Closing resistors are critical components in ultra-high-voltage circuit breakers, however, their dynamic conduction under pulsed-energy injection remains poorly understood, thereby limiting energy-handling capability and compromising breaker reliability. This study combines pulsed-energy injection experiments and thermoelectrically coupled simulations to elucidate the electrothermal response and conductivity evolution of carbon-ceramic resistors. By correlating macroscopic resistance variations with microscopic conductive-chain dynamics, the conduction process is divided into four distinct stages: transient conduction, sustained decline, steady fluctuation, and gradual recovery. A thermoelectric-driven mechanism governing the conductive network is proposed. The microscale network consists of non-conductive, discontinuous, and continuous conductive chains, whose activation is jointly controlled by both the electric field and temperature. Strong electric fields induce tunneling conduction in discontinuous chains, whereas thermal expansion effectively reduces contact resistance in continuous chains. The individual and coupled influences of temperature and electric field are quantified by numerical fitting of the recovery resistance versus temperature and transient resistance versus field. Results reveal a pronounced thermoelectric synergy with clear energy dependence. Under low-energy injection, coupling enhances carrier excitation, yielding resistance reductions exceeding the sum of individual thermal and electrical contributions. Under high-energy injection, conductive-chain saturation suppresses further synergy, leading to smaller-than-additive resistance reductions.
{"title":"Thermoelectric-Driven Conduction Mechanisms of Carbon-Ceramic Closing Resistors in Circuit Breakers Under Pulsed-Energy Injection","authors":"Jinru Sun;Huixiang Dai;Aoyu Wang;Zixin Fang;Xueling Yao;Guilai Yin;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648189","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648189","url":null,"abstract":"Closing resistors are critical components in ultra-high-voltage circuit breakers, however, their dynamic conduction under pulsed-energy injection remains poorly understood, thereby limiting energy-handling capability and compromising breaker reliability. This study combines pulsed-energy injection experiments and thermoelectrically coupled simulations to elucidate the electrothermal response and conductivity evolution of carbon-ceramic resistors. By correlating macroscopic resistance variations with microscopic conductive-chain dynamics, the conduction process is divided into four distinct stages: transient conduction, sustained decline, steady fluctuation, and gradual recovery. A thermoelectric-driven mechanism governing the conductive network is proposed. The microscale network consists of non-conductive, discontinuous, and continuous conductive chains, whose activation is jointly controlled by both the electric field and temperature. Strong electric fields induce tunneling conduction in discontinuous chains, whereas thermal expansion effectively reduces contact resistance in continuous chains. The individual and coupled influences of temperature and electric field are quantified by numerical fitting of the recovery resistance versus temperature and transient resistance versus field. Results reveal a pronounced thermoelectric synergy with clear energy dependence. Under low-energy injection, coupling enhances carrier excitation, yielding resistance reductions exceeding the sum of individual thermal and electrical contributions. Under high-energy injection, conductive-chain saturation suppresses further synergy, leading to smaller-than-additive resistance reductions.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"458-469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647884
Jiawei Yuan, Xiaojian Dong, Lifeng Xing, Xuan Dong, Jun Liu, Zaibin Jiao
{"title":"Fault Diagnosis Method for Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults Based on Phase-to-Phase Current Fault Components in Distribution Networks","authors":"Jiawei Yuan, Xiaojian Dong, Lifeng Xing, Xuan Dong, Jun Liu, Zaibin Jiao","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647954
Fengrun Wang, Wenqiang Zhao, Jun Zhou, Yuanjie Li, Tianqi Song, Zhitong Tian, Lei Lan, Hailiang Lu
{"title":"Cable Shield Grounding for Transient Overvoltage Testing in Power Generation/Transformer Substations","authors":"Fengrun Wang, Wenqiang Zhao, Jun Zhou, Yuanjie Li, Tianqi Song, Zhitong Tian, Lei Lan, Hailiang Lu","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synchrophasor-based sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) parameter identification is effective for monitoring SSOs, while its performance can be significantly affected by measurement noise, posing serious challenges to reliable identification. This study proposes an improved identification scheme that combines adaptive empirical Fourier decomposition (AEFD) with the Prony method to enable accurate and simultaneous estimation of sub/super-synchronous modes. First, the AEFD method is applied to oscillation signals, effectively decomposing the signals into sub-synchronous and super-synchronous modal components. Particularly, the sparsity index (SI) is introduced to determine the number of oscillation modes contained in the signal. Subsequently, the Prony method is employed on the decomposed components to extract modal parameters. The proposed method effectively suppresses modal aliasing and improves noise robustness of the empirical wavelet transform by employing an improved spectrum segmentation technique and a zero-phase filter bank, thereby enhancing the extraction accuracy of the estimation results. Through comparisons with existing methods and simulated case studies, it is verified that the proposed method performs exceptionally well in terms of accuracy, mode mixing suppression and noise robustness, demonstrating its superiority and effectiveness in the extraction of sub/super-synchronous oscillation parameters.
{"title":"Synchrophasor-Based Parameter Identification of Sub/Super-Synchronous Oscillations Using Adaptive Empirical Fourier Decomposition","authors":"Lixin Wang;Zihan Zhang;Zhenglong Sun;Han Gao;Shouqi Jiang;Shiwei Xia;Tek Tjing Lie","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647587","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647587","url":null,"abstract":"Synchrophasor-based sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) parameter identification is effective for monitoring SSOs, while its performance can be significantly affected by measurement noise, posing serious challenges to reliable identification. This study proposes an improved identification scheme that combines adaptive empirical Fourier decomposition (AEFD) with the Prony method to enable accurate and simultaneous estimation of sub/super-synchronous modes. First, the AEFD method is applied to oscillation signals, effectively decomposing the signals into sub-synchronous and super-synchronous modal components. Particularly, the sparsity index (SI) is introduced to determine the number of oscillation modes contained in the signal. Subsequently, the Prony method is employed on the decomposed components to extract modal parameters. The proposed method effectively suppresses modal aliasing and improves noise robustness of the empirical wavelet transform by employing an improved spectrum segmentation technique and a zero-phase filter bank, thereby enhancing the extraction accuracy of the estimation results. Through comparisons with existing methods and simulated case studies, it is verified that the proposed method performs exceptionally well in terms of accuracy, mode mixing suppression and noise robustness, demonstrating its superiority and effectiveness in the extraction of sub/super-synchronous oscillation parameters.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"423-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647761
Peng Zhang, Wenjuan Du, H. F. Wang
{"title":"Design and Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Inverter Based on Generalized Fractional-Order Virtual Synchronous Generator Control","authors":"Peng Zhang, Wenjuan Du, H. F. Wang","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647646
Rizwan Rafique Syed, Hans Kristian Høidalen
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Fault Handling Models on Reliability Indices of Digital Substation","authors":"Rizwan Rafique Syed, Hans Kristian Høidalen","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647646","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual Grid-Forming MMC With Embedded Storage for Damping Provision","authors":"Arkaitz Rabanal, Salvatore D'Arco, Elisabetta Tedeschi","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648026
Asier Davila, Tomáš Komrska, Antoni Arias, Jose Antonio Cortajarena, Estefanía Planas, Zdeněk Peroutka
{"title":"Four-Leg Voltage Source Converter With Independent Phase Control for Ground Fault Compensation","authors":"Asier Davila, Tomáš Komrska, Antoni Arias, Jose Antonio Cortajarena, Estefanía Planas, Zdeněk Peroutka","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microgrids can improve the reliability and resiliency of modern distribution systems. The stochasticity of local non-dispatchable distributed energy resources (NDDERs), combined with the time-dependency of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and load shedding strategies (LSSs), complicates the reliability assessment of distribution networks embedded with microgrids. In this work, we propose a minimal cut-set method using a discrete-time Markov chain to perform the time-series adequacy assessment. Our method offers an alternative to sequential Monte Carlo simulations (SMCSs) to account for the stochasticity of NDDERs and the time-dependency of BESSs and LSSs. Case studies on modified IEEE-RTBS Bus2 and IEEE 123-Test Feeder systems assess the accuracy of the method when compared with SMCSs.
{"title":"Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems With Microgrids Using Discrete-Time Markov Chains","authors":"Jean-William Lauzon;Ilhan Kocar;Antoine Lesage-Landry","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647278","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647278","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids can improve the reliability and resiliency of modern distribution systems. The stochasticity of local non-dispatchable distributed energy resources (NDDERs), combined with the time-dependency of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and load shedding strategies (LSSs), complicates the reliability assessment of distribution networks embedded with microgrids. In this work, we propose a minimal cut-set method using a discrete-time Markov chain to perform the time-series adequacy assessment. Our method offers an alternative to sequential Monte Carlo simulations (SMCSs) to account for the stochasticity of NDDERs and the time-dependency of BESSs and LSSs. Case studies on modified IEEE-RTBS Bus2 and IEEE 123-Test Feeder systems assess the accuracy of the method when compared with SMCSs.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"375-386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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