Christofferson, R., Giovanni, J., Koumans, E., Ategbole, M., Clark, S., Godfred-Cato, S., Menon, M., Sastalla, I., Schweitzer, B. and Uyeki, T. (2025), A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 19: e70121, https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70121.
The affiliations for Beth K. Schweitzer and Timothy M. Uyeki were listed incorrectly. The correct affiliation for both authors is “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.”
We apologize for this error.
Christofferson， R., Giovanni， J., Koumans， E., Ategbole， M., Clark， S., godfrey - cato， S., Menon， M., Sastalla， I., Schweitzer， B.和Uyeki， T.(2025)，免疫功能不全人群中SARS-CoV-2长期释放的系统评价。流感和其他呼吸道病毒，19:e70121, https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70121。贝丝·k·施韦策和蒂莫西·m·乌耶基的所属单位都列错了。两位作者的正确联系是“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia， USA”。我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Correction to “A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/irv.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>Christofferson, R.</span>, <span>Giovanni, J.</span>, <span>Koumans, E.</span>, <span>Ategbole, M.</span>, <span>Clark, S.</span>, <span>Godfred-Cato, S.</span>, <span>Menon, M.</span>, <span>Sastalla, I.</span>, <span>Schweitzer, B.</span> and <span>Uyeki, T.</span> (<span>2025</span>), <span>A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons</span>. <i>Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses</i>, <span>19</span>: e70121, https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70121.\u0000 </p><p>The affiliations for Beth K. Schweitzer and Timothy M. Uyeki were listed incorrectly. The correct affiliation for both authors is “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tess Stopczynski, Justin Z. Amarin, James W. Antoon, Olla Hamdan, Laura S. Stewart, James Chappell, Andrew J. Spieker, Eileen J. Klein, Janet A. Englund, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Peter G. Szilagyi, John V. Williams, Marian G. Michaels, Julie A. Boom, Leila C. Sahni, Mary Allen Staat, Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker, Jennifer E. Schuster, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Christopher J. Harrison, Heidi L. Moline, Ariana P. Toepfer, Angela P. Campbell, Samantha M. Olson, Natasha B. Halasa
Background
Influenza contributes to a high burden of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits annually. Guidelines recommend outpatient antiviral treatment for children at higher risk of severe influenza and recommend considering treatment for those who present within 2 days of symptom onset. We describe antiviral prescription in children with influenza presenting to the ED.
Methods
We analyzed data from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (2016–2020), including children presenting to the ED and enrolled with confirmed influenza at one of seven pediatric academic centers. We compared characteristics of children prescribed antivirals to those who were not, using generalized estimating equations models to identify predictors of antiviral prescription. Children were considered at higher risk of severe influenza if they were < 5 years old or had an underlying condition.
Results
Overall, 2472 (15%) of 16,915 enrolled children tested positive for influenza virus. Among these, 1931 (78%) were at higher risk of severe influenza; only 622 (32%) received an antiviral. Among 233 (9%) children not at high risk with symptom onset ≤ 2 days, 62 (27%) were prescribed an antiviral. Children prescribed an antiviral had a shorter duration of illness prior to presenting to the ED. For children at higher risk of severe influenza, odds of antiviral prescription were higher for those clinically tested for influenza and with underlying conditions.
Conclusion
Clinical testing and having an underlying condition were associated with antiviral prescription in children at higher risk of severe influenza. However, only 1/3 of those at higher risk were prescribed an antiviral. Strategies to increase antiviral use for children at higher risk for influenza in the ED are needed.
{"title":"Antiviral Prescription in Children With Influenza in US Emergency Departments: New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), 2016–2020","authors":"Tess Stopczynski, Justin Z. Amarin, James W. Antoon, Olla Hamdan, Laura S. Stewart, James Chappell, Andrew J. Spieker, Eileen J. Klein, Janet A. Englund, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Peter G. Szilagyi, John V. Williams, Marian G. Michaels, Julie A. Boom, Leila C. Sahni, Mary Allen Staat, Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker, Jennifer E. Schuster, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Christopher J. Harrison, Heidi L. Moline, Ariana P. Toepfer, Angela P. Campbell, Samantha M. Olson, Natasha B. Halasa","doi":"10.1111/irv.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza contributes to a high burden of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits annually. Guidelines recommend outpatient antiviral treatment for children at higher risk of severe influenza and recommend considering treatment for those who present within 2 days of symptom onset. We describe antiviral prescription in children with influenza presenting to the ED.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed data from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (2016–2020), including children presenting to the ED and enrolled with confirmed influenza at one of seven pediatric academic centers. We compared characteristics of children prescribed antivirals to those who were not, using generalized estimating equations models to identify predictors of antiviral prescription. Children were considered at higher risk of severe influenza if they were < 5 years old or had an underlying condition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 2472 (15%) of 16,915 enrolled children tested positive for influenza virus. Among these, 1931 (78%) were at higher risk of severe influenza; only 622 (32%) received an antiviral. Among 233 (9%) children not at high risk with symptom onset ≤ 2 days, 62 (27%) were prescribed an antiviral. Children prescribed an antiviral had a shorter duration of illness prior to presenting to the ED. For children at higher risk of severe influenza, odds of antiviral prescription were higher for those clinically tested for influenza and with underlying conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical testing and having an underlying condition were associated with antiviral prescription in children at higher risk of severe influenza. However, only 1/3 of those at higher risk were prescribed an antiviral. Strategies to increase antiviral use for children at higher risk for influenza in the ED are needed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah E. Emmett, Jennifer Hall, Harriet H. Webster, Abigail Izzard, Anika Singanayagam, Maria Zambon, Gavin Dabrera
Background
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, due to limited testing, a potential gap in capturing SARS-CoV-2-positive community deaths was identified. Post-mortem testing for respiratory viruses had never been implemented in the United Kingdom.
Aim
Through implementing and evaluating a pilot, we aimed to establish feasibility and acceptability of post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using funeral directors (FDs) to capture ‘missed’ COVID-19 community deaths.
Methods
Between January 2021 and February 2022, four FDs took upper respiratory tract samples from eligible people who died outside hospital. We tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and matched results to the national COVID-19 mortality dataset. We evaluated the pilot for acceptability, data completeness and timeliness, and simplicity, using semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire, and data audit.
Results
Two thousand eight hundred sixty-five deaths were handled by FDs: 998 were assessed for eligibility, 342 were eligible 81 were tested. Eight were SARS-CoV-2-positive, of which three were not identified by ante-mortem clinical testing. The programme was acceptable in principle to FDs and families, but FDs' participation was limited by the burden of legal requirements and existing workloads. Families' willingness to consent fluctuated (monthly consent rate 4–83%, overall 30%); fewer consented when overall cases were low. Completeness and timeliness of data was good. FDs judged the programme simple.
Conclusion
The pilot established feasibility and demonstrated, even with small numbers, the ability to detect ‘missed’ deaths. There were significant obstacles to implementation. Alternative settings for taking specimens are being explored instead to address this gap in national surveillance.
{"title":"Post-Mortem Community Surveillance of COVID-19: Implementation and Evaluation of a Pilot System in the Funeral Sector in England, UK, January 2021 to February 2022","authors":"Hannah E. Emmett, Jennifer Hall, Harriet H. Webster, Abigail Izzard, Anika Singanayagam, Maria Zambon, Gavin Dabrera","doi":"10.1111/irv.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, due to limited testing, a potential gap in capturing SARS-CoV-2-positive community deaths was identified. Post-mortem testing for respiratory viruses had never been implemented in the United Kingdom.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through implementing and evaluating a pilot, we aimed to establish feasibility and acceptability of post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using funeral directors (FDs) to capture ‘missed’ COVID-19 community deaths.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2021 and February 2022, four FDs took upper respiratory tract samples from eligible people who died outside hospital. We tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and matched results to the national COVID-19 mortality dataset. We evaluated the pilot for acceptability, data completeness and timeliness, and simplicity, using semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire, and data audit.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two thousand eight hundred sixty-five deaths were handled by FDs: 998 were assessed for eligibility, 342 were eligible 81 were tested. Eight were SARS-CoV-2-positive, of which three were not identified by ante-mortem clinical testing. The programme was acceptable in principle to FDs and families, but FDs' participation was limited by the burden of legal requirements and existing workloads. Families' willingness to consent fluctuated (monthly consent rate 4–83%, overall 30%); fewer consented when overall cases were low. Completeness and timeliness of data was good. FDs judged the programme simple.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The pilot established feasibility and demonstrated, even with small numbers, the ability to detect ‘missed’ deaths. There were significant obstacles to implementation. Alternative settings for taking specimens are being explored instead to address this gap in national surveillance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ah-Ra Kim, Chiara Achangwa, Hyeon Nam Do, Eun Young Jang, Yukyung Nam, Seonghui Cho, Taegu Kim, Hye-Sook Jeong, Gi-eun Rhie, Kyungwon Oh, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Seunghyeon Lee, Junewoo Lee, Sukhyun Ryu
Background
Monitoring immunity levels nationwide and identifying disparities are important to prepare for future pandemics. However, data regarding changes in the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and disparities in consecutive epidemic waves using existing surveillance systems are limited.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey using 11,506 residual serum samples collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between January 2021 and December 2022. Antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) protein, indicative of vaccination or past infection of SARS-CoV-2, and nucleocapsid (anti-N) protein, indicating infection, were quantified. Then, we applied post-stratification weighting through the bootstrap resampling based on the age and sex distribution of the South Korean population. We used regression models to identify any disparities in the seropositivity prevalence ratio (PR) across different epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 and demographics in the population.
Results
We identified that the anti-S seropositivity gradually increased after the COVID-19 vaccination rollout, whereas anti-N seropositivity increased after the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was introduced in Korea. Anti-S seropositivity PR was 0.12–0.76 times lower in individuals < 18 years than in elderly individuals ≥ 65 years during Waves 4–5 (July 2021 to June 2022). Anti-N seropositivity PR was 1.25–1.83 times higher in individuals less than 64 years than in elderly individuals during Waves 5–7 (January 2022 to December 2022).
Conclusions
Our findings provide insights into the dynamic changes in immunity levels among the Korean population after the COVID-19 vaccine rollout and the introduction of the Omicron variant. Identifying the disparity in seroprevalence in the study population during the pandemic by using the existing surveillance system provides helpful information to develop future pandemic preparedness plans for the population.
{"title":"Seroprevalence Trends of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, 2021–2022: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Ah-Ra Kim, Chiara Achangwa, Hyeon Nam Do, Eun Young Jang, Yukyung Nam, Seonghui Cho, Taegu Kim, Hye-Sook Jeong, Gi-eun Rhie, Kyungwon Oh, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Seunghyeon Lee, Junewoo Lee, Sukhyun Ryu","doi":"10.1111/irv.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Monitoring immunity levels nationwide and identifying disparities are important to prepare for future pandemics. However, data regarding changes in the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and disparities in consecutive epidemic waves using existing surveillance systems are limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey using 11,506 residual serum samples collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between January 2021 and December 2022. Antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) protein, indicative of vaccination or past infection of SARS-CoV-2, and nucleocapsid (anti-N) protein, indicating infection, were quantified. Then, we applied post-stratification weighting through the bootstrap resampling based on the age and sex distribution of the South Korean population. We used regression models to identify any disparities in the seropositivity prevalence ratio (PR) across different epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 and demographics in the population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified that the anti-S seropositivity gradually increased after the COVID-19 vaccination rollout, whereas anti-N seropositivity increased after the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was introduced in Korea. Anti-S seropositivity PR was 0.12–0.76 times lower in individuals < 18 years than in elderly individuals ≥ 65 years during Waves 4–5 (July 2021 to June 2022). Anti-N seropositivity PR was 1.25–1.83 times higher in individuals less than 64 years than in elderly individuals during Waves 5–7 (January 2022 to December 2022).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings provide insights into the dynamic changes in immunity levels among the Korean population after the COVID-19 vaccine rollout and the introduction of the Omicron variant. Identifying the disparity in seroprevalence in the study population during the pandemic by using the existing surveillance system provides helpful information to develop future pandemic preparedness plans for the population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chin Pok Chan, Ngai Sze Wong, Tsz Ho Kwan, Eng Kiong Yeoh, Shui Shan Lee
Background
Identifying transmission events that trigger epidemic spread is paramount for informing outbreak control. This study characterised the population diffusion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 across exposure settings and evaluate their ramifications in epidemic growth.
Methods
In Hong Kong, COVID-19 clusters delineated through case-based surveillance during the pandemic period were classified into eight exposure settings: residence, home gathering, neighbourhood, workplace (office)/school, workplace (non-office), daily activity, social activity and healthcare. Diffusion patterns characterised by outbreak size, speed and likelihood of spillover (cases seeding a new cluster) were compared among settings. With different clusters emerging, the lagged effect on effective reproduction number (Rt) was evaluated.
Results
Between January 2020 and January 2022, some 2800 clusters involving 14,202 cases were identified over five epidemic waves precipitated by outbreaks occurring in daily activity (wave I/III), social activity (wave II/IV) and neighbourhood (wave V—Omicron). Adjusted for variations by epidemic wave, the largest and fastest spread was observed in neighbourhood, averaging a size of 11.9 and daily generation of 1.18 cases per cluster. Spillover was the most common for social activity clusters with each of which normally breeding 3.73 onward clusters, compared to 0.18 for residential clusters. A cluster emerging in neighbourhood, social activity and daily activity was estimated to raise the Rt by 0.021–0.025, 0.013–0.024 and 0.008–0.015, respectively, on the ensuing 7 days.
Conclusions
Neighbourhood and social activity outbreaks were inclined to induce epidemic spread, warranting the need for prioritised mitigation and targeted implementation of precautionary measures during both epidemics and peak season of respiratory infection.
{"title":"Variability in the Population Diffusion Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 by Exposure Setting and Its Roles in Driving Epidemic Dynamics","authors":"Chin Pok Chan, Ngai Sze Wong, Tsz Ho Kwan, Eng Kiong Yeoh, Shui Shan Lee","doi":"10.1111/irv.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identifying transmission events that trigger epidemic spread is paramount for informing outbreak control. This study characterised the population diffusion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 across exposure settings and evaluate their ramifications in epidemic growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Hong Kong, COVID-19 clusters delineated through case-based surveillance during the pandemic period were classified into eight exposure settings: residence, home gathering, neighbourhood, workplace (office)/school, workplace (non-office), daily activity, social activity and healthcare. Diffusion patterns characterised by outbreak size, speed and likelihood of spillover (cases seeding a new cluster) were compared among settings. With different clusters emerging, the lagged effect on effective reproduction number (<i>R</i><sub><i>t</i></sub>) was evaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2020 and January 2022, some 2800 clusters involving 14,202 cases were identified over five epidemic waves precipitated by outbreaks occurring in daily activity (wave I/III), social activity (wave II/IV) and neighbourhood (wave V—Omicron). Adjusted for variations by epidemic wave, the largest and fastest spread was observed in neighbourhood, averaging a size of 11.9 and daily generation of 1.18 cases per cluster. Spillover was the most common for social activity clusters with each of which normally breeding 3.73 onward clusters, compared to 0.18 for residential clusters. A cluster emerging in neighbourhood, social activity and daily activity was estimated to raise the <i>R</i><sub><i>t</i></sub> by 0.021–0.025, 0.013–0.024 and 0.008–0.015, respectively, on the ensuing 7 days.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neighbourhood and social activity outbreaks were inclined to induce epidemic spread, warranting the need for prioritised mitigation and targeted implementation of precautionary measures during both epidemics and peak season of respiratory infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lydia M. Mendoza, Elizabeth M. Anderson, Ashley Sobel Leonard, Alexander G. McFarland, Jordan T. Ort, Nicole Tanenbaum, Afeesat Durosinmi, Frederic D. Bushman, Laurel J. Glaser, Irving Nachamkin, Scott E. Hensley
Background
Multiple clades of H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulated during the 2019–2020 season. Here, we completed serological assays to determine the specificities of serum antibodies from humans infected with viruses from different H1N1 clades during the 2019–2020 season.
Methods
We collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and serum from influenza-infected individuals who received care within the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). We sequenced H1N1 viruses from NP swabs and completed hemagglutination inhibition assays using serum and viruses from different H1N1 clades that we identified from NP swabs. We also collected serum samples from influenza B virus (IBV)–infected patients at UPHS, allowing us to examine antibody titers associated with H1N1 versus IBV infection.
Results
Sequence analyses revealed that most IAV-infected individuals were infected with clade 6B.1A.5a.1 and 6B.1A.5a.2 H1N1 viruses that possessed substitutions at major antigenic sites of hemagglutinin. We found that antibodies from both H1N1- and IBV-infected individuals recognized the 6B.1A.1 H1N1 vaccine component of the 2019–2020 vaccine more efficiently compared to the circulating 6B.1A.5a.1 and 6B.1A.5a.2 H1N1 viruses. Patients infected with 6B.1A.5a.2 clade H1N1 viruses had significantly higher titers against the vaccine strain virus, suggesting that the 6B.1A.5a.2 virus evaded antibodies elicited from previous vaccinations or infections.
Conclusions
These studies suggest that most individuals, irrespective of whether they were infected with H1N1 virus or IBV during the 2019–2020 season, possessed antibodies that poorly reacted to circulating H1N1 strains.
背景：在2019-2020年流感季节，多个分支的甲型H1N1流感病毒（iav）传播。在这里，我们完成了血清学分析，以确定2019-2020年季节感染不同H1N1分支病毒的人血清抗体的特异性。方法收集宾夕法尼亚大学卫生系统（UPHS）内接受治疗的流感感染者的鼻咽拭子和血清。我们对来自NP拭子的H1N1病毒进行了测序，并使用从NP拭子中鉴定的不同H1N1分支的血清和病毒完成了血凝抑制试验。我们还收集了UPHS乙型流感病毒（IBV）感染患者的血清样本，使我们能够检测H1N1与IBV感染相关的抗体滴度。结果iav感染者以6B.1A.5a支系感染居多。1 . a. a. a.2 . b在血凝素的主要抗原位点具有取代的H1N1病毒。我们发现来自H1N1和ibv感染个体的抗体都能识别6B.1A.12019-2020年H1N1疫苗成分与流行的6B.1A.5a疫苗相比更有效。1 . a. a. a.2 . bH1N1病毒。感染6B.1A.5a的患者。2支H1N1病毒对该疫苗株病毒的效价明显较高，提示6B.1A.5a. 5。病毒逃避了以前接种疫苗或感染引起的抗体。这些研究表明，大多数个体，无论他们是否在2019-2020年感染了H1N1病毒或IBV，都具有对流行的H1N1毒株反应不佳的抗体。
{"title":"Antigenic Characterization of H1N1 Influenza Viruses That Circulated During the 2019–2020 Season in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","authors":"Lydia M. Mendoza, Elizabeth M. Anderson, Ashley Sobel Leonard, Alexander G. McFarland, Jordan T. Ort, Nicole Tanenbaum, Afeesat Durosinmi, Frederic D. Bushman, Laurel J. Glaser, Irving Nachamkin, Scott E. Hensley","doi":"10.1111/irv.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple clades of H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulated during the 2019–2020 season. Here, we completed serological assays to determine the specificities of serum antibodies from humans infected with viruses from different H1N1 clades during the 2019–2020 season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and serum from influenza-infected individuals who received care within the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). We sequenced H1N1 viruses from NP swabs and completed hemagglutination inhibition assays using serum and viruses from different H1N1 clades that we identified from NP swabs. We also collected serum samples from influenza B virus (IBV)–infected patients at UPHS, allowing us to examine antibody titers associated with H1N1 versus IBV infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sequence analyses revealed that most IAV-infected individuals were infected with clade 6B.1A.5a.1 and 6B.1A.5a.2 H1N1 viruses that possessed substitutions at major antigenic sites of hemagglutinin. We found that antibodies from both H1N1- and IBV-infected individuals recognized the 6B.1A.1 H1N1 vaccine component of the 2019–2020 vaccine more efficiently compared to the circulating 6B.1A.5a.1 and 6B.1A.5a.2 H1N1 viruses. Patients infected with 6B.1A.5a.2 clade H1N1 viruses had significantly higher titers against the vaccine strain virus, suggesting that the 6B.1A.5a.2 virus evaded antibodies elicited from previous vaccinations or infections.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These studies suggest that most individuals, irrespective of whether they were infected with H1N1 virus or IBV during the 2019–2020 season, possessed antibodies that poorly reacted to circulating H1N1 strains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Staadegaard, Marco Del Riccio, Susanne Heemskerk, Michel Dückers, Rodrigo A. Fasce, Patricia Bustos, Q. Sue Huang, Cheryl Cohen, Jocelyn Moyes, Vernon Jian Ming Lee, Li Wei Ang, Susana Monge, Isabel Martínez-Pino, Mathieu Bangert, Rolf Kramer, John Paget, Foekje F. Stelma, Jojanneke van Summeren, Saverio Caini
Background
We previously reviewed methods for estimating the timing of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics. This study examines the impact of various estimation methods on determining the start, end, duration, and capture rate of RSV epidemics.
Methods
We applied eight estimation methods to RSV surveillance data from the Global Epidemiology of RSV (GERi) study, covering Chile, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, and the United States: 3% and 10% positivity rate, moving epidemic method (MEM), mean positivity, 1.2% total detections, mean and 60% mean number, and 75% average annual percentage (AAP). We compared the median start, end, duration, and capture rate of RSV epidemics obtained from these methods.
Results
Within countries, the median duration of RSV epidemics varied by over 10 weeks, and the median capture rates ranged from > 95 to < 60%, depending on the estimation method. Generally, the 3% positivity rate method identified the longest RSV epidemics (earliest median start and latest end, and highest capture rate). The 10% positivity rate, MEM, and 75% AAP methods indicated the shortest RSV epidemics with the lowest capture rate. The remaining four methods produced intermediate results.
Conclusions
These findings underscore the importance of selecting estimation methods suited to the surveillance system and the intended use, whether for outbreak alert, planning, or targeted interventions.
{"title":"Evaluating the Impact of Different Methods on the Timing and Duration of RSV Epidemics: Analysis of Surveillance Data From the GERi (Global Epidemiology of RSV in Hospitalized and Community Care) Study","authors":"Lisa Staadegaard, Marco Del Riccio, Susanne Heemskerk, Michel Dückers, Rodrigo A. Fasce, Patricia Bustos, Q. Sue Huang, Cheryl Cohen, Jocelyn Moyes, Vernon Jian Ming Lee, Li Wei Ang, Susana Monge, Isabel Martínez-Pino, Mathieu Bangert, Rolf Kramer, John Paget, Foekje F. Stelma, Jojanneke van Summeren, Saverio Caini","doi":"10.1111/irv.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We previously reviewed methods for estimating the timing of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics. This study examines the impact of various estimation methods on determining the start, end, duration, and capture rate of RSV epidemics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We applied eight estimation methods to RSV surveillance data from the Global Epidemiology of RSV (GERi) study, covering Chile, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, and the United States: 3% and 10% positivity rate, moving epidemic method (MEM), mean positivity, 1.2% total detections, mean and 60% mean number, and 75% average annual percentage (AAP). We compared the median start, end, duration, and capture rate of RSV epidemics obtained from these methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Within countries, the median duration of RSV epidemics varied by over 10 weeks, and the median capture rates ranged from > 95 to < 60%, depending on the estimation method. Generally, the 3% positivity rate method identified the longest RSV epidemics (earliest median start and latest end, and highest capture rate). The 10% positivity rate, MEM, and 75% AAP methods indicated the shortest RSV epidemics with the lowest capture rate. The remaining four methods produced intermediate results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings underscore the importance of selecting estimation methods suited to the surveillance system and the intended use, whether for outbreak alert, planning, or targeted interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlotte Laniece Delaunay, Nuno Verdasca, Susana Monge, Lisa Domegan, Noémie Sève, Silke Buda, Adam Meijer, Héloïse Lucaccioni, Miriam López Torrijos, Adele McKenna, Vincent Enouf, Ralf Dürrwald, Eline In't Velt, Mª Ángel de Valcárcel Laiglesia, Charlene Bennett, Shirley Masse, Annika Erdwiens, Mariette Hooiveld, Ivan Mlinarić, Gergő Túri, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Iván Martínez-Baz, Mihaela Lazar, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Vitor Borges, Marlena Kaczmarek, Sabrina Bacci, Esther Kissling, European primary care VE group
We estimated the effectiveness of 2024/25 COVID-19 vaccination against medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection in Europe, among target groups. We included 3204 patients (8/139 cases vaccinated: 6%; 517/3065 controls vaccinated: 17%) from a multicentre, test-negative design study at primary care level. Vaccine effectiveness was 66% (95% CI: 34–85) overall, 73% (95% CI: 21–94) and 54% (95% CI: −3 to 83) in the first and second months post-vaccination, respectively. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 67% (95% CI: 33–86) among older adults (≥ 60 or ≥ 65 years). This relatively high COVID-19 VE (compared with previous seasons), as well as trends by time since vaccination, should be confirmed with additional data, as sample size was low.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Target Groups in Europe, October 2024–January 2025, VEBIS Primary Care Network","authors":"Charlotte Laniece Delaunay, Nuno Verdasca, Susana Monge, Lisa Domegan, Noémie Sève, Silke Buda, Adam Meijer, Héloïse Lucaccioni, Miriam López Torrijos, Adele McKenna, Vincent Enouf, Ralf Dürrwald, Eline In't Velt, Mª Ángel de Valcárcel Laiglesia, Charlene Bennett, Shirley Masse, Annika Erdwiens, Mariette Hooiveld, Ivan Mlinarić, Gergő Túri, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Iván Martínez-Baz, Mihaela Lazar, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Vitor Borges, Marlena Kaczmarek, Sabrina Bacci, Esther Kissling, European primary care VE group","doi":"10.1111/irv.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We estimated the effectiveness of 2024/25 COVID-19 vaccination against medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection in Europe, among target groups. We included 3204 patients (8/139 cases vaccinated: 6%; 517/3065 controls vaccinated: 17%) from a multicentre, test-negative design study at primary care level. Vaccine effectiveness was 66% (95% CI: 34–85) overall, 73% (95% CI: 21–94) and 54% (95% CI: −3 to 83) in the first and second months post-vaccination, respectively. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 67% (95% CI: 33–86) among older adults (≥ 60 or ≥ 65 years). This relatively high COVID-19 VE (compared with previous seasons), as well as trends by time since vaccination, should be confirmed with additional data, as sample size was low.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca C. Christofferson, Jennifer E. Giovanni, Emily H. Koumans, Muyiwa Ategbole, Samantha D. Clark, Shana Godfred-Cato, Manoj P. Menon, Inka Sastalla, Beth K. Schweitzer, Timothy M. Uyeki
Background
Although reports have documented prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in immunocompromised patients, few studies have systematically analyzed data on duration of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens of immunocompromised patients.
Methods
A systematic review was undertaken to describe SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectious virus detection in immunocompromised patients from published data between January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2022. Patients were included if there was ≥ 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA result in respiratory specimens collected > 20 days since symptom onset or first positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result.
Results
Of the 183 patients, 175 were symptomatic with 83 (47.4%) that experienced intermittent relapsing symptoms, while pneumonia was reported in 122 (66.7%). Immunocompromising conditions represented were hematologic malignancy treatment (89, 48.6%), solid organ transplant (47, 25.7%), autoimmune disease treatment (14, 7.7%), solid tumor treatment (3, 1.6%), HIV infection (15, 8.2%), and primary immunodeficiency (15, 8.2%). Median duration from the first to the last positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result was 56 days in upper respiratory and 60 days in lower respiratory tract specimens. Significant differences in median duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection were observed between patients with and without pneumonia and for patients with hematologic malignancies compared to solid organ transplant patients. Among patients with viral culture performed, median duration of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 was 60.5 days from symptom onset (maximum 238 days) and 59 days from first RT-PCR positive result (maximum 268 days).
Conclusions
Immunocompromised persons can have replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory tissues for months, including while asymptomatic. Serial SARS-CoV-2 testing can inform the duration of isolation for immunocompromised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons","authors":"Rebecca C. Christofferson, Jennifer E. Giovanni, Emily H. Koumans, Muyiwa Ategbole, Samantha D. Clark, Shana Godfred-Cato, Manoj P. Menon, Inka Sastalla, Beth K. Schweitzer, Timothy M. Uyeki","doi":"10.1111/irv.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although reports have documented prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in immunocompromised patients, few studies have systematically analyzed data on duration of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens of immunocompromised patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review was undertaken to describe SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectious virus detection in immunocompromised patients from published data between January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2022. Patients were included if there was ≥ 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA result in respiratory specimens collected > 20 days since symptom onset or first positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 183 patients, 175 were symptomatic with 83 (47.4%) that experienced intermittent relapsing symptoms, while pneumonia was reported in 122 (66.7%). Immunocompromising conditions represented were hematologic malignancy treatment (89, 48.6%), solid organ transplant (47, 25.7%), autoimmune disease treatment (14, 7.7%), solid tumor treatment (3, 1.6%), HIV infection (15, 8.2%), and primary immunodeficiency (15, 8.2%). Median duration from the first to the last positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result was 56 days in upper respiratory and 60 days in lower respiratory tract specimens. Significant differences in median duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection were observed between patients with and without pneumonia and for patients with hematologic malignancies compared to solid organ transplant patients. Among patients with viral culture performed, median duration of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 was 60.5 days from symptom onset (maximum 238 days) and 59 days from first RT-PCR positive result (maximum 268 days).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Immunocompromised persons can have replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory tissues for months, including while asymptomatic. Serial SARS-CoV-2 testing can inform the duration of isolation for immunocompromised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wai-Tat Wong, Gordon Choi, Xiansong Wang, William Ka Kei Wu, Ge Lin, Martin Chi Wai Chan, King Chung Kenny Chan, Philip Koon Ngai Lam, David Shu Cheong Hui, Matthew T. V. Chan
Background and Objectives
This randomised controlled trial evaluated whether higher doses of oseltamivir would improve virological and clinical outcomes in severe influenza patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.
Methods
Forty intubated adult patients with severe influenza A or B from four intensive care units in Hong Kong were enrolled and randomised to receive either a double dose (300 mg/day) or a triple dose (450 mg/day) of oseltamivir for 10 days. Baseline data were collected, and outcomes were assessed daily using SOFA and Murray scores. Viral RNA was quantified from nasopharyngeal and tracheal aspirates. The primary outcome was the viral clearance rate after 5 days of treatment; secondary outcomes included 28-day and hospital mortality rates, changes in viral load, and serial SOFA and Murray scores.
Results
Viral clearance rates after 5 days of treatment were low and similar between the double (3/20, 15%) and triple-dose groups (2/20, 10%). No significant differences were observed in 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation between the double and triple-dose groups. However, patients receiving triple doses exhibited a faster decline in influenza A viral load but had a longer hospital length of stay.
Conclusions
Triple doses of oseltamivir did not significantly improve virological or clinical outcomes compared with double doses in severe influenza.
{"title":"Pharmacodynamic Effect of Different Dosage Regimes of Oseltamivir in Severe Influenza Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial","authors":"Wai-Tat Wong, Gordon Choi, Xiansong Wang, William Ka Kei Wu, Ge Lin, Martin Chi Wai Chan, King Chung Kenny Chan, Philip Koon Ngai Lam, David Shu Cheong Hui, Matthew T. V. Chan","doi":"10.1111/irv.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This randomised controlled trial evaluated whether higher doses of oseltamivir would improve virological and clinical outcomes in severe influenza patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty intubated adult patients with severe influenza A or B from four intensive care units in Hong Kong were enrolled and randomised to receive either a double dose (300 mg/day) or a triple dose (450 mg/day) of oseltamivir for 10 days. Baseline data were collected, and outcomes were assessed daily using SOFA and Murray scores. Viral RNA was quantified from nasopharyngeal and tracheal aspirates. The primary outcome was the viral clearance rate after 5 days of treatment; secondary outcomes included 28-day and hospital mortality rates, changes in viral load, and serial SOFA and Murray scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Viral clearance rates after 5 days of treatment were low and similar between the double (3/20, 15%) and triple-dose groups (2/20, 10%). No significant differences were observed in 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation between the double and triple-dose groups. However, patients receiving triple doses exhibited a faster decline in influenza A viral load but had a longer hospital length of stay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Triple doses of oseltamivir did not significantly improve virological or clinical outcomes compared with double doses in severe influenza.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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