With the increasing integration scale of renewable energy, the receiving-end power grids are suffering from low inertia and weak support problems. It is desired that the large-capacity modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) systems could provide inertia support for the receiving grids. However, current analysis mainly focuses on the inertia support of wind farms/photovoltaic plants integrated MMC-HVDC systems. This paper studied the inertia support of MMC-HVDC systems transmitting large-scale hydropower. Firstly, the inertia support capability of the MMC-HVDC system integrating hydropower is analyzed, considering the communication delay and the support strategies of different devices. Then, an inertia boost control scheme was proposed for the sending-end MMC, which maximizes the inertia support of the hydropower generator and MMC's capacitor energy. Furthermore, a method for assessing the inertia support performance of the MMC-HVDC system is proposed, which approximates the system's time-varying inertia as piecewise constants. Finally, simulations are performed in a two-terminal MMC-HVDC system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed analysis method and control strategy.
{"title":"Grid Inertia Support of Long-Distance MMC-HVDC System Integrating Hydropower Considering Communication Delay","authors":"Junjie Lin;Wang Xiang;Haobo Zhang;Zhu Guo;Weihuang Huang;Jinyu Wen","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648585","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648585","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing integration scale of renewable energy, the receiving-end power grids are suffering from low inertia and weak support problems. It is desired that the large-capacity modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) systems could provide inertia support for the receiving grids. However, current analysis mainly focuses on the inertia support of wind farms/photovoltaic plants integrated MMC-HVDC systems. This paper studied the inertia support of MMC-HVDC systems transmitting large-scale hydropower. Firstly, the inertia support capability of the MMC-HVDC system integrating hydropower is analyzed, considering the communication delay and the support strategies of different devices. Then, an inertia boost control scheme was proposed for the sending-end MMC, which maximizes the inertia support of the hydropower generator and MMC's capacitor energy. Furthermore, a method for assessing the inertia support performance of the MMC-HVDC system is proposed, which approximates the system's time-varying inertia as piecewise constants. Finally, simulations are performed in a two-terminal MMC-HVDC system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed analysis method and control strategy.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"341-352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-Time Energy Management for Urban Rail Transit with Reversible Substations Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Wei Liu, Dingxin Xia, Qian Xu, Juxia Ding, Xiaodong Zhang, Haonan Liu, Haotian Deng","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648855","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648841
Panpan Wang, Dongni Li, Zhiming Xu, Jiayue Sun
{"title":"Prescribed Performance Voltage Regulation in Islanded Microgrids: An Event-Triggered Fault Compensation Approach","authors":"Panpan Wang, Dongni Li, Zhiming Xu, Jiayue Sun","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648650
Walid Hatahet, Hengyu Li, Liwei Wang, Wei Li
{"title":"Decoupled Detailed Equivalent Model for Parallel and Multi-Rate EMT-Type Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converter With Battery Energy Storage","authors":"Walid Hatahet, Hengyu Li, Liwei Wang, Wei Li","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648375
Dan Wang, Yong Li, Jinjie Lin, Zichen Hu, Yi Zhang
{"title":"Data and Model Hybrid Driven Non-Intrusive Wideband Impedance Measurement for LCC-HVDC Systems","authors":"Dan Wang, Yong Li, Jinjie Lin, Zichen Hu, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648375","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648618
Tom Van Acker, Hakan Ergun
{"title":"Exact Lower Bound for Equitable Harmonic Hosting Capacity","authors":"Tom Van Acker, Hakan Ergun","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648618","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646938
Mohamad-Amin Nasr, Ali Hooshyar
{"title":"Does Series Compensation Improve the Transient Stability of Inverter-Based Resources?","authors":"Mohamad-Amin Nasr, Ali Hooshyar","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646938","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648940
Eric P. Nied;Stephen F. Poterala;Xingniu Huo;Dustin L. Sullivan
While it is well known that a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) heavily distorts the voltage wave of a high-current lightning impulse, less has been said about waveform distortions observed during power frequency testing. This paper shows that significant distortions are likely produced by practical generators during power frequency testing of MOVs, with the effect that average power dissipation of MOVs and surge arresters is severely impacted by generator setup. Four distribution transformer configurations with different output impedances were used to apply 60 Hz voltage waves to a conducting, 5 kV-rated MOV at six peak current levels. Distortion was found to be a function of generator impedance and current magnitude. In one typical experiment, even a slight distortion (Vrms / (Vpeak / √2) = 1.014) led to ∼33% decrease in average power dissipation compared to that of a distortion-free wave of the same rms voltage. Without consideration of these effects, seemingly minor differences in procedure can cause parts to erroneously pass or fail tests prescribed in IEEE C62.11 (2020) or IEC 60099-4 ed. 3.0, leading to arresters not meeting manufacturers’ 60 Hz TOV claims. A method is also outlined to correct for waveform distortion, enabling calculation of distortion-free average power dissipation.
{"title":"Waveform Distortions During Power Frequency Testing of Metal Oxide Varistors: Their Origin and Effect on Average Power Dissipation","authors":"Eric P. Nied;Stephen F. Poterala;Xingniu Huo;Dustin L. Sullivan","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648940","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648940","url":null,"abstract":"While it is well known that a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) heavily distorts the voltage wave of a high-current lightning impulse, less has been said about waveform distortions observed during power frequency testing. This paper shows that significant distortions are likely produced by practical generators during power frequency testing of MOVs, with the effect that average power dissipation of MOVs and surge arresters is severely impacted by generator setup. Four distribution transformer configurations with different output impedances were used to apply 60 Hz voltage waves to a conducting, 5 kV-rated MOV at six peak current levels. Distortion was found to be a function of generator impedance and current magnitude. In one typical experiment, even a slight distortion (V<sub>rms</sub> / (V<sub>peak</sub> / √2) = 1.014) led to ∼33% decrease in average power dissipation compared to that of a distortion-free wave of the same rms voltage. Without consideration of these effects, seemingly minor differences in procedure can cause parts to erroneously pass or fail tests prescribed in IEEE C62.11 (2020) or IEC 60099-4 ed. 3.0, leading to arresters not meeting manufacturers’ 60 Hz TOV claims. A method is also outlined to correct for waveform distortion, enabling calculation of distortion-free average power dissipation.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"447-457"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648950
Veeranna Kuruva, Amir H. Abolmasoumi, Vinu Thomas, Bogdan Marinescu
{"title":"Robust Loop-Shaping Control for Medium-High Frequency Oscillations Mitigation in Grid-Connected Converters with Effective Hardware Implementation","authors":"Veeranna Kuruva, Amir H. Abolmasoumi, Vinu Thomas, Bogdan Marinescu","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3648950","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648739
Chanaka Keerthisinghe;Aijun Deng;Xueyin Yu;Rosebud J. Lambert;Fernando Freitas
Lightning is a leading cause of wind turbine blade failures in the United States and globally, resulting in significant financial losses for the industry. Rapid detection of turbine strikes is essential to reduce these costs. While nearby lightning strikes can be detected with high accuracy, confirming whether a specific turbine was struck remains challenging. Current confirmation relies on manual inspections with drones, which may take hours to years if damage develops slowly during operation. This work presents a scalable, three-step framework for lightning strike confirmation that integrates lightning measurements, turbine alarms, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based machine-learning anomaly detection. The first step analyzes the magnitude (kA) and proximity of nearby lightning strikes. The second step evaluates historical alarm patterns associated with lightning-induced damage. The third step applies machine learningbased anomaly detection to post-event SCADA signals, focusing on rotor speed, wind speed, and pitch angle behavior. The framework was evaluated using 26 U.S. wind turbines with confirmed lightning strikes between 2021 and 2024, together with 1650 turbines that experienced nearby strikes without direct impact. This timealigned dataset enables robust model training and validation. The proposed approach is designed for fleet-wide deployment and demonstrates strong scalability. At the highest confidence level, recall and precision were 96% and 86% at the next level, 100% and 81%. Deployment across Vestas' U.S. fleet could conservatively save over ${$}$ 16 million annually in avoided blade repair costs, excluding additional benefits from reduced turbine downtime, thereby contributing to lower wind energy costs.
{"title":"A Machine Learning-Enhanced System for Rapid Detection of Lightning-Impacted Wind Turbines","authors":"Chanaka Keerthisinghe;Aijun Deng;Xueyin Yu;Rosebud J. Lambert;Fernando Freitas","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648739","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3648739","url":null,"abstract":"Lightning is a leading cause of wind turbine blade failures in the United States and globally, resulting in significant financial losses for the industry. Rapid detection of turbine strikes is essential to reduce these costs. While nearby lightning strikes can be detected with high accuracy, confirming whether a specific turbine was struck remains challenging. Current confirmation relies on manual inspections with drones, which may take hours to years if damage develops slowly during operation. This work presents a scalable, three-step framework for lightning strike confirmation that integrates lightning measurements, turbine alarms, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based machine-learning anomaly detection. The first step analyzes the magnitude (kA) and proximity of nearby lightning strikes. The second step evaluates historical alarm patterns associated with lightning-induced damage. The third step applies machine learningbased anomaly detection to post-event SCADA signals, focusing on rotor speed, wind speed, and pitch angle behavior. The framework was evaluated using 26 U.S. wind turbines with confirmed lightning strikes between 2021 and 2024, together with 1650 turbines that experienced nearby strikes without direct impact. This timealigned dataset enables robust model training and validation. The proposed approach is designed for fleet-wide deployment and demonstrates strong scalability. At the highest confidence level, recall and precision were 96% and 86% at the next level, 100% and 81%. Deployment across Vestas' U.S. fleet could conservatively save over <inline-formula><tex-math>${$}$</tex-math></inline-formula> 16 million annually in avoided blade repair costs, excluding additional benefits from reduced turbine downtime, thereby contributing to lower wind energy costs.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"437-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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