Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1177/00197939221137822
Jo-Ching Chung, Yong Suk Lee
The authors examine the impact of industrial robots on US labor markets between 2005 and 2016. Because some industries adopt robots more intensively, growth in robot stocks more heavily affect local labor markets with larger employment shares in those industries. This robot exposure variation occurs across 722 commuting zones in the continental United States. Analyzing the five-year intervals within this period, the authors find that robot exposure reduces employment in the earlier periods but augments employment in the more recent periods. Similarly, the effect of robot exposure on the local wage is initially negative but gradually rebounds and turns positive in more recent years. The evolving influence of robots is primarily driven by the automotive industry, in which digitization and automation have not only increased labor productivity but also created new tasks. Findings show evidence of spillover effects on other industries within and outside of manufacturing, which may be explained by input-output linkages and aggregate demand effects.
{"title":"The Evolving Impact of Robots on Jobs","authors":"Jo-Ching Chung, Yong Suk Lee","doi":"10.1177/00197939221137822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221137822","url":null,"abstract":"The authors examine the impact of industrial robots on US labor markets between 2005 and 2016. Because some industries adopt robots more intensively, growth in robot stocks more heavily affect local labor markets with larger employment shares in those industries. This robot exposure variation occurs across 722 commuting zones in the continental United States. Analyzing the five-year intervals within this period, the authors find that robot exposure reduces employment in the earlier periods but augments employment in the more recent periods. Similarly, the effect of robot exposure on the local wage is initially negative but gradually rebounds and turns positive in more recent years. The evolving influence of robots is primarily driven by the automotive industry, in which digitization and automation have not only increased labor productivity but also created new tasks. Findings show evidence of spillover effects on other industries within and outside of manufacturing, which may be explained by input-output linkages and aggregate demand effects.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82358467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1177/00197939221137868
Angela B. Cornell
{"title":"Book Review: Democratize Work: The Case for Reorganizing the Economy, by Isabelle Ferreras, Julie Battilana, and Dominique Méda","authors":"Angela B. Cornell","doi":"10.1177/00197939221137868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221137868","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78808679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1177/00197939221134271
Avner Ben-Ner, Ainhoa Urtasun, Bledi Taska
The authors study the effects on work of additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging technology that may replace significant segments of traditional manufacturing (TM). Compared to TM, AM is more integrated and offers greater flexibility in design, materials, and customizability; thus, it should entail more demanding tasks and higher skill levels. The authors analyze vacancies for AM and TM workers, focusing on plants that posted vacancies in both technologies to control for factors that may affect the content of job postings. Findings show that AM jobs are more complex (with more non-routine analytic and less routine cognitive content) in comparison to TM jobs, and AM jobs require more high-level technical skills and more reasoning skills. The relative differences are larger for lower-skill workers (operators) than for high-skill workers (engineers). The authors conclude that AM is an upskilling technology that is skill biased in favor of low-skill workers and therefore reduces the skill gap.
{"title":"Effects of New Technologies on Work: The Case of Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Avner Ben-Ner, Ainhoa Urtasun, Bledi Taska","doi":"10.1177/00197939221134271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221134271","url":null,"abstract":"The authors study the effects on work of additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging technology that may replace significant segments of traditional manufacturing (TM). Compared to TM, AM is more integrated and offers greater flexibility in design, materials, and customizability; thus, it should entail more demanding tasks and higher skill levels. The authors analyze vacancies for AM and TM workers, focusing on plants that posted vacancies in both technologies to control for factors that may affect the content of job postings. Findings show that AM jobs are more complex (with more non-routine analytic and less routine cognitive content) in comparison to TM jobs, and AM jobs require more high-level technical skills and more reasoning skills. The relative differences are larger for lower-skill workers (operators) than for high-skill workers (engineers). The authors conclude that AM is an upskilling technology that is skill biased in favor of low-skill workers and therefore reduces the skill gap.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77425351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.1177/00197939221134766
Sheri Davis-Faulkner
For decades, a key critique of the left has been that we cannot articulate what we are fighting for, only what we are against. For far too long social and economic justice movements have advanced single issue struggles, knowing that, as Audre Lorde states, “we do not live singleissue lives” (Sister Outsider, 1984). The Future We Need talks back (bell hooks, Talking Back, 1989) to these long-held critiques with a big vision for shaping the multiracial, feminist, economic democracy that we can all live into. The vision Erica Smiley and Sarita Gupta articulate is rooted in intersectional approaches that engage laboring people as whole people, and the North Star is to fundamentally broaden democratic practices such that we are able to negotiate with any entity exercising power over the conditions of our lives. Listening to the “special voice” (Mari Matsuda, “Looking to the Bottom,” 1987) of worker leaders is central to the dialogic practice of this co-authored text. Through a collection of “profiles of modern workers,” the authors present a body of counternarratives that invite audiences to think about the interior lives of worker leaders, to hear their motivations, and to connect with their struggles and their joy. These stories are not simply bullet-pointed examples included to amplify Smiley and Gupta’s viewpoints; instead, they provide anchors throughout the text. Many of the worker voices featured are women of color whose experiences illuminate the interlocking systems of oppression that exclude them from basic opportunities and protections. These stories are then put into historical and political contexts relevant to sectors of work, geography, cultural norms, key events, financescapes (Arjun Appadurai, 1990, 1996, 2006), and the (federal, state, and local) legislation that animates the living and working conditions that motivated these workers to take action. Lane Windham’s Knocking on Labor’s Door (2017) spotlights historical narratives that reveal an overlooked vibrancy in worker justice movements; The Future We Need builds on that work by offering contemporary narratives and lessons that can be replicated in this moment.
几十年来，对左翼的一个关键批评是，我们不能明确表达我们在争取什么，只能明确表达我们反对什么。长期以来，社会和经济正义运动推动了单一问题的斗争，因为我们知道，正如奥德丽•洛德所说，“我们不是过着单一问题的生活”(《局外人》，1984年)。《我们需要的未来》(bell hooks, Talking back, 1989)对这些长期以来的批评进行了回击，并提出了一个塑造我们都能生活在其中的多种族、女权主义和经济民主的宏伟愿景。埃里卡·斯迈利和萨里塔·古普塔所阐述的愿景根植于将劳动人民作为全体人民参与进来的交叉方法，而北极星则是从根本上扩大民主实践，使我们能够与任何对我们的生活状况行使权力的实体进行谈判。聆听工人领袖的“特殊声音”(Mari Matsuda，“Looking to the Bottom，”1987)是这本合著文本对话实践的核心。通过一系列“现代工人简介”，作者呈现了一系列反叙事，邀请观众思考工人领袖的内心生活，倾听他们的动机，并与他们的挣扎和快乐联系起来。这些故事不仅仅是为了放大斯迈利和古普塔的观点而列举的例子;相反，它们在整个文本中提供锚点。许多工人的声音都是有色人种的女性，她们的经历揭示了将她们排除在基本机会和保护之外的相互关联的压迫系统。然后将这些故事放入与工作部门，地理，文化规范，关键事件，金融危机相关的历史和政治背景中(Arjun Appadurai, 1990,1996,2006)，以及(联邦，州和地方)立法，这些立法使生活和工作条件活跃起来，激励这些工人采取行动。莱恩·温德姆(Lane Windham)的《敲劳工的门》(2017)聚焦历史叙事，揭示了工人正义运动中被忽视的活力;《我们需要的未来》是在这一工作的基础上，提供了可以在当下复制的当代叙事和教训。
{"title":"Book Review: The Future We Need: Organizing for a Better Democracy in the Twenty-First Century, by Erica Smiley and Sarita Gupta","authors":"Sheri Davis-Faulkner","doi":"10.1177/00197939221134766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221134766","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, a key critique of the left has been that we cannot articulate what we are fighting for, only what we are against. For far too long social and economic justice movements have advanced single issue struggles, knowing that, as Audre Lorde states, “we do not live singleissue lives” (Sister Outsider, 1984). The Future We Need talks back (bell hooks, Talking Back, 1989) to these long-held critiques with a big vision for shaping the multiracial, feminist, economic democracy that we can all live into. The vision Erica Smiley and Sarita Gupta articulate is rooted in intersectional approaches that engage laboring people as whole people, and the North Star is to fundamentally broaden democratic practices such that we are able to negotiate with any entity exercising power over the conditions of our lives. Listening to the “special voice” (Mari Matsuda, “Looking to the Bottom,” 1987) of worker leaders is central to the dialogic practice of this co-authored text. Through a collection of “profiles of modern workers,” the authors present a body of counternarratives that invite audiences to think about the interior lives of worker leaders, to hear their motivations, and to connect with their struggles and their joy. These stories are not simply bullet-pointed examples included to amplify Smiley and Gupta’s viewpoints; instead, they provide anchors throughout the text. Many of the worker voices featured are women of color whose experiences illuminate the interlocking systems of oppression that exclude them from basic opportunities and protections. These stories are then put into historical and political contexts relevant to sectors of work, geography, cultural norms, key events, financescapes (Arjun Appadurai, 1990, 1996, 2006), and the (federal, state, and local) legislation that animates the living and working conditions that motivated these workers to take action. Lane Windham’s Knocking on Labor’s Door (2017) spotlights historical narratives that reveal an overlooked vibrancy in worker justice movements; The Future We Need builds on that work by offering contemporary narratives and lessons that can be replicated in this moment.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87154607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1177/00197939221132530
P. Osterman
This article utilizes a new nationally representative survey, executed in January 2020, that measures non-standard work. The author estimates the incidence of contract company employment and freelancing and describes who goes into non-standard employment. He then studies earnings and access to employer-provided training among contract company employees—the largest and most mis-measured group of non-standard workers. Training is important because it affects wage growth and career trajectories and also gives insight into the evolving character of employment relationships. Findings indicate that contract company employees face an earnings penalty but that considerable heterogeneity occurs within this category. The analysis of multiple forms of formal training finds that contract company employees receive less training than do standard employees even after multiple controls. Informal training is more textured due to the nature of social interactions inherent in its availability. Throughout the analysis, racial and ethnic disparities are apparent.
{"title":"Contract Employment: Measurement and Implications for Employer–Employee Relationships","authors":"P. Osterman","doi":"10.1177/00197939221132530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221132530","url":null,"abstract":"This article utilizes a new nationally representative survey, executed in January 2020, that measures non-standard work. The author estimates the incidence of contract company employment and freelancing and describes who goes into non-standard employment. He then studies earnings and access to employer-provided training among contract company employees—the largest and most mis-measured group of non-standard workers. Training is important because it affects wage growth and career trajectories and also gives insight into the evolving character of employment relationships. Findings indicate that contract company employees face an earnings penalty but that considerable heterogeneity occurs within this category. The analysis of multiple forms of formal training finds that contract company employees receive less training than do standard employees even after multiple controls. Informal training is more textured due to the nature of social interactions inherent in its availability. Throughout the analysis, racial and ethnic disparities are apparent.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83458231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1177/00197939221136544
Jérôme Pélisse
{"title":"Book Review: Does Skill Make Us Human? Migrant Workers in 21st-Century Qatar and Beyond, by Natasha Iskander","authors":"Jérôme Pélisse","doi":"10.1177/00197939221136544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221136544","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72983884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.1177/00197939221131558
A. Bernhardt, Lisa Kresge, Reem Suleiman
Employers increasingly use digital technologies in the workplace to capture and analyze worker data, electronically monitor their workers, and manage them using algorithms. In this article, the authors analyze employers’ use of data-driven systems in a diverse set of industries and identify a range of potential harms to workers, including bias and discrimination, de-skilling, unsafe work speeds, and loss of autonomy and dignity. In light of the current absence of regulation or oversight, the authors argue that workers deserve a robust set of 21st-century labor standards regarding digital technologies. They lay out a detailed public policy framework that establishes worker rights and employer responsibilities to ensure that the data-driven workplace benefits, rather than harms, workers.
{"title":"The Data-Driven Workplace and the Case for Worker Technology Rights","authors":"A. Bernhardt, Lisa Kresge, Reem Suleiman","doi":"10.1177/00197939221131558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221131558","url":null,"abstract":"Employers increasingly use digital technologies in the workplace to capture and analyze worker data, electronically monitor their workers, and manage them using algorithms. In this article, the authors analyze employers’ use of data-driven systems in a diverse set of industries and identify a range of potential harms to workers, including bias and discrimination, de-skilling, unsafe work speeds, and loss of autonomy and dignity. In light of the current absence of regulation or oversight, the authors argue that workers deserve a robust set of 21st-century labor standards regarding digital technologies. They lay out a detailed public policy framework that establishes worker rights and employer responsibilities to ensure that the data-driven workplace benefits, rather than harms, workers.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80360729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-08DOI: 10.1177/00197939221128753
Kevin J. Murphy
Beginning in 2012, several states enacted right-to-work laws, which hamper the ability of labor unions to collect agency fees to finance union services and activities. Because the processes by which these adoptions took place are arguably exogenous, identification of the causal effect of right-to-work on unionization within a state becomes possible. The author uses a set of semi-independent cross-sections drawn from the Current Population Survey for years 2000 to 2018 to investigate the impact of right-to-work on the probability of unionization in the five states that adopted it after 2011. The empirical analysis reveals an economically meaningful and statistically significant adverse effect from right-to-work adoption on union density that is distinct from other factors influencing unionization during that time period.
{"title":"What Are the Consequences of Right-to-Work for Union Membership?","authors":"Kevin J. Murphy","doi":"10.1177/00197939221128753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221128753","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in 2012, several states enacted right-to-work laws, which hamper the ability of labor unions to collect agency fees to finance union services and activities. Because the processes by which these adoptions took place are arguably exogenous, identification of the causal effect of right-to-work on unionization within a state becomes possible. The author uses a set of semi-independent cross-sections drawn from the Current Population Survey for years 2000 to 2018 to investigate the impact of right-to-work on the probability of unionization in the five states that adopted it after 2011. The empirical analysis reveals an economically meaningful and statistically significant adverse effect from right-to-work adoption on union density that is distinct from other factors influencing unionization during that time period.","PeriodicalId":13504,"journal":{"name":"ILR Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85506143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：