Tamara Dörr, Sabine Güsewell, Alexia Cusini, Angela Brucher, Stephan Goppel, Fabian Grässli, Elsbeth Betschon, J. Carsten Möller, Manuela Ortner, Markus Ruetti, Reto Stocker, Danielle Vuichard-Gysin, Ulrike Besold, Lorenz Risch, Matthias von Kietzell, Matthias Schlegel, Stefan P. Kuster, Christian R. Kahlert, Philipp Kohler, for the SURPRISE (SURveillance of infectious diseases among health Professionals In SwitzErland) Study Group
Background
There is debate about the causes of the recent birth rate decline in high-income countries worldwide. During the pandemic, concern about the effects on reproductive health has caused vaccine hesitancy. We investigated the association of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection with involuntary childlessness.
Methods
Females in fertility age within a prospective multicenter cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) were followed since August 2020. Data on baseline health, SARS-CoV-2-infection, and vaccination were obtained and regularly updated, in which serum samples were collected repetitively and screened for anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibodies. In October 2023, participants indicated the presence of involuntary childlessness with onset during the pandemic, whereas those indicating an onset before the pandemic were excluded. The association of involuntary childlessness and SARS-CoV-2-vaccination and infection was investigated using univariable and multivariable analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed to compare those reporting involuntary childlessness with those birthing a child since 2020.
Results
Of 798 participants, 26 (3.2%) reported involuntary childlessness starting since the pandemic. Of the involuntary childless women, 73.1% (19/26) were vaccinated compared to 86.0% (664/772) without involuntary childlessness (p = 0.73). SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported by 76.9% (20/26) compared to 72.4% (559/772) of controls (p = 0.64). Neither SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (aOR 0.91 per dose, 95%CI 0.67–1.26) nor infection (aOR per infection 1.05, 95%CI 0.62–1.71) was associated with involuntary childlessness. Sensitivity analysis confirmed these results.
Conclusions
Among female HCW of fertility age, 3.2% indicated involuntary childlessness, which is comparable to pre-pandemic data. No association between involuntary childlessness and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection was found.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination is Not Associated With Involuntary Childlessness in Female Healthcare Workers: A Multicenter Cohort Study","authors":"Tamara Dörr, Sabine Güsewell, Alexia Cusini, Angela Brucher, Stephan Goppel, Fabian Grässli, Elsbeth Betschon, J. Carsten Möller, Manuela Ortner, Markus Ruetti, Reto Stocker, Danielle Vuichard-Gysin, Ulrike Besold, Lorenz Risch, Matthias von Kietzell, Matthias Schlegel, Stefan P. Kuster, Christian R. Kahlert, Philipp Kohler, for the SURPRISE (SURveillance of infectious diseases among health Professionals In SwitzErland) Study Group","doi":"10.1111/irv.13333","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13333","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is debate about the causes of the recent birth rate decline in high-income countries worldwide. During the pandemic, concern about the effects on reproductive health has caused vaccine hesitancy. We investigated the association of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection with involuntary childlessness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Females in fertility age within a prospective multicenter cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) were followed since August 2020. Data on baseline health, SARS-CoV-2-infection, and vaccination were obtained and regularly updated, in which serum samples were collected repetitively and screened for anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibodies. In October 2023, participants indicated the presence of involuntary childlessness with onset during the pandemic, whereas those indicating an onset before the pandemic were excluded. The association of involuntary childlessness and SARS-CoV-2-vaccination and infection was investigated using univariable and multivariable analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed to compare those reporting involuntary childlessness with those birthing a child since 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 798 participants, 26 (3.2%) reported involuntary childlessness starting since the pandemic. Of the involuntary childless women, 73.1% (19/26) were vaccinated compared to 86.0% (664/772) without involuntary childlessness (<i>p</i> = 0.73). SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported by 76.9% (20/26) compared to 72.4% (559/772) of controls (<i>p</i> = 0.64). Neither SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (aOR 0.91 per dose, 95%CI 0.67–1.26) nor infection (aOR per infection 1.05, 95%CI 0.62–1.71) was associated with involuntary childlessness. Sensitivity analysis confirmed these results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among female HCW of fertility age, 3.2% indicated involuntary childlessness, which is comparable to pre-pandemic data. No association between involuntary childlessness and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection was found.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline Korves, Nabin Neupane, Jeremy Smith, Yinong Young-Xu, Robertus van Aalst, Salaheddin M. Mahmud, Matthew M. Loiacono
Background
Influenza may contribute to coronary/cerebrovascular events and exacerbate underlying conditions.
Methods
We used self-controlled case series (SCCS) design to analyze data from US Veterans ≥18 years with coronary/cerebrovascular or exacerbation event +/−1 year of lab-confirmed influenza (LCI) during 2010–2018. We estimated the incidence ratio (IR) (95% CI) of the event for risk interval (Days 1–7 post-LCI) versus control interval (all other times +/−1 year of LCI) with fixed-effects conditional Poisson regression. We included biomarker data for mediation analysis.
Results
We identified 3439 episodes with coronary/cerebrovascular-related hospitalizations. IRs (95% CI) for LCI risk versus control interval were STEMI 0.6 (0.1, 4.4), NSTEMI 7.3 (5.8, 9.2), ischemic stroke 4.0 (3.0, 5.4), hemorrhagic stroke 6.2 (3.4, 11.5), and coronary spasm 1.3 (0.5, 3.0). IR significantly increased for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke among those ≥ 65 years. IR for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke dropped 26% and 10%, respectively, when white blood cell (WBC) and platelet count were considered. LCI was significantly associated with exacerbation of preexisting asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure.
Conclusions
We found significant association between LCI and hospitalization for NSTEMI, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, the latter possibly due to unaccounted time-varying confounding in SCCS design.
{"title":"Coronary and Cerebrovascular Events and Exacerbation of Existing Conditions After Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection Among US Veterans: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study","authors":"Caroline Korves, Nabin Neupane, Jeremy Smith, Yinong Young-Xu, Robertus van Aalst, Salaheddin M. Mahmud, Matthew M. Loiacono","doi":"10.1111/irv.13304","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13304","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza may contribute to coronary/cerebrovascular events and exacerbate underlying conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used self-controlled case series (SCCS) design to analyze data from US Veterans ≥18 years with coronary/cerebrovascular or exacerbation event +/−1 year of lab-confirmed influenza (LCI) during 2010–2018. We estimated the incidence ratio (IR) (95% CI) of the event for risk interval (Days 1–7 post-LCI) versus control interval (all other times +/−1 year of LCI) with fixed-effects conditional Poisson regression. We included biomarker data for mediation analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified 3439 episodes with coronary/cerebrovascular-related hospitalizations. IRs (95% CI) for LCI risk versus control interval were STEMI 0.6 (0.1, 4.4), NSTEMI 7.3 (5.8, 9.2), ischemic stroke 4.0 (3.0, 5.4), hemorrhagic stroke 6.2 (3.4, 11.5), and coronary spasm 1.3 (0.5, 3.0). IR significantly increased for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke among those ≥ 65 years. IR for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke dropped 26% and 10%, respectively, when white blood cell (WBC) and platelet count were considered. LCI was significantly associated with exacerbation of preexisting asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found significant association between LCI and hospitalization for NSTEMI, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, the latter possibly due to unaccounted time-varying confounding in SCCS design.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In September 2023, France was one of the first countries that started a national immunisation campaign with nirsevimab, a new monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Using data from a network of paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), we aimed to estimate nirsevimab effectiveness against severe cases of RSV bronchiolitis in France. We conducted a case–control study based on the test-negative design and included 288 infants reported by 20 PICUs. We estimated nirsevimab effectiveness at 75.9% (48.5–88.7) in the main analysis and 80.6% (61.6–90.3) and 80.4% (61.7–89.9) in two sensitivity analyses. These real-world estimates confirmed the efficacy observed in clinical studies.
{"title":"Nirsevimab Effectiveness Against Cases of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Hospitalised in Paediatric Intensive Care Units in France, September 2023–January 2024","authors":"Juliette Paireau, Cécile Durand, Sylvain Raimbault, Joséphine Cazaubon, Guillaume Mortamet, Delphine Viriot, Christophe Milesi, Elise Daudens-Vaysse, Dominique Ploin, Sabrina Tessier, Noémie Vanel, Jean-Loup Chappert, Karine Levieux, Ronan Ollivier, Jamel Daoudi, Bruno Coignard, Stéphane Leteurtre, Isabelle Parent-du-Châtelet, Sophie Vaux","doi":"10.1111/irv.13311","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13311","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In September 2023, France was one of the first countries that started a national immunisation campaign with nirsevimab, a new monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Using data from a network of paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), we aimed to estimate nirsevimab effectiveness against severe cases of RSV bronchiolitis in France. We conducted a case–control study based on the test-negative design and included 288 infants reported by 20 PICUs. We estimated nirsevimab effectiveness at 75.9% (48.5–88.7) in the main analysis and 80.6% (61.6–90.3) and 80.4% (61.7–89.9) in two sensitivity analyses. These real-world estimates confirmed the efficacy observed in clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Áuria de Jesus, Rita Ernesto, Arsénia J. Massinga, Felizarda Nhacolo, Khátia Munguambe, Alcido Timana, Arsénio Nhacolo, Augusto Messa Jr., Sérgio Massora, Valdemiro Escola, Sónia Enosse, Rufino Gunjamo, Carlos Funzamo, Jason M. Mwenda, Joseph Okeibunor, Alberto Garcia-Basteiro, Caterina Guinovart, Alfredo Mayor, Inácio Mandomando
Background
Mozambique was one of many African countries with limited testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2. Serosurveys, an alternative to estimate the real exposure to understand the epidemiology and transmission dynamics, have been scarce in Mozambique. Herein, we aimed to estimate the age-specific seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population of the Manhiça District, at four time points, for evaluating dynamics of exposure and the impact of vaccination.
Methods
We conducted four community-based seroepidemiological surveys separated by 3 months between May 2021 and June 2022 to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. An age-stratified (0–19, 20–39, 40–59, and ≥ 60 years) sample of 4810 individuals was randomly selected from demographic surveillance database, and their blood samples were analyzed using WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 IgG + IgM ELISA. Nasopharyngeal swabs from a subsample of 2209 participants were also assessed for active infection by RT-qPCR.
Results
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 27.6% in the first survey (May 2021) to 63.6%, 91.2%, and 91.1% in the second (October 2021), third (January 2022), and fourth (May 2022) surveys, respectively. Seroprevalence in individuals < 18 years, who were not eligible for vaccination, increased from 23.1% in the first survey to 87.1% in the fourth. The prevalence of active infection was below 10.1% in all surveys.
Conclusions
A high seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the study population, including individuals not eligible for vaccination at that time, particularly after circulation of the highly transmissible Delta variant. These data are important to inform decision making on the vaccination strategies in the context of pandemic slowdown in Mozambique.
{"title":"High SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Rural Southern Mozambique After Four Waves of COVID-19: Community-Based Seroepidemiological Surveys","authors":"Áuria de Jesus, Rita Ernesto, Arsénia J. Massinga, Felizarda Nhacolo, Khátia Munguambe, Alcido Timana, Arsénio Nhacolo, Augusto Messa Jr., Sérgio Massora, Valdemiro Escola, Sónia Enosse, Rufino Gunjamo, Carlos Funzamo, Jason M. Mwenda, Joseph Okeibunor, Alberto Garcia-Basteiro, Caterina Guinovart, Alfredo Mayor, Inácio Mandomando","doi":"10.1111/irv.13332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13332","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mozambique was one of many African countries with limited testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2. Serosurveys, an alternative to estimate the real exposure to understand the epidemiology and transmission dynamics, have been scarce in Mozambique. Herein, we aimed to estimate the age-specific seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population of the Manhiça District, at four time points, for evaluating dynamics of exposure and the impact of vaccination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted four community-based seroepidemiological surveys separated by 3 months between May 2021 and June 2022 to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. An age-stratified (0–19, 20–39, 40–59, and ≥ 60 years) sample of 4810 individuals was randomly selected from demographic surveillance database, and their blood samples were analyzed using WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 IgG + IgM ELISA. Nasopharyngeal swabs from a subsample of 2209 participants were also assessed for active infection by RT-qPCR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 27.6% in the first survey (May 2021) to 63.6%, 91.2%, and 91.1% in the second (October 2021), third (January 2022), and fourth (May 2022) surveys, respectively. Seroprevalence in individuals < 18 years, who were not eligible for vaccination, increased from 23.1% in the first survey to 87.1% in the fourth. The prevalence of active infection was below 10.1% in all surveys.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A high seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the study population, including individuals not eligible for vaccination at that time, particularly after circulation of the highly transmissible Delta variant. These data are important to inform decision making on the vaccination strategies in the context of pandemic slowdown in Mozambique.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric R. A. Vos, Cheyenne C. E. van Hagen, Denise Wong, Gaby Smits, Marjan Kuijer, Alienke J. Wijmenga-Monsuur, Joanna Kaczorowska, Robert S. van Binnendijk, Fiona R. M. van der Klis, Gerco den Hartog, Hester E. de Melker
Background
To inform future response planning we aimed to assess SARS-CoV-2 trends in infection- and/or vaccine-induced immunity, including breakthrough infections, among (sub)groups, professions and regions in the Dutch population during the Variant of Concern (VOC)-era.
Methods
In this prospective population-based cohort, randomly selected participants (n = 9985) aged 1–92 years (recruited early-2020) donated home-collected fingerstick-blood samples at six timepoints in 2021/2022, covering waves dominated by Alpha, Delta, and multiple Omicron (sub-)variants. IgG antibody assessment against Spike-S1 and Nucleoprotein was combined with vaccination- and testing data to estimate infection-induced (inf) and total (infection- and vaccination-induced) seroprevalence.
Results
Nationwide inf-seroprevalence rose modestly from 12% (95% CI 11–13) since Alpha to 26% (95% CI 24–28) amidst Delta, while total seroprevalence increased rapidly to 87% (95% CI 85–88), particularly in elderly and those with comorbidities (i.e., vulnerable groups). Interestingly, highest infection rates were noticeable among low/middle educated elderly, non-Western, those in contact professions, adolescents and young adults, and in low-vaccination coverage regions. Following Omicron emergence, inf-seroprevalence elevated sharply to 62% (95% CI 59–65) and further to 86% (95% CI 83–90) in late-2022, with frequent breakthrough infections and decreasing seroprevalence dissimilarities between most groups. Whereas > 90% of < 60-year-olds had been infected at least once, 30% of vaccinated vulnerable individuals had still not acquired hybrid immunity.
Conclusions
Groups identified to have been infected disproportionally during the acute phase of the pandemic require specific attention in evaluation of control measures and future response planning worldwide. Furthermore, ongoing tailored vaccination efforts and (sero-)monitoring of vulnerable groups may remain important.
背景 为了给未来的应对计划提供信息，我们旨在评估荷兰人口中（亚）群体、职业和地区在关注变异体（VOC）时代的 SARS-CoV-2 感染和/或疫苗诱导免疫（包括突破性感染）趋势。 方法 在这个基于人群的前瞻性队列中，随机抽取了 1-92 岁的参与者（n = 9985）（2020 年初招募），他们在 2021/2022 年的六个时间点捐献了家庭采集的指血样本，涵盖了以 Alpha、Delta 和多个 Omicron（亚）变异为主的波段。针对 Spike-S1 和 Nucleoprotein 的 IgG 抗体评估与疫苗接种和检测数据相结合，以估算感染诱发的血清流行率（inf）和总血清流行率（感染和疫苗接种诱发）。 结果 全国inf血清流行率从阿尔法以来的12%（95% CI 11-13）小幅上升至德尔塔期间的26%（95% CI 24-28），而总血清流行率迅速上升至87%（95% CI 85-88），尤其是在老年人和有合并症的人（即弱势群体）中。有趣的是，中低学历老年人、非西方人、从事接触性职业的人、青少年和年轻人以及疫苗接种覆盖率低的地区的感染率最高。奥米克龙出现后，婴儿血清流行率急剧上升至 62%（95% CI 59-65），到 2022 年底进一步上升至 86%（95% CI 83-90），突破性感染频繁发生，大多数群体之间的血清流行率差异不断缩小。90%的 60 岁老人至少感染过一次，而 30% 接种过疫苗的易感人群仍未获得混合免疫力。 结论 在大流行的急性期，被发现感染比例过高的群体需要在评估控制措施和未来全球应对计划时予以特别关注。此外，对易感人群进行有针对性的疫苗接种和（血清）监测可能仍然很重要。
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Trends in the Netherlands in the Variant of Concern Era: Input for Future Response","authors":"Eric R. A. Vos, Cheyenne C. E. van Hagen, Denise Wong, Gaby Smits, Marjan Kuijer, Alienke J. Wijmenga-Monsuur, Joanna Kaczorowska, Robert S. van Binnendijk, Fiona R. M. van der Klis, Gerco den Hartog, Hester E. de Melker","doi":"10.1111/irv.13312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13312","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To inform future response planning we aimed to assess SARS-CoV-2 trends in infection- and/or vaccine-induced immunity, including breakthrough infections, among (sub)groups, professions and regions in the Dutch population during the Variant of Concern (VOC)-era.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this prospective population-based cohort, randomly selected participants (<i>n</i> = 9985) aged 1–92 years (recruited early-2020) donated home-collected fingerstick-blood samples at six timepoints in 2021/2022, covering waves dominated by Alpha, Delta, and multiple Omicron (sub-)variants. IgG antibody assessment against Spike-S1 and Nucleoprotein was combined with vaccination- and testing data to estimate infection-induced (inf) and total (infection- and vaccination-induced) seroprevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nationwide inf-seroprevalence rose modestly from 12% (95% CI 11–13) since Alpha to 26% (95% CI 24–28) amidst Delta, while total seroprevalence increased rapidly to 87% (95% CI 85–88), particularly in elderly and those with comorbidities (i.e., vulnerable groups). Interestingly, highest infection rates were noticeable among low/middle educated elderly, non-Western, those in contact professions, adolescents and young adults, and in low-vaccination coverage regions. Following Omicron emergence, inf-seroprevalence elevated sharply to 62% (95% CI 59–65) and further to 86% (95% CI 83–90) in late-2022, with frequent breakthrough infections and decreasing seroprevalence dissimilarities between most groups. Whereas > 90% of < 60-year-olds had been infected at least once, 30% of vaccinated vulnerable individuals had still not acquired hybrid immunity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Groups identified to have been infected disproportionally during the acute phase of the pandemic require specific attention in evaluation of control measures and future response planning worldwide. Furthermore, ongoing tailored vaccination efforts and (sero-)monitoring of vulnerable groups may remain important.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louis Sides Ndjengue Nson, Daniella Ndombi Delpo Dede, Fabrice Lotola Mougeni, Natacha Bouassa, Basma Bennjakhoukh, Alexandra Luthi, Anselme Voubou, Juliette Atatama, Raymond Tat Pambou, Guy Dieudonné Mvogo, Victorien Sah, Bertin Atangana, Amandine Mveang Nzoghe, Anicet Christel Maloupazoa Siawaya, Paulin N. Essone, Pélagie Mougola Bissiengou, Bénédicte Ndeboko, Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya
Background
COVID-19 may become a seasonal disease. SARS-CoV-2 active circulation coupled with vaccination efforts has undoubtedly modified the virus dynamic. It is therefore important investigate SARS-CoV-2 dynamic in different groups of population following the course of spatiotemporal variance and immunization.
Methods
To investigate SARS-CoV-2 clearance in different ethnic groups and the impact of immunization, we recruited 777 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (570 Africans, 156 Caucasians, and 51 Asians). Participants were followed and regularly tested for 2 months until they had two negative tests.
Results
The vaccination rate was 64.6%. African individuals were less symptomatic (2%), Caucasians (41%) and Asians (36.6%). On average, viral clearance occurred after 10.5 days. Viral load at diagnosis was inversely correlated with viral clearance (p < 0.0001). The time of SARS-CoV-2 clearance was higher in Africans and Caucasians than in Asians (Dunn's test p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively). On average, viral clearance occurred within 9.5 days during the second semester (higher rate of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 exposition), whereas it took 13.6 days during the first semester (lower rate of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 exposition) (Mann–Whitney t-test p < 0.0001).
Conclusion
In conclusion, ethnicity and spatiotemporal changes including SARS-CoV-2 exposition and immunization affect SARS-CoV-2 clearance.
{"title":"Time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance in African, Caucasian, and Asian ethnic groups","authors":"Louis Sides Ndjengue Nson, Daniella Ndombi Delpo Dede, Fabrice Lotola Mougeni, Natacha Bouassa, Basma Bennjakhoukh, Alexandra Luthi, Anselme Voubou, Juliette Atatama, Raymond Tat Pambou, Guy Dieudonné Mvogo, Victorien Sah, Bertin Atangana, Amandine Mveang Nzoghe, Anicet Christel Maloupazoa Siawaya, Paulin N. Essone, Pélagie Mougola Bissiengou, Bénédicte Ndeboko, Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya","doi":"10.1111/irv.13238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13238","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>COVID-19 may become a seasonal disease. SARS-CoV-2 active circulation coupled with vaccination efforts has undoubtedly modified the virus dynamic. It is therefore important investigate SARS-CoV-2 dynamic in different groups of population following the course of spatiotemporal variance and immunization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate SARS-CoV-2 clearance in different ethnic groups and the impact of immunization, we recruited 777 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (570 Africans, 156 Caucasians, and 51 Asians). Participants were followed and regularly tested for 2 months until they had two negative tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vaccination rate was 64.6%. African individuals were less symptomatic (2%), Caucasians (41%) and Asians (36.6%). On average, viral clearance occurred after 10.5 days. Viral load at diagnosis was inversely correlated with viral clearance (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The time of SARS-CoV-2 clearance was higher in Africans and Caucasians than in Asians (Dunn's test <i>p</i> < 0.0001 and <i>p</i> < 0.05, respectively). On average, viral clearance occurred within 9.5 days during the second semester (higher rate of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 exposition), whereas it took 13.6 days during the first semester (lower rate of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 exposition) (Mann–Whitney <i>t</i>-test <i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In conclusion, ethnicity and spatiotemporal changes including SARS-CoV-2 exposition and immunization affect SARS-CoV-2 clearance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sinead E. Morris, Matthew Gilmer, Ryan Threlkel, Lynnette Brammer, Alicia P. Budd, A. Danielle Iuliano, Carrie Reed, Matthew Biggerstaff
Background
Novel influenza viruses pose a potential pandemic risk, and rapid detection of infections in humans is critical to characterizing the virus and facilitating the implementation of public health response measures.
Methods
We use a probabilistic framework to estimate the likelihood that novel influenza virus cases would be detected through testing in different community and healthcare settings (urgent care, emergency department, hospital, and intensive care unit [ICU]) while at low frequencies in the United States. Parameters were informed by data on seasonal influenza virus activity and existing testing practices.
Results
In a baseline scenario reflecting the presence of 100 novel virus infections with similar severity to seasonal influenza viruses, the median probability of detecting at least one infection per month was highest in urgent care settings (72%) and when community testing was conducted at random among the general population (77%). However, urgent care testing was over 15 times more efficient (estimated as the number of cases detected per 100,000 tests) due to the larger number of tests required for community testing. In scenarios that assumed increased clinical severity of novel virus infection, median detection probabilities increased across all healthcare settings, particularly in hospitals and ICUs (up to 100%) where testing also became more efficient.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that novel influenza virus circulation is likely to be detected through existing healthcare surveillance, with the most efficient testing setting impacted by the disease severity profile. These analyses can help inform future testing strategies to maximize the likelihood of novel influenza detection.
{"title":"Detection of Novel Influenza Viruses Through Community and Healthcare Testing: Implications for Surveillance Efforts in the United States","authors":"Sinead E. Morris, Matthew Gilmer, Ryan Threlkel, Lynnette Brammer, Alicia P. Budd, A. Danielle Iuliano, Carrie Reed, Matthew Biggerstaff","doi":"10.1111/irv.13315","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13315","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Novel influenza viruses pose a potential pandemic risk, and rapid detection of infections in humans is critical to characterizing the virus and facilitating the implementation of public health response measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We use a probabilistic framework to estimate the likelihood that novel influenza virus cases would be detected through testing in different community and healthcare settings (urgent care, emergency department, hospital, and intensive care unit [ICU]) while at low frequencies in the United States. Parameters were informed by data on seasonal influenza virus activity and existing testing practices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a baseline scenario reflecting the presence of 100 novel virus infections with similar severity to seasonal influenza viruses, the median probability of detecting at least one infection per month was highest in urgent care settings (72%) and when community testing was conducted at random among the general population (77%). However, urgent care testing was over 15 times more efficient (estimated as the number of cases detected per 100,000 tests) due to the larger number of tests required for community testing. In scenarios that assumed increased clinical severity of novel virus infection, median detection probabilities increased across all healthcare settings, particularly in hospitals and ICUs (up to 100%) where testing also became more efficient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that novel influenza virus circulation is likely to be detected through existing healthcare surveillance, with the most efficient testing setting impacted by the disease severity profile. These analyses can help inform future testing strategies to maximize the likelihood of novel influenza detection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raquel Guiomar, Susana Pereira da Silva, Inês Costa, Patricia Conde, Paula Cristóvão, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Aida Fernandes, Ana Paula Dias, Ana Rita Couto, Angélica Ramos, Carina Moita, Carina Rodrigues, Fátima Vale, Filomena Caldeira, Jácome Bruges Armas, João Pereira-Vaz, José Alves, Ludivina Freitas, Luis Martins, Luís Milho, Luisa Mota-Vieira, Lurdes Lopes, Margarida Freitas, Maria Ana Pessanha, Maria Correia, Maria Helena Marques, Maria João Cardoso, Maria João Peres, Mário Cunha, Patricia Amantegui, Paula Mota, Paulo Lopes, Paulo Pereira, Regina Viseu, Rita Cabral, Rita Côrte-Real, Sofia Almeida, Vânia Soares, Kamal Mansinho, Olav Hungnes, Baltazar Nunes
Background
Seroepidemiological studies provide estimates of population-level immunity, prevalence/incidence of infections, and evaluation of vaccination programs. We assessed the seroprevalence of protective antibodies against influenza and evaluated the correlation of seroprevalence with the cumulative annual influenza incidence rate.
Methods
We conducted an annual repeated cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey, during June–August, from 2014 to 2019, in Portugal. A total of 4326 sera from all age groups, sex, and regions was tested by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Seroprevalence and geometric mean titers (GMT) of protective antibodies against influenza were assessed by age group, sex, and vaccine status (65+ years old). The association between summer annual seroprevalence and the difference of influenza incidence rates between one season and the previous one was measured by Pearson correlation coefficient (r).
Results
Significant differences in seroprevalence of protective antibodies against influenza were observed in the population. Higher seroprevalence and GMT for A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) were observed in children (5–14); influenza B seroprevalence in adults 65+ was 1.6–4.4 times than in children (0–4). Vaccinated participants (65+) showed significant higher seroprevalence/GMT for influenza. A strong negative and significant correlation was found between seroprevalence and ILI incidence rate for A(H1N1)pdm09 in children between 5 and 14 (r = −0.84; 95% CI, −0.98 to −0.07); a weak negative correlation was observed for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata (r ≤ −0.1).
Conclusions
The study provides new insight into the anti-influenza antibodies seroprevalence measured in summer on the ILI incidence rate in the next season and the need for adjusted preventive health care measures to prevent influenza infection and transmission.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Protective Antibodies Against Influenza and the Reduction of the Influenza Incidence Rate: An Annual Repeated Cross-Sectional Study From 2014 to 2019","authors":"Raquel Guiomar, Susana Pereira da Silva, Inês Costa, Patricia Conde, Paula Cristóvão, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Aida Fernandes, Ana Paula Dias, Ana Rita Couto, Angélica Ramos, Carina Moita, Carina Rodrigues, Fátima Vale, Filomena Caldeira, Jácome Bruges Armas, João Pereira-Vaz, José Alves, Ludivina Freitas, Luis Martins, Luís Milho, Luisa Mota-Vieira, Lurdes Lopes, Margarida Freitas, Maria Ana Pessanha, Maria Correia, Maria Helena Marques, Maria João Cardoso, Maria João Peres, Mário Cunha, Patricia Amantegui, Paula Mota, Paulo Lopes, Paulo Pereira, Regina Viseu, Rita Cabral, Rita Côrte-Real, Sofia Almeida, Vânia Soares, Kamal Mansinho, Olav Hungnes, Baltazar Nunes","doi":"10.1111/irv.13307","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13307","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seroepidemiological studies provide estimates of population-level immunity, prevalence/incidence of infections, and evaluation of vaccination programs. We assessed the seroprevalence of protective antibodies against influenza and evaluated the correlation of seroprevalence with the cumulative annual influenza incidence rate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted an annual repeated cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey, during June–August, from 2014 to 2019, in Portugal. A total of 4326 sera from all age groups, sex, and regions was tested by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Seroprevalence and geometric mean titers (GMT) of protective antibodies against influenza were assessed by age group, sex, and vaccine status (65+ years old). The association between summer annual seroprevalence and the difference of influenza incidence rates between one season and the previous one was measured by Pearson correlation coefficient (<i>r</i>).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences in seroprevalence of protective antibodies against influenza were observed in the population. Higher seroprevalence and GMT for A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) were observed in children (5–14); influenza B seroprevalence in adults 65+ was 1.6–4.4 times than in children (0–4). Vaccinated participants (65+) showed significant higher seroprevalence/GMT for influenza. A strong negative and significant correlation was found between seroprevalence and ILI incidence rate for A(H1N1)pdm09 in children between 5 and 14 (<i>r</i> = −0.84; 95% CI, −0.98 to −0.07); a weak negative correlation was observed for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata (<i>r</i> ≤ −0.1).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study provides new insight into the anti-influenza antibodies seroprevalence measured in summer on the ILI incidence rate in the next season and the need for adjusted preventive health care measures to prevent influenza infection and transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heather Whitaker, Beth Findlay, Jana Zitha, Rosalind Goudie, Katie Hassell, Josie Evans, Panoraia Kalapotharakou, Utkarsh Agrawal, Beatrix Kele, Mark Hamilton, Catherine Moore, Rachel Byford, Julia Stowe, Chris Robertson, Anastasia Couzens, Gavin Jamie, Katja Hoschler, Kathleen Pheasant, Elizabeth Button, Catherine Quinot, Tim Jones, Sneha Anand, Conall Watson, Nick Andrews, Simon de Lusignan, Maria Zambon, Christopher Williams, Simon Cottrell, Kimberly Marsh, Jim McMenamin, Jamie Lopez Bernal
Background
We report 2023/2024 season interim influenza vaccine effectiveness for three studies, namely, primary care in Great Britain, hospital settings in Scotland and hospital settings in England.
Methods
A test negative design was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness.
Results
Estimated vaccine effectiveness against all influenzas ranged from 63% (95% confidence interval 46 to 75%) to 65% (41 to 79%) among children aged 2–17, from 36% (20 to 49%) to 55% (43 to 65%) among adults 18–64 and from 40% (29 to 50%) to 55% (32 to 70%) among adults aged 65 and over.
Conclusions
During a period of co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) in the United Kingdom, evidence for effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in both children and adults was found.
{"title":"Interim 2023/2024 Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Primary and Secondary Care in the United Kingdom","authors":"Heather Whitaker, Beth Findlay, Jana Zitha, Rosalind Goudie, Katie Hassell, Josie Evans, Panoraia Kalapotharakou, Utkarsh Agrawal, Beatrix Kele, Mark Hamilton, Catherine Moore, Rachel Byford, Julia Stowe, Chris Robertson, Anastasia Couzens, Gavin Jamie, Katja Hoschler, Kathleen Pheasant, Elizabeth Button, Catherine Quinot, Tim Jones, Sneha Anand, Conall Watson, Nick Andrews, Simon de Lusignan, Maria Zambon, Christopher Williams, Simon Cottrell, Kimberly Marsh, Jim McMenamin, Jamie Lopez Bernal","doi":"10.1111/irv.13284","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We report 2023/2024 season interim influenza vaccine effectiveness for three studies, namely, primary care in Great Britain, hospital settings in Scotland and hospital settings in England.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A test negative design was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Estimated vaccine effectiveness against all influenzas ranged from 63% (95% confidence interval 46 to 75%) to 65% (41 to 79%) among children aged 2–17, from 36% (20 to 49%) to 55% (43 to 65%) among adults 18–64 and from 40% (29 to 50%) to 55% (32 to 70%) among adults aged 65 and over.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During a period of co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) in the United Kingdom, evidence for effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in both children and adults was found.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aftab Ahmed, Samia Saqlain, Arslan Rasool, Shaban Muhammad, Sajid Umar
<p>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant challenge to avian and public health [<span>1</span>]. Migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are the main reservoir of IAVs and spread IAVs to other domestic birds and animals. Cross-species transmission of IAV is generally rare, but it can occur, particularly if there are mutations in the virus's genetic code that allow it to attach to receptors in a new host or if a reassortment event occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host simultaneously and exchange genetic material. The Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus, commonly known as “bird flu,” remains primarily a virus that affects birds, but it has on occasion infected humans. A relatively low number of sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) has been reported over the years. A total of 26 sporadic human cases from January 2022 through April 2024 [<span>2</span>] from eight countries indicates ongoing transmission from birds to humans. These cases highlight the potential for this virus to cause severe illness and death in humans. On rare occasions, A(H5N1) has crossed over to some nonavian species especially when there has been close contact with infected birds [<span>3-5</span>]. Cattle, like other mammalian species, are generally susceptible to specific types of IAV and Influenza D virus. Typically, A(H5N1) is not a common infection in cattle. Surprisingly, numerous sporadic cases of A(H5N1) have been reported recently from dairy cattle in multiple states of the United States [<span>5, 6</span>]. The emerging bovine H5N1 virus is novel to the cattle industry. Unlike other mammals, H5N1 grows in the udder of the dairy cows and does not seem to cause respiratory disease in cattle. Bovine H5N1 virus has undergone a specific adaptation in an enzyme called polymerase allowing better replication inside cow udder. A dairy farm worker with conjunctivitis was also confirmed positive highlighting fresh concerns of bovine H5N1 virus to human health [<span>5, 6</span>]. The dairy worker might have encountered this virus during the milking process or through hand-to-eye contact. Further genetic changes within polymerase enzyme or other genome segments of bovine H5N1 virus could allow for faster adaptation and may even support cattle-to-cattle or cattle to human transmission [<span>5, 6</span>]. Together, these reports highlight that H5N1 has potential to evolve and become a serious threat to human health. There is no data bovine H5N1 virus from Pakistan. Therefore, this study was designed to monitor the prevalence of IAVs and potential spillover of novel H5N1 among cattle and farm workers in Punjab province of Pakistan. Human subject research was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Duke Kunshan University, China (2024SU040).</p><p>As part of the Influenza D virus surveillance study, we collected nasal washes (<i>n =</i> 117) and nasal swab samples (<i>n =</i> 376) from farm workers and dairy cattle
{"title":"Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Was Not Detected Among Dairy Cattle and Farm Workers in Pakistan","authors":"Aftab Ahmed, Samia Saqlain, Arslan Rasool, Shaban Muhammad, Sajid Umar","doi":"10.1111/irv.13317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant challenge to avian and public health [<span>1</span>]. Migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are the main reservoir of IAVs and spread IAVs to other domestic birds and animals. Cross-species transmission of IAV is generally rare, but it can occur, particularly if there are mutations in the virus's genetic code that allow it to attach to receptors in a new host or if a reassortment event occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host simultaneously and exchange genetic material. The Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus, commonly known as “bird flu,” remains primarily a virus that affects birds, but it has on occasion infected humans. A relatively low number of sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) has been reported over the years. A total of 26 sporadic human cases from January 2022 through April 2024 [<span>2</span>] from eight countries indicates ongoing transmission from birds to humans. These cases highlight the potential for this virus to cause severe illness and death in humans. On rare occasions, A(H5N1) has crossed over to some nonavian species especially when there has been close contact with infected birds [<span>3-5</span>]. Cattle, like other mammalian species, are generally susceptible to specific types of IAV and Influenza D virus. Typically, A(H5N1) is not a common infection in cattle. Surprisingly, numerous sporadic cases of A(H5N1) have been reported recently from dairy cattle in multiple states of the United States [<span>5, 6</span>]. The emerging bovine H5N1 virus is novel to the cattle industry. Unlike other mammals, H5N1 grows in the udder of the dairy cows and does not seem to cause respiratory disease in cattle. Bovine H5N1 virus has undergone a specific adaptation in an enzyme called polymerase allowing better replication inside cow udder. A dairy farm worker with conjunctivitis was also confirmed positive highlighting fresh concerns of bovine H5N1 virus to human health [<span>5, 6</span>]. The dairy worker might have encountered this virus during the milking process or through hand-to-eye contact. Further genetic changes within polymerase enzyme or other genome segments of bovine H5N1 virus could allow for faster adaptation and may even support cattle-to-cattle or cattle to human transmission [<span>5, 6</span>]. Together, these reports highlight that H5N1 has potential to evolve and become a serious threat to human health. There is no data bovine H5N1 virus from Pakistan. Therefore, this study was designed to monitor the prevalence of IAVs and potential spillover of novel H5N1 among cattle and farm workers in Punjab province of Pakistan. Human subject research was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Duke Kunshan University, China (2024SU040).</p><p>As part of the Influenza D virus surveillance study, we collected nasal washes (<i>n =</i> 117) and nasal swab samples (<i>n =</i> 376) from farm workers and dairy cattle","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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