Kanako Yoshida, Jong Yeol Kim, K. Kasai, Hajime Sato
2 ( Received 9 August 2000; 10 October 2000 ) Allele frequency distributions of the D3S1358, vWA and FGA loci were determined in the Japanese and the Korean populations using AmpFlSTR TM Blue triplex system. All three loci in the Korean population and the vWA and FGA loci in the Japanese population met the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium expectation, except the D3S1358 locus in the Japanese population (p ＝ 0.01). However, the D3S1358 departure from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was no longer signiˆcant when using the conventional chi square test. Allele frequency distributions of the D3S1358 and vWA loci in the Japanese population were not signiˆcantly diŠerent from those of the Korean population. The allele
{"title":"Japanese and Korean Population Data on Three STR Polymorphic Markeres; D3S1358, vWA and FGA","authors":"Kanako Yoshida, Jong Yeol Kim, K. Kasai, Hajime Sato","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.5.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.5.113","url":null,"abstract":"2 ( Received 9 August 2000; 10 October 2000 ) Allele frequency distributions of the D3S1358, vWA and FGA loci were determined in the Japanese and the Korean populations using AmpFlSTR TM Blue triplex system. All three loci in the Korean population and the vWA and FGA loci in the Japanese population met the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium expectation, except the D3S1358 locus in the Japanese population (p ＝ 0.01). However, the D3S1358 departure from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was no longer signiˆcant when using the conventional chi square test. Allele frequency distributions of the D3S1358 and vWA loci in the Japanese population were not signiˆcantly diŠerent from those of the Korean population. The allele","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":" 773","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131977945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyzed monoamine metabolites concentrations in blood plasma of flashbackers who had a history of methamphetamine(MAP) abuse. Subjects were composed of 12 flashbackers, 8 non-flashbackers, 13 MAP users who were not experienced MAP psychosis, and 15 MAP non-users. Flashbackers and non-flashbackers had previously all experienced MAP psychosis. Flashbacks were mostly triggered by mild fear of other people. Plasma norepinephrine(NE) levels were higher in 12 flashbackers during flashbacks than during periods of normalcy. Also plasma NE levels during flashbacks were higher than those in the 13 users and 15 non-users. Plasma NE levels in flasbackers during periods of normalcy were higher than those in the 13 user controls. Other monoamine metabolites concentrations in blood plasma were not significantly different among the subject subgroups. These results suggest that repeated MAP use with threatening experiences may produce sensitivity of neurotransmitter systems including noradrenergicsystems to psychosocial stressors at pharmacologic levels. An increase in peripheral noradrenergic activity may be related to occurrence of flashbacks.
{"title":"Monoamine Metabolites Analysis in Blood and the Relation to Flashback Occurrence in Methamphetamine Psychosis","authors":"K. Goto, K. Yui, T. Ishiguro, Shigenori lkemoto","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.3.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.3.37","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed monoamine metabolites concentrations in blood plasma of flashbackers who had a history of methamphetamine(MAP) abuse. Subjects were composed of 12 flashbackers, 8 non-flashbackers, 13 MAP users who were not experienced MAP psychosis, and 15 MAP non-users. Flashbackers and non-flashbackers had previously all experienced MAP psychosis. Flashbacks were mostly triggered by mild fear of other people. Plasma norepinephrine(NE) levels were higher in 12 flashbackers during flashbacks than during periods of normalcy. Also plasma NE levels during flashbacks were higher than those in the 13 users and 15 non-users. Plasma NE levels in flasbackers during periods of normalcy were higher than those in the 13 user controls. Other monoamine metabolites concentrations in blood plasma were not significantly different among the subject subgroups. These results suggest that repeated MAP use with threatening experiences may produce sensitivity of neurotransmitter systems including noradrenergicsystems to psychosocial stressors at pharmacologic levels. An increase in peripheral noradrenergic activity may be related to occurrence of flashbacks.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126452936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil can provide important information to criminal investigations as transfer evidence because many criminal cases take place under circumstances such that soil transfers to a criminal or victim. The variation in soils from place to place makes soil valuable evidence to prove linkage between a suspect and a crime scene. Soil is a complex mixture with a variety of mineralogical, chemical, biological, and physical properties. Considering such complexity, a variety of methods have been developed for forensic science purposes. Because minerals are an important component of soils, mineralogical examination is essential in forensic soil identification. Additionally, many other methods can be applied to raise the discriminating power, but not all kind of methods need to be used. What is important is that examiners select an appropriate combination of methods by considering the context of the soil samples. This report summarizes a wide range of reports on the analysis of soil components and of closely related materials such as plant fragments, pollen and spores, and diatoms, with emphasis on the importance of screening tests consisting of several simple techniques. The soil formation process involves parent materials, temperature, water condition, vegetation, time, and the chemical processes of solution, oxidation, reduction, and even human activities. The history of a soil's development as the results of such complex soil formation process is strongly reflected in soil color. The systematic observation of multiple soil colors is especially useful for screening.
{"title":"Forensic Examination of Soil Evidence","authors":"Y. Marumo","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.7.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.7.95","url":null,"abstract":"Soil can provide important information to criminal investigations as transfer evidence because many criminal cases take place under circumstances such that soil transfers to a criminal or victim. The variation in soils from place to place makes soil valuable evidence to prove linkage between a suspect and a crime scene. Soil is a complex mixture with a variety of mineralogical, chemical, biological, and physical properties. Considering such complexity, a variety of methods have been developed for forensic science purposes. Because minerals are an important component of soils, mineralogical examination is essential in forensic soil identification. Additionally, many other methods can be applied to raise the discriminating power, but not all kind of methods need to be used. What is important is that examiners select an appropriate combination of methods by considering the context of the soil samples. This report summarizes a wide range of reports on the analysis of soil components and of closely related materials such as plant fragments, pollen and spores, and diatoms, with emphasis on the importance of screening tests consisting of several simple techniques. The soil formation process involves parent materials, temperature, water condition, vegetation, time, and the chemical processes of solution, oxidation, reduction, and even human activities. The history of a soil's development as the results of such complex soil formation process is strongly reflected in soil color. The systematic observation of multiple soil colors is especially useful for screening.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127327626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantitative freatures extracted from hand-written character pattern were applied to handwriter identification, and the efficiency for hand-written character recognition was evaluated. Three features including local direction contributivity (LDC) feature, directional element (DE) feature and weighted direction index histogram (WDIH) feature of each sample character pattern collected from 20 writers were enforced to learn by the hierarchical neural network (HNN) in order to apply the tool for handwriter identification. Correct identification on DE and WDIH features through one character by HNN ranged from 82.5 to 85.5%, While that by visual inspection of expert examiners was 85.5%. Moreover, this tool performed the perfect identification using the combining sum of HNN's output values for sample characters. These results support that the application of feature extraction on hand-written characters using HNN is significantly effective for handwriter identification.
{"title":"Handwriter Identification Using Quantitative Features Extracted from Character Patterns","authors":"Kiich Misaki, M. Umeda","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative freatures extracted from hand-written character pattern were applied to handwriter identification, and the efficiency for hand-written character recognition was evaluated. Three features including local direction contributivity (LDC) feature, directional element (DE) feature and weighted direction index histogram (WDIH) feature of each sample character pattern collected from 20 writers were enforced to learn by the hierarchical neural network (HNN) in order to apply the tool for handwriter identification. Correct identification on DE and WDIH features through one character by HNN ranged from 82.5 to 85.5%, While that by visual inspection of expert examiners was 85.5%. Moreover, this tool performed the perfect identification using the combining sum of HNN's output values for sample characters. These results support that the application of feature extraction on hand-written characters using HNN is significantly effective for handwriter identification.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122304895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Physical Exercise after Drinking on the Change of Breath Alcohol Concentrations","authors":"Yoshiyasu Higashikawa, Y. Marumo","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.2.85","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"79 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121918103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shin'ichi Suzuki, Harry J. van Enkevort, Y. Marumo, S. Seta
In this report, the bases of a practical and simple method for effective visualizing of latent fingerprints by phosphorescence was investigated. After the cyanoacrylate treatment of latent fingerprint, phosphorescence reagents were used to enhance the visualization of the fingerprints. Only simple chemical treatments, physical, photographic methods and conventional light source were required. Sophisticated, electronic time imaging equipment or chopper system as used in previous reports were not required. Twenty one phosphorescence reagents were examined in this experiment, and three of them, 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-aminoacetophenone were effective enough for the enhancement of latent fingerprints visualization and conventional use. The former two reagents were excited at 254 nm, but the last one was excited at 350nm. This latent fingerprints detection method utilizing phosphorescence was considered effective, especially, when the back ground printing has a strong fluorescence.
{"title":"Latent Fingerprint Visualization by Phosphorescence","authors":"Shin'ichi Suzuki, Harry J. van Enkevort, Y. Marumo, S. Seta","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"In this report, the bases of a practical and simple method for effective visualizing of latent fingerprints by phosphorescence was investigated. After the cyanoacrylate treatment of latent fingerprint, phosphorescence reagents were used to enhance the visualization of the fingerprints. Only simple chemical treatments, physical, photographic methods and conventional light source were required. Sophisticated, electronic time imaging equipment or chopper system as used in previous reports were not required. Twenty one phosphorescence reagents were examined in this experiment, and three of them, 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-aminoacetophenone were effective enough for the enhancement of latent fingerprints visualization and conventional use. The former two reagents were excited at 254 nm, but the last one was excited at 350nm. This latent fingerprints detection method utilizing phosphorescence was considered effective, especially, when the back ground printing has a strong fluorescence.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116624017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HPLC/Chemiluminescence Detection of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Hair","authors":"N. Takayama, Seishi Tanaka, R. Kizu, K. Hayakawa","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"292 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117314797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We developed a technique that corrects picture quality so that sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished from the picture obtained by a Finger/Palm-print Live Scanner. The Finger/Palm-print Live Scanner equipment (Live Scanner) has been introduced to the local police stations for fingerprint collection operation. Fingerprint Live Scanner devices have been used as an authentication technology for security systems. The resolution of the Live Scanner image needs to be equal to that of all Live Scanner devices. For example, the required resolution for the police is about 20 points per mm so that sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished. We developed a method of image correction to satisfy the requirements for the Live Scanner. Correcting methods for a degraded image such as the inverse filter and the Wiener filter had been proposed. But we are not able to estimate the resolution using the filter designed by these conventional methods. Because these conventional methods use the Signal to Noise ratio as a parameter and don't use relationship to the resolution. We applied the filter design method that we had developed for a satellite image, to correct the Live Scanner image. The method can evaluate a relationship between the filter effect and the filter parameter by point spread function (PSF). The proposed filter optimization method reduced the full width at half maximum of PSF about 36%, resulting in an improved resolution. With this method, sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished.
{"title":"Image Correction Filter for Finger/Palm-print Live Scanner Image","authors":"Y. Isobe, Y. Seto, Yoshitaka Umino","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.4.15","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a technique that corrects picture quality so that sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished from the picture obtained by a Finger/Palm-print Live Scanner. The Finger/Palm-print Live Scanner equipment (Live Scanner) has been introduced to the local police stations for fingerprint collection operation. Fingerprint Live Scanner devices have been used as an authentication technology for security systems. The resolution of the Live Scanner image needs to be equal to that of all Live Scanner devices. For example, the required resolution for the police is about 20 points per mm so that sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished. We developed a method of image correction to satisfy the requirements for the Live Scanner. Correcting methods for a degraded image such as the inverse filter and the Wiener filter had been proposed. But we are not able to estimate the resolution using the filter designed by these conventional methods. Because these conventional methods use the Signal to Noise ratio as a parameter and don't use relationship to the resolution. We applied the filter design method that we had developed for a satellite image, to correct the Live Scanner image. The method can evaluate a relationship between the filter effect and the filter parameter by point spread function (PSF). The proposed filter optimization method reduced the full width at half maximum of PSF about 36%, resulting in an improved resolution. With this method, sweat glands on a ridge can be distinguished.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129559798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ishikawa, Shigeki Nakamura, T. Sawaguchi, O. Ohue, A. Sawaguchi
Six serum protein groups (HP, TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R) from bloodstains stored at room temperature, were examined using slab gel electrophoresis for HP, and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis for TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R. Three serum protein groups (TFC, GC, AHSG) were correctly detected in large percentage of stain samples, but correct detection rate of HP was in small percentage. Two serum protein groups (C6, C1R) were not detected from stain samples. In particular, GC type is one of the most useful markers for forensic practice, since it has a well balanced gene frequency, stability against severe condition, and accurate detectability.
{"title":"Comparison of Detection of Six Serum Protein Groups from Aged Bloodstains","authors":"F. Ishikawa, Shigeki Nakamura, T. Sawaguchi, O. Ohue, A. Sawaguchi","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.2.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.2.57","url":null,"abstract":"Six serum protein groups (HP, TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R) from bloodstains stored at room temperature, were examined using slab gel electrophoresis for HP, and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis for TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R. Three serum protein groups (TFC, GC, AHSG) were correctly detected in large percentage of stain samples, but correct detection rate of HP was in small percentage. Two serum protein groups (C6, C1R) were not detected from stain samples. In particular, GC type is one of the most useful markers for forensic practice, since it has a well balanced gene frequency, stability against severe condition, and accurate detectability.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124030210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ohmori, N. Mizuno, K. Sekiguchi, H. Senju, I. Sakai
Sensitivity and specificity of commercially available ABO blood grouping monoclonal antibodies for medical use were examined for applying them to forensic blood typing. We have applied some monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and absorption-elution test. Hemagglutination titer of these antibodies distributed ranging from ×4 to ×512. All antibodies examined could be used for detecting ABO blood type from secretor's saliva by ELISA method and using five anti-A antibodies blood group substances could be detected from non-secretor's saliva. Using anti-A and anti-B antibodies blood type could be detected from secretor's semen but using any antibody blood type could not be detected from non-secretor's semen. We could not get a correlation between hemagglutination titer and sensitivity on ELISA detected from saliva and semen. At absorption-elution test, using most of the anti-A and anti-B antibodies blood type could be detected of bloodstains and secretor's body fluid stains. Using several antibodies blood type could not be detected of non-secretor's samples. Using all of anti-A antibodies and some of anti-B antibodies it was failed to detect blood type of hair samples. Using all of the anti-H antibodies blood group substances could not be detected of stain or hair samples. This result suggested that we have to select suitable monoclonal antibodies of ABO blood grouping for each evidential sample and each blood typing method.
{"title":"Application of ABO Blood Grouping Monoclonal Antibodies to Forensic Samples","authors":"T. Ohmori, N. Mizuno, K. Sekiguchi, H. Senju, I. Sakai","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.1.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.1.43","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitivity and specificity of commercially available ABO blood grouping monoclonal antibodies for medical use were examined for applying them to forensic blood typing. We have applied some monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and absorption-elution test. Hemagglutination titer of these antibodies distributed ranging from ×4 to ×512. All antibodies examined could be used for detecting ABO blood type from secretor's saliva by ELISA method and using five anti-A antibodies blood group substances could be detected from non-secretor's saliva. Using anti-A and anti-B antibodies blood type could be detected from secretor's semen but using any antibody blood type could not be detected from non-secretor's semen. We could not get a correlation between hemagglutination titer and sensitivity on ELISA detected from saliva and semen. At absorption-elution test, using most of the anti-A and anti-B antibodies blood type could be detected of bloodstains and secretor's body fluid stains. Using several antibodies blood type could not be detected of non-secretor's samples. Using all of anti-A antibodies and some of anti-B antibodies it was failed to detect blood type of hair samples. Using all of the anti-H antibodies blood group substances could not be detected of stain or hair samples. This result suggested that we have to select suitable monoclonal antibodies of ABO blood grouping for each evidential sample and each blood typing method.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124375806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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