Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1177/00197939231162343
G. Dale
{"title":"Book Reviews: The Flexibility Paradox: Why Flexible Working Leads to (Self-)Exploitation. By Heejung Chung","authors":"G. Dale","doi":"10.1177/00197939231162343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231162343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72685811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-18DOI: 10.1177/00197939231161497
Ian Greer
Third, collective bargaining, an indispensable factor in promoting better working conditions, is in peril. While trade unions are resilient actors in most of the upper-middle and high-income countries, they face challenges from expanding outsourcing and subcontracting, migrant workers, and employer and government hostility. The unionized sector has been losing its market share and survives in the infrastructure, civil, and heavy construction where they are more competitive owing to higher skill and productivity. One fascinating account relates to the responses of employers and trade unions in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden to internationalization of capital and labor within the European Union. The traditional high-road construction industries of these countries are based on compromise and cooperation between trade unions and employers. Rules and regulations related to foreign workers and subcontractors, however, are supranational. They are potentially in conflict with the national-level social contract between employers and trade unions and, thereby, endanger the existing balance of power. The fourth theme is the Janus-like nature of the state, which is both the largest owner of construction projects and the dominant political and legal power center. As the owner, legislator/regulator/enforcer, and the conflict mediator and coordinator, the state can either promote or impede worker security, job protection, risk management, and skill formation at the workplace. The contributors to the volume provide a multitude of examples, both across the countries and over time within a country, of the state placed on either side of this divide. The overall trend has been one in which the state adopts policies and practices that contribute to the emergence of the informal labor market and subcontracting chains, weakening of unions, and deregulation or lax enforcement. Yet, other examples (e.g., Denmark, Sweden, the United States) demonstrate that at times the state plays a constructive role to sustain social partnerships between the employers and the unions and to promote training. Each chapter has dedicated sections on training and on health and safety. Shortage of skilled workers and the hazardous nature of construction work are constant refrains in each chapter. Rigorous training in the trades and higher health and safety standards are coincident with the presence of formal labor relations and employer-union partnerships. As the industry becomes more fragmented, subcontracting chains lengthen, and casual labor relations proliferate, incentives to engage in formal training and the enforcement of health and safety regulations vanish. The editors clearly endorse the high road over the low road in construction, that is, higher compensation and productivity, employment protection, safer workplace, innovation, and skill formation. They consider collective bargaining agreements and formal work relations as the essential means to achieve this end. The international ex
{"title":"Book Reviews: Der Staat als ‚Guter Auftraggeber‘? Öffentliche Auftragsvergabe zwischen Vermarktlichung und Sozialpolitisierung [The State as “Good Commissioner”? Public Procurement between Marketization and Social Protection]. By Karen Jaehrling and Christin Stiehm","authors":"Ian Greer","doi":"10.1177/00197939231161497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231161497","url":null,"abstract":"Third, collective bargaining, an indispensable factor in promoting better working conditions, is in peril. While trade unions are resilient actors in most of the upper-middle and high-income countries, they face challenges from expanding outsourcing and subcontracting, migrant workers, and employer and government hostility. The unionized sector has been losing its market share and survives in the infrastructure, civil, and heavy construction where they are more competitive owing to higher skill and productivity. One fascinating account relates to the responses of employers and trade unions in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden to internationalization of capital and labor within the European Union. The traditional high-road construction industries of these countries are based on compromise and cooperation between trade unions and employers. Rules and regulations related to foreign workers and subcontractors, however, are supranational. They are potentially in conflict with the national-level social contract between employers and trade unions and, thereby, endanger the existing balance of power. The fourth theme is the Janus-like nature of the state, which is both the largest owner of construction projects and the dominant political and legal power center. As the owner, legislator/regulator/enforcer, and the conflict mediator and coordinator, the state can either promote or impede worker security, job protection, risk management, and skill formation at the workplace. The contributors to the volume provide a multitude of examples, both across the countries and over time within a country, of the state placed on either side of this divide. The overall trend has been one in which the state adopts policies and practices that contribute to the emergence of the informal labor market and subcontracting chains, weakening of unions, and deregulation or lax enforcement. Yet, other examples (e.g., Denmark, Sweden, the United States) demonstrate that at times the state plays a constructive role to sustain social partnerships between the employers and the unions and to promote training. Each chapter has dedicated sections on training and on health and safety. Shortage of skilled workers and the hazardous nature of construction work are constant refrains in each chapter. Rigorous training in the trades and higher health and safety standards are coincident with the presence of formal labor relations and employer-union partnerships. As the industry becomes more fragmented, subcontracting chains lengthen, and casual labor relations proliferate, incentives to engage in formal training and the enforcement of health and safety regulations vanish. The editors clearly endorse the high road over the low road in construction, that is, higher compensation and productivity, employment protection, safer workplace, innovation, and skill formation. They consider collective bargaining agreements and formal work relations as the essential means to achieve this end. The international ex","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74859764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1177/00197939231161616
Filippos Petroulakis
The author examines the short-term labor market effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (aka the Great Lockdown recession) in the United States. Findings show that the task content is an important predictor of job losses; jobs with a high non-routine cognitive content are especially well-protected, even if they are not teleworkable. Teleworkability matters more for low-paying jobs. The importance of task content, particularly for non-routine cognitive tasks, is strong even after controlling for demographics and for differential sector and location shocks, while effects persist in the medium run. Jobs subject to higher structural turnover rates were much more likely to be terminated, suggesting that easier-to-replace employees were at a particular disadvantage, even within sectors. At the same time, labor hoarding may occur for more valuable matches. Individuals in low-skilled jobs fared comparatively better in industries with a high share of high-skilled workers, suggesting complementarities across skill types.
{"title":"Task Content and Job Losses in the Great Lockdown","authors":"Filippos Petroulakis","doi":"10.1177/00197939231161616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231161616","url":null,"abstract":"The author examines the short-term labor market effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (aka the Great Lockdown recession) in the United States. Findings show that the task content is an important predictor of job losses; jobs with a high non-routine cognitive content are especially well-protected, even if they are not teleworkable. Teleworkability matters more for low-paying jobs. The importance of task content, particularly for non-routine cognitive tasks, is strong even after controlling for demographics and for differential sector and location shocks, while effects persist in the medium run. Jobs subject to higher structural turnover rates were much more likely to be terminated, suggesting that easier-to-replace employees were at a particular disadvantage, even within sectors. At the same time, labor hoarding may occur for more valuable matches. Individuals in low-skilled jobs fared comparatively better in industries with a high share of high-skilled workers, suggesting complementarities across skill types.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73486917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-26DOI: 10.1177/00197939231160449
Konstantin J. M. Peveling
The authors are surprisingly optimistic, emphasizing the agency of bureaucrats and offering policy proposals at the end. These prescriptions, however, refer back to many of the difficulties of achieving social policy goals through procurement. For example, they call on unions and employer associations to be more involved in public procurement and to take advantage of the opportunities that exist for re-regulating work and improving some truly bad jobs. Unfortunately, German unions in most low-wage sectors have few members or resources to become involved in these complex administrative dynamics. The authors also call for innovative forms of enforcement, even though Germany already has some quite well-resourced enforcement entities (such as Finanzkontrolle Schwarzarbeit) that have faced severe documented difficulties monitoring standards in other low-wage sectors. They also recommend that municipalities consider insourcing, which would shift the task of social and ecological protection out of the market (i.e., the procurement function) and into the internal management of public-sector entities. Whether the public sector is willing and able to take up this task in Germany is a question beyond the scope of this book. Jaehrling and Stiehm show how public procurement professionals can become engaged in an institutional experiment for better work. But to what extent can the problems of lowwage work really be solved by managing the market better? Or in the context of German capitalism, with its strong tendencies toward marketization and liberalization, will social protection always be playing catch-up? Polanyi himself wrote that liberal economic order of 19thcentury Europe had been centrally planned, while social protection had come as an ad hoc response. In the 21st century this asymmetry is as important as ever.
{"title":"Book Reviews: Collective Skill Formation in the Knowledge Economy. Edited by Giuliano Bonoli and Patrick Emmenegger","authors":"Konstantin J. M. Peveling","doi":"10.1177/00197939231160449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231160449","url":null,"abstract":"The authors are surprisingly optimistic, emphasizing the agency of bureaucrats and offering policy proposals at the end. These prescriptions, however, refer back to many of the difficulties of achieving social policy goals through procurement. For example, they call on unions and employer associations to be more involved in public procurement and to take advantage of the opportunities that exist for re-regulating work and improving some truly bad jobs. Unfortunately, German unions in most low-wage sectors have few members or resources to become involved in these complex administrative dynamics. The authors also call for innovative forms of enforcement, even though Germany already has some quite well-resourced enforcement entities (such as Finanzkontrolle Schwarzarbeit) that have faced severe documented difficulties monitoring standards in other low-wage sectors. They also recommend that municipalities consider insourcing, which would shift the task of social and ecological protection out of the market (i.e., the procurement function) and into the internal management of public-sector entities. Whether the public sector is willing and able to take up this task in Germany is a question beyond the scope of this book. Jaehrling and Stiehm show how public procurement professionals can become engaged in an institutional experiment for better work. But to what extent can the problems of lowwage work really be solved by managing the market better? Or in the context of German capitalism, with its strong tendencies toward marketization and liberalization, will social protection always be playing catch-up? Polanyi himself wrote that liberal economic order of 19thcentury Europe had been centrally planned, while social protection had come as an ad hoc response. In the 21st century this asymmetry is as important as ever.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91231690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-26DOI: 10.1177/00197939231159897
S. Frenkel
to describe Chinese cities’ attempts to allow migrants on only an as-needed basis and to dispose of them as soon as they are no longer required; “inverted welfare state” to describe how authorities prioritize social benefits for those who need them least; “rendered surplus” to describe the condition of migrants forced out of urban centers; and “reproductive shock absorbers” to describe the role of teachers serving migrant children. These conceptual innovations would start to feel overwhelming and cluttering if it were not for the fact that the ideas are so intuitive and clearly explained and build on each other in such a logical manner. The state looms large in the book’s account. It is the state’s constant interventions, Friedman says, not simply the government ceding ground to market forces, as in some accounts, that “render” some people “surplus.” In fact, if some private employers had their way, especially those involved in China’s growing platform economy, migrants would be encouraged to remain in urban areas. The details of these official actions are carefully documented. For instance, although readers may be familiar with the broad outlines of the hukou system or with news stories like the demolition of migrant homes and businesses in the winter of 2017, they are less likely to know about how the education registration or xueji system works and the barriers it creates for families. Many will also be surprised at the frankness with which bureaucrats have spoken of “population control via education.” Note that the state’s efforts are not portrayed as resulting in a perfectly tuned system of control or even a stalemate with insurgent forces, as in Friedman’s previous book on Chinese labor unrest and trade union reforms, but are instead portrayed as deepening contradictions. Expelling migrants hurts important sectors of the urban economy. Unlike early capitalist industrializers in Europe and North America, with their colonies abroad acquired by genocide, China is geographically constrained in terms of its ability to offload its surplus workers. Nor does the expansion of Han Chinese into places like Xinjiang or the use of Chinese laborers on Belt and Road Initiative projects offer solutions to scale. And the place-of-birth line that the government draws with its hukou system undercuts attempts at building (Han) Chinese unity. Here, Urbanization of People could go further yet in its analysis. As with other accounts of contemporary China, the bulk of the volume is—perhaps necessarily—dedicated to explaining how the system works. It is only briefly in the introduction and at the end that the contradictions take center stage. Yet, like Toyota’s famous “just in time” production system from which Friedman draws his concept of “just in time urbanization,” the lack of slack in Chinese cities’ plans potentially makes them vulnerable to disruption. When auto parts plant workers went on strike en masse in China in 2010, just in time production meant that
{"title":"Book Review: Recoding Power: Tactics for Mobilizing Tech Workers, by Sidney A. Rothstein","authors":"S. Frenkel","doi":"10.1177/00197939231159897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231159897","url":null,"abstract":"to describe Chinese cities’ attempts to allow migrants on only an as-needed basis and to dispose of them as soon as they are no longer required; “inverted welfare state” to describe how authorities prioritize social benefits for those who need them least; “rendered surplus” to describe the condition of migrants forced out of urban centers; and “reproductive shock absorbers” to describe the role of teachers serving migrant children. These conceptual innovations would start to feel overwhelming and cluttering if it were not for the fact that the ideas are so intuitive and clearly explained and build on each other in such a logical manner. The state looms large in the book’s account. It is the state’s constant interventions, Friedman says, not simply the government ceding ground to market forces, as in some accounts, that “render” some people “surplus.” In fact, if some private employers had their way, especially those involved in China’s growing platform economy, migrants would be encouraged to remain in urban areas. The details of these official actions are carefully documented. For instance, although readers may be familiar with the broad outlines of the hukou system or with news stories like the demolition of migrant homes and businesses in the winter of 2017, they are less likely to know about how the education registration or xueji system works and the barriers it creates for families. Many will also be surprised at the frankness with which bureaucrats have spoken of “population control via education.” Note that the state’s efforts are not portrayed as resulting in a perfectly tuned system of control or even a stalemate with insurgent forces, as in Friedman’s previous book on Chinese labor unrest and trade union reforms, but are instead portrayed as deepening contradictions. Expelling migrants hurts important sectors of the urban economy. Unlike early capitalist industrializers in Europe and North America, with their colonies abroad acquired by genocide, China is geographically constrained in terms of its ability to offload its surplus workers. Nor does the expansion of Han Chinese into places like Xinjiang or the use of Chinese laborers on Belt and Road Initiative projects offer solutions to scale. And the place-of-birth line that the government draws with its hukou system undercuts attempts at building (Han) Chinese unity. Here, Urbanization of People could go further yet in its analysis. As with other accounts of contemporary China, the bulk of the volume is—perhaps necessarily—dedicated to explaining how the system works. It is only briefly in the introduction and at the end that the contradictions take center stage. Yet, like Toyota’s famous “just in time” production system from which Friedman draws his concept of “just in time urbanization,” the lack of slack in Chinese cities’ plans potentially makes them vulnerable to disruption. When auto parts plant workers went on strike en masse in China in 2010, just in time production meant that ","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76766188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.1177/00197939231156890
S. Ivanovski
Co-operative Struggles: Work Conflicts in Argentina’s New Worker Co-operatives provides a deeper understanding of democratization of conflicts in cooperatives. The socioeconomic and
合作斗争:阿根廷新工人合作社的工作冲突提供了对合作社冲突民主化的更深入理解。社会经济和
{"title":"Book Review: Co-operative Struggles: Work Conflicts in Argentina’s New Worker Co-operatives, by Denise Kasparian","authors":"S. Ivanovski","doi":"10.1177/00197939231156890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231156890","url":null,"abstract":"Co-operative Struggles: Work Conflicts in Argentina’s New Worker Co-operatives provides a deeper understanding of democratization of conflicts in cooperatives. The socioeconomic and","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78903852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-13DOI: 10.1177/00197939231153338
G. Hodgson
This book
这本书
{"title":"Book Review: Reforming Capitalism for the Common Good: Essays in Institutional and Post-Keynesian Economics, by Charles J. Whalen","authors":"G. Hodgson","doi":"10.1177/00197939231153338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231153338","url":null,"abstract":"This book","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89129083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-08DOI: 10.1177/00197939231159441
A. Bernhardt, Christopher Campos, Allen C. Prohofsky, A. Ramesh, Jesse Rothstein
The authors use de-identified data from California personal income tax returns to measure the frequency and nature of independent contracting and self-employment in California. They identify this work by the presence of a Schedule C on the tax return and/or the receipt of a Form 1099 information return. The authors estimate that 14.4% of California workers aged 18 to 64 in tax year 2016 had some independent contracting or self-employment income and approximately half of this subgroup also had earnings from traditional W-2 jobs during the year. Only a small share (1.4%) of workers had earnings from online labor platforms (often called gig work). Workers with low earnings were significantly more likely to earn independent contracting or self-employment income and to rely primarily or exclusively on that income. The article explores the characteristics of workers engaging in independent contracting and self-employment and their distribution across family type, geography, and industry.
{"title":"Independent Contracting, Self-Employment, and Gig Work: Evidence from California Tax Data","authors":"A. Bernhardt, Christopher Campos, Allen C. Prohofsky, A. Ramesh, Jesse Rothstein","doi":"10.1177/00197939231159441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231159441","url":null,"abstract":"The authors use de-identified data from California personal income tax returns to measure the frequency and nature of independent contracting and self-employment in California. They identify this work by the presence of a Schedule C on the tax return and/or the receipt of a Form 1099 information return. The authors estimate that 14.4% of California workers aged 18 to 64 in tax year 2016 had some independent contracting or self-employment income and approximately half of this subgroup also had earnings from traditional W-2 jobs during the year. Only a small share (1.4%) of workers had earnings from online labor platforms (often called gig work). Workers with low earnings were significantly more likely to earn independent contracting or self-employment income and to rely primarily or exclusively on that income. The article explores the characteristics of workers engaging in independent contracting and self-employment and their distribution across family type, geography, and industry.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83979529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.1177/00197939231153138
Jens Arnholtz, C. Wright
In this article, the authors examine the role of labor immigration as a source of institutional change. They use a “most different systems” comparative case study analysis of the Danish and Australian construction sectors to examine the impact of increased labor migration on skill-sourcing practices in countries with distinct national skill formation and industrial relations institutions. Drawing on 73 interviews with industry stakeholders, the authors find that labor migration has produced liberalizing pressures in both Denmark and Australia, albeit in ways that differ from each other. The article contributes to comparative institutional scholarship by illustrating how labor migration can promote or support institutional change in a liberalizing direction by disincentivizing coordinated skill formation. Findings suggest that while national institutions mediate external pressures, such as labor migration, such pressures may affect the incentive structures that can either maintain or erode national institutions.
{"title":"Labor Migration as a Source of Institutional Change: Danish and Australian Construction Sectors Compared","authors":"Jens Arnholtz, C. Wright","doi":"10.1177/00197939231153138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231153138","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the authors examine the role of labor immigration as a source of institutional change. They use a “most different systems” comparative case study analysis of the Danish and Australian construction sectors to examine the impact of increased labor migration on skill-sourcing practices in countries with distinct national skill formation and industrial relations institutions. Drawing on 73 interviews with industry stakeholders, the authors find that labor migration has produced liberalizing pressures in both Denmark and Australia, albeit in ways that differ from each other. The article contributes to comparative institutional scholarship by illustrating how labor migration can promote or support institutional change in a liberalizing direction by disincentivizing coordinated skill formation. Findings suggest that while national institutions mediate external pressures, such as labor migration, such pressures may affect the incentive structures that can either maintain or erode national institutions.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75283628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：