This article constitutes a review of the literature and an evaluation of the anatomical relationships between skull and face including the soft tissue thickness at various anthropometrical points of the skull, along with a comparison of the methodologies involved in the three techniques, that is, photographic, video and computer-assisted superimposition techniques used in forensic science. In addition, an evaluation of cosistency between skull and face is discussed from the aspect of personal identification. Forensic examiner must be well versed in the anatomy of skull and face for effective utilization of the superimposition technique. When evaluating anatomical consistency between these parts, special attention should be paid their outline, the facial tissue thickness at the anthropometrical points, and positional relationships between skull and face. Data on the thickness of facial soft tissue has been accumulated for each race, Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. The positional relation of the eyebrow and eye to the orbit, the ala to the nasal aperture, and the lips to the teeth has been investigated by many researchers. Over the last two decades, video superimposition technique has widely been used for identifying unknown skull. The video superimposition presents enormous advantage over the conventional photographic superimposition. This technique allows the fade-out of either the skull or facial image on the monitor for overall assessment of how well the two images match. This also allows the various sectioning images of the skull and facial images for evaluating the positional relationships between the skull and face. In this technique, however, the anthropometrical examination including soft tissue thickness could not directly be performed on the TV monitor. On the other hand, in the last ten years, the computer-assisted cranio-facial superimposition has been developed. The use of a video-computer with appropriate software allows to take the images of the skull and facial photograph with only one camera and to directly compare the digitized both images on the monitor. The computer technology has also been used to determine the size of natural head and optimum objective length. The software such as the polynomial functions and Fourier harmonic analysis has been applied to evaluate the fit between the outline of skull and facial photograph. It is suggested that the outline from the forehead to the gnathion in the lateral or oblique view is the preferable portion for personal identification, and the cranio-facial superimposition method is reliable for personal identification when two or more facial photographs taken from different angles are used in the examination. The computer-assisted skull identification system using video superimposition is useful to demonstrate the cosistency between skull and facial photograph because the quantitative data including anthropometrical measurements obtained from this system provide objective and re
{"title":"Cranio-Facial Identification","authors":"M. Yoshino","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.2.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.2.45","url":null,"abstract":"This article constitutes a review of the literature and an evaluation of the anatomical relationships between skull and face including the soft tissue thickness at various anthropometrical points of the skull, along with a comparison of the methodologies involved in the three techniques, that is, photographic, video and computer-assisted superimposition techniques used in forensic science. In addition, an evaluation of cosistency between skull and face is discussed from the aspect of personal identification. Forensic examiner must be well versed in the anatomy of skull and face for effective utilization of the superimposition technique. When evaluating anatomical consistency between these parts, special attention should be paid their outline, the facial tissue thickness at the anthropometrical points, and positional relationships between skull and face. Data on the thickness of facial soft tissue has been accumulated for each race, Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. The positional relation of the eyebrow and eye to the orbit, the ala to the nasal aperture, and the lips to the teeth has been investigated by many researchers. Over the last two decades, video superimposition technique has widely been used for identifying unknown skull. The video superimposition presents enormous advantage over the conventional photographic superimposition. This technique allows the fade-out of either the skull or facial image on the monitor for overall assessment of how well the two images match. This also allows the various sectioning images of the skull and facial images for evaluating the positional relationships between the skull and face. In this technique, however, the anthropometrical examination including soft tissue thickness could not directly be performed on the TV monitor. On the other hand, in the last ten years, the computer-assisted cranio-facial superimposition has been developed. The use of a video-computer with appropriate software allows to take the images of the skull and facial photograph with only one camera and to directly compare the digitized both images on the monitor. The computer technology has also been used to determine the size of natural head and optimum objective length. The software such as the polynomial functions and Fourier harmonic analysis has been applied to evaluate the fit between the outline of skull and facial photograph. It is suggested that the outline from the forehead to the gnathion in the lateral or oblique view is the preferable portion for personal identification, and the cranio-facial superimposition method is reliable for personal identification when two or more facial photographs taken from different angles are used in the examination. The computer-assisted skull identification system using video superimposition is useful to demonstrate the cosistency between skull and facial photograph because the quantitative data including anthropometrical measurements obtained from this system provide objective and re","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122113104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Sugita, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Shin'ichi Suzuki, Y. Marumo
Glass fragments often give useful information as trace evidence to investigation of crimes such as hit-and-run, murder, burglary and so on. Trace elemental analysis is considered adequate for discrimination of glass evidence but it is destructive and time-consuming. In contrast, refractive index (R.I.) measurement is nondestructive and timesaving. Measuring R.I.s previous to chemical examination as a screening test is regarded as beneficial to rapid and precise discrimination for selecting suspicious samples from many pieces of glass. In the present paper, R.I. measurement using hotstage and silicone oil is described. The procedure is examined in respects of the following : using an optical filter to obtain monochromatic light, simple treatment to purify silicone oil, easy judgment of match temperatures, calibration with optical standard glass available in Japan, and handling of samples. The proposed method is applied to windshield glass samples of Japanese cars. Intra- and inter-sample variations are examined and 370 out of 406 pairs are discriminated each other by comparing their R.I.s It is proved that accuracy of this method is satisfactory for the discrimination of glass fragments. This technique is practical for discrimination of small glass fragments and to samples of any size as a screening test prior to trace elemental analysis.
{"title":"Measurement of Glass Refractive Index Using a Hot Stage and Its Application to Identification of Windshield Glass","authors":"R. Sugita, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Shin'ichi Suzuki, Y. Marumo","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.2.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.2.89","url":null,"abstract":"Glass fragments often give useful information as trace evidence to investigation of crimes such as hit-and-run, murder, burglary and so on. Trace elemental analysis is considered adequate for discrimination of glass evidence but it is destructive and time-consuming. In contrast, refractive index (R.I.) measurement is nondestructive and timesaving. Measuring R.I.s previous to chemical examination as a screening test is regarded as beneficial to rapid and precise discrimination for selecting suspicious samples from many pieces of glass. In the present paper, R.I. measurement using hotstage and silicone oil is described. The procedure is examined in respects of the following : using an optical filter to obtain monochromatic light, simple treatment to purify silicone oil, easy judgment of match temperatures, calibration with optical standard glass available in Japan, and handling of samples. The proposed method is applied to windshield glass samples of Japanese cars. Intra- and inter-sample variations are examined and 370 out of 406 pairs are discriminated each other by comparing their R.I.s It is proved that accuracy of this method is satisfactory for the discrimination of glass fragments. This technique is practical for discrimination of small glass fragments and to samples of any size as a screening test prior to trace elemental analysis.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115121914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gunshot residues (GSR), which mainly consist of fired primer compound and propellants, remaining on a firearm were investigated by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy equipped with a microscope (FT-IR). Sample collection and handling techniques were developed to analyze of GSR, both inorganic and organic components. The sample was washed with n-hexane at first. The obtained waste solution was filtered with a white membrane filter made from polyterafluoroethylene. Spherical particles and shapeless particles in various sizes and colors on the membrane were observed under an optical microscope with about 75 magnification. Lead, antimony and barium were usually detected from the spherical particles using EPMA, and it indicated that spherical GSR came from primer compound. On the other hand, shapeless particles were picked up using a fine needle and identified by FT-IR. This method was applied to a hand of a gun shooter and a shirt of the killed woman. The inorganic GSR was detected from the hand of a gun shooter and the organic GSR was found from the shirt. These procedures have some advantages, they are very simple, rapid, inexpensive, non-destructive and detected both primer compound and propellant.
{"title":"Identification of Both Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues on a Firearm and Its Applications","authors":"M. Hida, T. Mitsui","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.3.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.3.63","url":null,"abstract":"Gunshot residues (GSR), which mainly consist of fired primer compound and propellants, remaining on a firearm were investigated by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy equipped with a microscope (FT-IR). Sample collection and handling techniques were developed to analyze of GSR, both inorganic and organic components. The sample was washed with n-hexane at first. The obtained waste solution was filtered with a white membrane filter made from polyterafluoroethylene. Spherical particles and shapeless particles in various sizes and colors on the membrane were observed under an optical microscope with about 75 magnification. Lead, antimony and barium were usually detected from the spherical particles using EPMA, and it indicated that spherical GSR came from primer compound. On the other hand, shapeless particles were picked up using a fine needle and identified by FT-IR. This method was applied to a hand of a gun shooter and a shirt of the killed woman. The inorganic GSR was detected from the hand of a gun shooter and the organic GSR was found from the shirt. These procedures have some advantages, they are very simple, rapid, inexpensive, non-destructive and detected both primer compound and propellant.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130776703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Recent Activity in Forensic Science Research","authors":"S. Seta","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134278813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied to quantitative analysis of organic gunshot residues. A small particle of the residue was collected from an adhesive sheet laid on the floor in front of a barrel. Smokeless powder and its residues were dissolved in acetone and submitted to GC/MS. The ingredients of smokeless powder were quantified by mass chromatography. The peak area ratio of stabilizers to nitroglycerin (NG) in the residue showed almost same value in the original smokeless powder. These results will suggest that the residue analysis is useful for characterizing the original powder.
{"title":"Identification of Smokeless Powder Gunshot Residues","authors":"Hiroyuki Arai, J. Nakamura","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied to quantitative analysis of organic gunshot residues. A small particle of the residue was collected from an adhesive sheet laid on the floor in front of a barrel. Smokeless powder and its residues were dissolved in acetone and submitted to GC/MS. The ingredients of smokeless powder were quantified by mass chromatography. The peak area ratio of stabilizers to nitroglycerin (NG) in the residue showed almost same value in the original smokeless powder. These results will suggest that the residue analysis is useful for characterizing the original powder.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114521205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The infrared spectrum of methamphetamine hydrochloride by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was compared with that by transmission spectroscopy. The former spectrum remained unchanged after preparation of a KBr disc, while the latter changed with the elapse of time. The liquid sample drop method which is frequently used in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy simplified sample preparation, and purification in the measurement of the infrared spectrum of methamphetamine hydrochloride. Consequently, reflectance spectroscopic measurement by the liquid sample drop method using an auto-sample-changer made it possible to obtain the infrared spectra of many samples easily and quickly.
{"title":"Studies on the Identification of Methamphetamine hydrochloride by Infrared Absorption Spectra Method","authors":"M. Amemiya, Y. Yanagisawa, T. Nagai","doi":"10.3408/JASTI.3.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3408/JASTI.3.69","url":null,"abstract":"The infrared spectrum of methamphetamine hydrochloride by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was compared with that by transmission spectroscopy. The former spectrum remained unchanged after preparation of a KBr disc, while the latter changed with the elapse of time. The liquid sample drop method which is frequently used in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy simplified sample preparation, and purification in the measurement of the infrared spectrum of methamphetamine hydrochloride. Consequently, reflectance spectroscopic measurement by the liquid sample drop method using an auto-sample-changer made it possible to obtain the infrared spectra of many samples easily and quickly.","PeriodicalId":134327,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130455814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：