonic Mel-spectrogram features are fed into the model, improving the model’s robustness to noise. State-of-the-art One-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-term Memory models were used to compare the proposed model’s performance on two well-known datasets. The results demonstrated its superior performance by achieving an improvement in accuracy of 1.51 to 3.55% compared to the studied baselines.
道路交通事件的声学监测是智能交通系统提高其有效性不可或缺的组成部分。它旨在检测道路交通听觉场景中声音事件的时间活动,并对其发生进行分类。当前最先进的算法在捕获不同音频特征之间的远程依赖关系以实现鲁棒性能方面存在局限性。此外,这些模型还会受到外部噪音和音频强度变化的影响。因此,本研究提出了一种特定于谱图的变压器模型,该模型采用基于softmax的缩放积注意技术与时间卷积网络相结合的多头注意机制,以克服这些困难,提高准确性和鲁棒性。提出了一种独特的预处理步骤和一种深度线性投影方法,在将特征传递给可学习的位置编码层之前降低特征的维数。而不是单声道音频数据样本,立体声梅尔谱图特征被输入到模型中,提高了模型对噪声的鲁棒性。使用最先进的一维卷积神经网络和长短期记忆模型来比较所提出的模型在两个知名数据集上的性能。结果表明,与研究的基线相比,该方法的准确率提高了1.51 ~ 3.55%,证明了其优越的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Generating G2 Continuity Reference Paths for Autonomous Vehicles at Roundabouts 自动驾驶车辆在环形交叉路口生成G2连续参考路径
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3585504
Qingyuan Shen;Haobin Jiang;Aoxue Li;Marco Cecotti;Chenhui Yin;You Gong
Planning paths for Frenet-based autonomous vehicles (AVs) at roundabouts is difficult without complete and smooth reference paths. In such situations, the interpolating curve planner is often used to create segmented reference paths from simplified geometric roundabout data. While this method ensures curvature continuity within each curve segment, the continuity at the junctions of these segments is poor. Additionally, the determination of merging and diverging point positions at roundabouts has not been thoroughly explored. This paper introduces a novel approach using 5th-order Bézier curves to plan piecewise reference paths for AVs at roundabouts. The proposed method enhances endpoint curvature continuity of the Bézier curves and improves adaptability to non-standard roundabouts. A well-designed objective function is created to optimize both the geometric continuity parameters of the Bézier curves and the positions of merging and diverging points in the circulatory roadway. This function takes into account key factors, including path length and smoothness. Case studies validate the feasibility of maintaining curvature continuity at the endpoints and the method’s ability to generalize across various scenarios, proving its effectiveness for different roundabout structures. The results also confirm the method’s efficacy in generating paths from original geometric roundabout data. Lastly, the acceptable transverse deviations between real-world trajectories and reference paths demonstrate the rationality and practical applicability of this method.
如果没有完整、流畅的参考路径,基于frenet的自动驾驶汽车(AVs)在环形交叉路口的路径规划是困难的。在这种情况下,通常使用插值曲线规划器从简化的几何环形交叉路口数据创建分段参考路径。虽然该方法保证了每个曲线段内的曲率连续性,但这些曲线段连接处的连续性较差。此外,环形交叉路口合流点和分流点位置的确定也没有得到深入的探讨。本文介绍了一种利用5阶bsamzier曲线来规划自动驾驶汽车在环形交叉路口的分段参考路径的新方法。该方法增强了bsamzier曲线端点曲率的连续性,提高了对非标准交叉路口的适应性。建立了优化设计的目标函数,以优化bsamizier曲线的几何连续性参数和循环巷道中归并点和发散点的位置。该函数考虑了关键因素,包括路径长度和平滑度。实例研究验证了在端点处保持曲率连续性的可行性,以及该方法在各种情况下的推广能力,证明了其对不同环形交叉路口结构的有效性。结果也证实了该方法从原始几何环形交叉路口数据生成路径的有效性。最后,实际轨迹与参考轨迹之间可接受的横向偏差证明了该方法的合理性和实用性。
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引用次数: 0
DT-CTFP: 6G-Enabled Digital Twin Collaborative Traffic Flow Prediction DT-CTFP:支持6g的数字孪生协同交通流量预测
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3582356
Baofu Wu;Jilin Zhang;Junfeng Yuan;Yan Zeng;Peng Zhan;Yuyu Yin;Jian Wan;Honghao Gao
In the era of big data, intelligent transportation systems are crucial for the development of smart cities, significantly impacting urban economic growth and planning. The integration of 6G networks and digital twin technology presents unprecedented opportunities to enhance urban traffic management through real-time data synchronization and high-fidelity simulations. Accurate traffic flow prediction is vital for congestion control, intelligent route planning, and effective urban traffic management. However, existing deep learning models often struggle to capture the complex spatio-temporal dependencies and dynamic spatial relationships inherent in urban traffic data, particularly in data-scarce environments. Given the spatial heterogeneity of urban data, where dense and sparse regions coexist, improving prediction accuracy in sparse areas is critical to ensuring overall forecasting performance. To address these challenges, we propose a novel framework called 6G-Enabled Digital Twin Collaborative Traffic Flow Prediction (DT-CTFP), which integrates advanced deep learning models within a 6G-supported digital twin environment. The framework leverages real-time data processing capabilities and ultra-low latency of 6G networks to capture complex traffic features and dynamic spatial dependencies. In data-rich regions, the Dynamic Graph Multi-Attention (DGMA) model is used to learn fine-grained spatio-temporal patterns, while for data-scarce regions, the Cross-Area Transfer Prediction (CATP) model utilizes meta-learning techniques to transfer knowledge from data-rich urban areas, improving prediction accuracy in areas with limited data. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the DT-CTFP framework, achieving up to 6% reductions in RMSE and 4% reductions in MAE across multiple datasets, highlighting its enhanced prediction accuracy and efficiency. These results emphasize the framework’s capacity to improve traffic management and vehicle-road cooperation within a digital twin smart city.
在大数据时代,智能交通系统对智慧城市的发展至关重要,对城市经济增长和规划产生重大影响。6G网络和数字孪生技术的融合为通过实时数据同步和高保真仿真来加强城市交通管理提供了前所未有的机遇。准确的交通流预测对于拥堵控制、智能路线规划和有效的城市交通管理至关重要。然而,现有的深度学习模型往往难以捕捉城市交通数据中固有的复杂时空依赖关系和动态空间关系,特别是在数据稀缺的环境中。考虑到城市数据的空间异质性,密集区和稀疏区并存,提高稀疏区的预测精度是保证整体预测性能的关键。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一个新的框架,称为支持6g的数字孪生协作交通流量预测(DT-CTFP),它在支持6g的数字孪生环境中集成了先进的深度学习模型。该框架利用6G网络的实时数据处理能力和超低延迟来捕获复杂的流量特征和动态空间依赖关系。在数据丰富的地区,采用动态图多注意(DGMA)模型学习细粒度时空模式,而在数据稀缺的地区,采用跨区域转移预测(CATP)模型利用元学习技术从数据丰富的城市地区转移知识,提高了数据有限地区的预测精度。实验结果证明了DT-CTFP框架的优越性,在多个数据集上,RMSE降低了6%,MAE降低了4%,突出了其提高的预测精度和效率。这些结果强调了该框架在数字孪生智慧城市中改善交通管理和车路合作的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-Temporal EV Task Offloading, Energy, and Traffic Management for 6G Communication-Power-Transportation Coupling Network 基于6G通信-电力-运输耦合网络的EV任务卸载、能量和流量管理
IF 8.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3574402
Chao Pan;Ziming Li;Haoyu Ci;Haijun Liao;Zhenyu Zhou;Anwer Al-Dulaimi;Muhammad Tariq
The integration among 6G communication networks, power grids, and transportation systems is emerging as a promising paradigm to achieve mutual benefits among autonomous-driving electric vehicle (EV) users, communication operators, and power grids. Task offloading strategies for autonomous driving and the traveling patterns of EVs can induce communication load fluctuation within 6G network, which subsequently influences energy flow in power grid. Conversely, electricity price from the power grid affects EV charging/discharging strategies, impacting traffic flow and autonomous driving task offloading within the 6G network. Based on the interdependencies among the three networks, this paper constructs a communication-power-transportation coupling network with 6G base stations (BSs) and fast charge stations (FCSs) acting as coupling hubs. Besides, a spatio-temporal electricity price model considering spatial traffic distribution and temporal load fluctuation is developed. Moreover, the optimization problem is formulated to jointly coordinate FCS selection, bidirectional charging/discharging power regulation, task offloading decisions, and route selection strategies to maximize demand response quality of experience (QoE), grid stability and balance under the constraint of autonomous driving quality of service (QoS). Then, a knowledge transfer collaboration-based spatio-temporal EV task offloading, energy, and traffic management joint optimization algorithm is proposed, which improves the optimization performance through knowledge transfer collaboration among EV. Finally, simulation results validate the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm in demand response QoE, grid stability and balance, and autonomous driving QoS.
6G通信网络、电网、交通系统之间的整合正在成为自动驾驶电动汽车(EV)用户、通信运营商、电网之间实现互利共赢的有希望的范例。自动驾驶任务卸载策略和电动汽车行驶模式会引起6G网络内通信负荷波动,进而影响电网能量流。相反,来自电网的电价会影响电动汽车的充放电策略,从而影响6G网络内的交通流量和自动驾驶任务卸载。基于三种网络之间的相互依赖关系,本文构建了以6G基站和快速充电站作为耦合枢纽的通信-功率-传输耦合网络。此外,建立了考虑空间交通分布和时间负荷波动的时空电价模型。制定优化问题,共同协调FCS选择、双向充放电功率调节、任务卸载决策和路径选择策略,在自动驾驶服务质量(QoS)约束下实现需求响应体验质量(QoE)、电网稳定性和均衡性最大化。然后,提出了一种基于知识转移协同的电动汽车任务卸载、能源和交通管理时空联合优化算法,通过电动汽车之间的知识转移协同,提高了优化性能。最后,仿真结果验证了该算法在需求响应QoE、电网稳定性与平衡、自动驾驶QoS等方面的性能提升。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS SOCIETY Ieee智能交通系统学会
IF 7.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3579658
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society Information IEEE智能交通系统学会信息
IF 7.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3579612
{"title":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TITS.2025.3579612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2025.3579612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13416,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","volume":"26 7","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11063252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scanning the Issue 扫描问题
IF 7.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3580163
Simona Sacone
Summary form only: Abstracts of articles presented in this issue of the publication.
仅以摘要形式提供:本刊发表的文章摘要。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
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