Magda Bucholc, Mark G. O'Doherty, Declan T. Bradley
Background
We evaluated the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine programme against infection among emergency hospital admissions with respiratory conditions in Northern Ireland during the 2023/2024 influenza season.
Methods
Using a test-negative design, we compared the odds of vaccination between patients who tested positive (cases) and negative (controls) for laboratory-confirmed influenza, adjusting for confounders. VE was stratified by age group, sex and time since vaccination.
Results
We included 2368 hospitalised patients, of whom 1740 (73.5%) were influenza positive. Among these, 1703 (97.9%) were influenza A and 37 (2.1%) were influenza B. Of the influenza A-positive specimens, 84 were A(H1), 268 A(H3) and 1351 were untyped influenza A. VE against all laboratory-confirmed influenza was 47.5% (95% CI: 31.3%–60.1%), including 65.2% (95% CI: 44.2%–78.6%) in children aged 2–17, 46% (95% CI: 7.8%–68.2%) in adults 18–64 and 39.5% (95% CI: 4.8%–62.1%) in adults aged 65 and over. VE against infection for influenza A was 45.8% (95% CI: 25.1%–61%) in all age groups, but 64.7% (95% CI: 42.6%–78.6%) among children aged 2–17, 43.9% (95% CI: 3.7%–67.1%) among adults aged 18–64 years old and 39.6% (95% CI: 5%–62.1%) in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Being vaccinated was associated with 44.2% (95% CI: −13.3%-73.1%) and 37.9% (95% CI: 5.5%–59.5%) reduced odds of influenza A(H1) and A(H3)-associated community-acquired emergency admissions. VE against infection for influenza B was 87.2% (95% CI: 43.1%–98.3%). VE was highest within 2–8 weeks of vaccination at 67.5% (95% CI: 42.7%–81.7%) and declined to 41.2% (95% CI: 14.8%–59.5%) at 9–16 weeks.
Conclusions
Influenza vaccines provided protection against influenza-associated illness across age groups during the 2023/2024 influenza season.
{"title":"Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During the 2023/2024 Season: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study Among Emergency Hospital Admissions With Respiratory Conditions in Northern Ireland","authors":"Magda Bucholc, Mark G. O'Doherty, Declan T. Bradley","doi":"10.1111/irv.70149","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine programme against infection among emergency hospital admissions with respiratory conditions in Northern Ireland during the 2023/2024 influenza season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a test-negative design, we compared the odds of vaccination between patients who tested positive (cases) and negative (controls) for laboratory-confirmed influenza, adjusting for confounders. VE was stratified by age group, sex and time since vaccination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We included 2368 hospitalised patients, of whom 1740 (73.5%) were influenza positive. Among these, 1703 (97.9%) were influenza A and 37 (2.1%) were influenza B. Of the influenza A-positive specimens, 84 were A(H1), 268 A(H3) and 1351 were untyped influenza A. VE against all laboratory-confirmed influenza was 47.5% (95% CI: 31.3%–60.1%), including 65.2% (95% CI: 44.2%–78.6%) in children aged 2–17, 46% (95% CI: 7.8%–68.2%) in adults 18–64 and 39.5% (95% CI: 4.8%–62.1%) in adults aged 65 and over. VE against infection for influenza A was 45.8% (95% CI: 25.1%–61%) in all age groups, but 64.7% (95% CI: 42.6%–78.6%) among children aged 2–17, 43.9% (95% CI: 3.7%–67.1%) among adults aged 18–64 years old and 39.6% (95% CI: 5%–62.1%) in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Being vaccinated was associated with 44.2% (95% CI: −13.3%-73.1%) and 37.9% (95% CI: 5.5%–59.5%) reduced odds of influenza A(H1) and A(H3)-associated community-acquired emergency admissions. VE against infection for influenza B was 87.2% (95% CI: 43.1%–98.3%). VE was highest within 2–8 weeks of vaccination at 67.5% (95% CI: 42.7%–81.7%) and declined to 41.2% (95% CI: 14.8%–59.5%) at 9–16 weeks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza vaccines provided protection against influenza-associated illness across age groups during the 2023/2024 influenza season.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gang Chen, Xiuchang Ma, Jinhuan Wu, Yi Yan, Wenxian Qian, Apeng Chen, Changhua Yi, Man Tian
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of severe respiratory diseases in children, especially in infants. The immune responses induced by RSV infection are a fairly complex process that can contribute significantly to disease severity. Despite decades of research on RSV, many immune mechanisms remain to be explored. A full exploration of these immune responses can contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. Despite significant advancements in vaccine development and monoclonal antibody research, effective therapeutic options remain limited. This review focuses on how the immune system reacts when children contract the respiratory syncytial virus. We describe the biological characteristics of RSV, viral-cell interactions, immune evasion, innate immunity (including pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory cells), and adaptive immunity (including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and humoral immune response). Understanding the complicated immune response to RSV infection is essential for developing effective interventions and vaccine developments. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on the immune system and to contribute to the advancement of practical therapeutic strategies.
{"title":"Host Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children","authors":"Gang Chen, Xiuchang Ma, Jinhuan Wu, Yi Yan, Wenxian Qian, Apeng Chen, Changhua Yi, Man Tian","doi":"10.1111/irv.70156","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of severe respiratory diseases in children, especially in infants. The immune responses induced by RSV infection are a fairly complex process that can contribute significantly to disease severity. Despite decades of research on RSV, many immune mechanisms remain to be explored. A full exploration of these immune responses can contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. Despite significant advancements in vaccine development and monoclonal antibody research, effective therapeutic options remain limited. This review focuses on how the immune system reacts when children contract the respiratory syncytial virus. We describe the biological characteristics of RSV, viral-cell interactions, immune evasion, innate immunity (including pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory cells), and adaptive immunity (including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and humoral immune response). Understanding the complicated immune response to RSV infection is essential for developing effective interventions and vaccine developments. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on the immune system and to contribute to the advancement of practical therapeutic strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of seven different commercial serological assays for COVID-19, using RT-PCR as the gold standard, through meta-analysis and indirect comparison.
Methods
Fifty-seven studies, published from November 2019 to June 2024, were included. The diagnostic performance of IgA, IgG, and total antibody assays for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. The netmeta, rjags, and gemtc packages in R software were used for adjusted indirect comparison to calculate the relative diagnostic odds ratio (RDOR).
Results
The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 542.81, for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N was 1022.34, for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total was 1701.56, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA was 45.91, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1-IgG was 190.45, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N-IgG was 82.63, and for LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG was 178.73. The pooled DOR for IgG, IgA, and total antibody assays was 241.43, 45.91, and 1124.48. The pooled DOR for the antinucleocapsid antigen (anti-N) was 604.29; for the antidomain of viral spike protein (anti-S1) and the antirecombinant S1 and S2 (anti-S1/S2) antigens, the pooled DORs were 119.88 and 178.73. ECLIA and CMIA methods had superior diagnostic performance compared with CLIA and ELISA, with no significant difference between ECLIA and CMIA. Total antibody assays showed the highest accuracy, followed by IgG, with IgA performing least effectively.
Conclusions
Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total and N assays had the best overall diagnostic test accuracy. The diagnostic efficacy of the anti-N total, IgG antibodies was statistically significantly higher than that of anti-S IgG and IgA antibodies for COVID-19.
目的本研究以RT-PCR为金标准，通过meta分析和间接比较，比较7种不同的商用COVID-19血清学检测方法的诊断准确性。方法纳入2019年11月至2024年6月发表的57项研究。评估IgA、IgG和总抗体检测对SARS-CoV-2的诊断效果。采用R软件中的netmeta、rjags和gemtc软件包进行调整间接比较，计算相对诊断优势比（RDOR）。结果Abbott - cov -2 IgG的诊断优势比（DOR）为542.81，Elecsys anti - cov -2 N的诊断优势比为1022.34，Elecsys anti - cov -2 total的诊断优势比为1701.56，euroimmune anti - cov -2 IgA的诊断优势比为45.91，euroimmune anti - cov -2 S1-IgG的诊断优势比为190.45，euroimmune anti - cov -2 N-IgG的诊断优势比为82.63，LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG的诊断优势比为178.73。IgG、IgA和总抗体检测的合并DOR分别为241.43、45.91和1124.48。抗核衣壳抗原（anti-N）的聚合DOR为604.29；病毒刺突蛋白反结构域（anti-S1）和抗重组抗原S1和S2 （anti-S1/S2）的合并DORs分别为119.88和178.73。ECLIA和CMIA方法的诊断效果优于CLIA和ELISA， ECLIA和CMIA方法的诊断效果无显著性差异。总抗体测定的准确性最高，IgG次之，IgA最低。结论Elecsys anti - cov -2总抗体和N抗体具有较好的综合诊断准确性。抗n总抗体、IgG抗体对COVID-19的诊断效能显著高于抗s IgG和IgA抗体。
{"title":"An Indirect Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy for Seven Different SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays: A Meta-Analysis and Adjusted Indirect Comparison of Diagnostic Test Accuracy","authors":"Minjie Zhang, Ying Zhao, Lijiang Fang, Weiwei Liang","doi":"10.1111/irv.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of seven different commercial serological assays for COVID-19, using RT-PCR as the gold standard, through meta-analysis and indirect comparison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-seven studies, published from November 2019 to June 2024, were included. The diagnostic performance of IgA, IgG, and total antibody assays for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. The netmeta, rjags, and gemtc packages in R software were used for adjusted indirect comparison to calculate the relative diagnostic odds ratio (RDOR).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 542.81, for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N was 1022.34, for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total was 1701.56, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA was 45.91, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1-IgG was 190.45, for Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N-IgG was 82.63, and for LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG was 178.73. The pooled DOR for IgG, IgA, and total antibody assays was 241.43, 45.91, and 1124.48. The pooled DOR for the antinucleocapsid antigen (anti-N) was 604.29; for the antidomain of viral spike protein (anti-S1) and the antirecombinant S1 and S2 (anti-S1/S2) antigens, the pooled DORs were 119.88 and 178.73. ECLIA and CMIA methods had superior diagnostic performance compared with CLIA and ELISA, with no significant difference between ECLIA and CMIA. Total antibody assays showed the highest accuracy, followed by IgG, with IgA performing least effectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total and N assays had the best overall diagnostic test accuracy. The diagnostic efficacy of the anti-N total, IgG antibodies was statistically significantly higher than that of anti-S IgG and IgA antibodies for COVID-19.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ismaila Shittu, Daniel B. Cummings, John T. Groves, Alex G. Hagan, Gregory C. Gray
<p>Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a major disease problem in cattle production systems. Numerous pathogens have been implicated as causing BRDC, including the recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) [<span>1</span>]. IDV has been found to be highly enzootic in cattle across multiple continents [<span>1, 2</span>], and there is some evidence of spillover to livestock workers [<span>3, 4</span>]. In March 2024, unprecedented outbreaks of influenza A virus (IAV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were reported in the United States [<span>5</span>] with occasional spillover to dairy and poultry workers [<span>6, 7</span>]. Given the occupational threats of both IDV and IAV H5N1, we sought to assess the dynamics of antibodies to IAV H5N1 and IDV in farm workers and cattle.</p><p>As part of our One Health surveillance initiative in the United States and Mexico [<span>6, 8</span>], between April 2024 and May 2025 we enrolled a total of seven dairy and beef cattle farms in Indiana (<i>n</i> = 1), Kentucky (<i>n</i> = 3), and Texas (<i>n</i> = 2) (Table 1). Our visits to these farms took place on four separate occasions, permitting us to prospectively follow the farms. We obtained informed consent from every farm worker who participated in the study. Based on availability, we collected 5 to 10 mL of blood from both the cattle and the farm workers through venipuncture using a plain vacutainer tube (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). After collection, the blood samples were centrifuged at 600 <i>g</i> for 15 min, and the serum was harvested and stored in microtubes at −20°C. Throughout the four visits, we collected 270 serum samples, which comprised 142 samples from cattle and 128 samples from farm workers (Table 1). Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of Texas Medical Branch's Institutional Review Board (23-0085).</p><p>To determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against IAV-H5 and IDV in both the cattle and farm workers sera, we conducted microneutralization (MN) assays. Briefly, serum samples were treated overnight (18–20 h) with Receptor Destroying Enzyme II (RDE; Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This treatment was necessary to eliminate nonspecific inhibitors that could interfere with the assay. Starting with a dilution of 1:20 to 1:2560 RDE-treated sera, we used a recombinant H5N1 virus (rg-A/bald eagle/Florida/W22-134-OP/2022 of clade 2.3.4.4b) and a bovine-origin IDV strain (D/Bovine/Kansas/1-35/2010) on a monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK; ATCC cat. no. CRL-CCL34) cells in 96-well plates following standard procedures with minor modifications [<span>4, 9</span>].</p><p>As measured by the MN assay, none of the enrolled beef cattle farm workers had NAbs antibodies to IAV-H5 during any of the four visits to the farms in Indiana, Kentucky, and Texas, except for the first visit to Texas (Table 1). During this visit, two dairy farm workers were found to have NAbs to
{"title":"Low Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A (H5N1) and D Viruses Among Cattle and Cattle Workers on US Farms, 2024–2025","authors":"Ismaila Shittu, Daniel B. Cummings, John T. Groves, Alex G. Hagan, Gregory C. Gray","doi":"10.1111/irv.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a major disease problem in cattle production systems. Numerous pathogens have been implicated as causing BRDC, including the recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) [<span>1</span>]. IDV has been found to be highly enzootic in cattle across multiple continents [<span>1, 2</span>], and there is some evidence of spillover to livestock workers [<span>3, 4</span>]. In March 2024, unprecedented outbreaks of influenza A virus (IAV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were reported in the United States [<span>5</span>] with occasional spillover to dairy and poultry workers [<span>6, 7</span>]. Given the occupational threats of both IDV and IAV H5N1, we sought to assess the dynamics of antibodies to IAV H5N1 and IDV in farm workers and cattle.</p><p>As part of our One Health surveillance initiative in the United States and Mexico [<span>6, 8</span>], between April 2024 and May 2025 we enrolled a total of seven dairy and beef cattle farms in Indiana (<i>n</i> = 1), Kentucky (<i>n</i> = 3), and Texas (<i>n</i> = 2) (Table 1). Our visits to these farms took place on four separate occasions, permitting us to prospectively follow the farms. We obtained informed consent from every farm worker who participated in the study. Based on availability, we collected 5 to 10 mL of blood from both the cattle and the farm workers through venipuncture using a plain vacutainer tube (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). After collection, the blood samples were centrifuged at 600 <i>g</i> for 15 min, and the serum was harvested and stored in microtubes at −20°C. Throughout the four visits, we collected 270 serum samples, which comprised 142 samples from cattle and 128 samples from farm workers (Table 1). Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of Texas Medical Branch's Institutional Review Board (23-0085).</p><p>To determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against IAV-H5 and IDV in both the cattle and farm workers sera, we conducted microneutralization (MN) assays. Briefly, serum samples were treated overnight (18–20 h) with Receptor Destroying Enzyme II (RDE; Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This treatment was necessary to eliminate nonspecific inhibitors that could interfere with the assay. Starting with a dilution of 1:20 to 1:2560 RDE-treated sera, we used a recombinant H5N1 virus (rg-A/bald eagle/Florida/W22-134-OP/2022 of clade 2.3.4.4b) and a bovine-origin IDV strain (D/Bovine/Kansas/1-35/2010) on a monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK; ATCC cat. no. CRL-CCL34) cells in 96-well plates following standard procedures with minor modifications [<span>4, 9</span>].</p><p>As measured by the MN assay, none of the enrolled beef cattle farm workers had NAbs antibodies to IAV-H5 during any of the four visits to the farms in Indiana, Kentucky, and Texas, except for the first visit to Texas (Table 1). During this visit, two dairy farm workers were found to have NAbs to","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Besfort Kryeziu, Sandra Cohuet, Ariana Kalaveshi-Osmani, Zana Kaçaniku-Deva, Pranvera Kaçaniku-Gunga, Iris Finci, Miguel Angel Sanchez, James Humphreys, Naser Ramadani, Edita Haxhiu, Kostas Danis, Angela M. C. Rose, Isme Humolli, Mark A. Katz
Background
Few studies have evaluated COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in middle-income countries, particularly in eastern Europe. We aimed to estimate COVID-19 VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalizations and severe outcomes in Kosovo.
Methods
We conducted a test-negative case–control study using data from Kosovo's severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance system from January 2022 to June 2024. We enrolled adult patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized with SARI. From all patients, we collected clinical data, vaccination history, and a nasopharyngeal specimen, which was tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were cases; those testing negative were controls. We estimated VE overall and against severe outcomes (requiring oxygen, intensive care admission, or in-hospital death) using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, calculating VE as (1–adjusted odds ratio) × 100.
Results
We included 564 SARI patients; 218 (39%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Overall, 24% of SARI patients had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose in the previous 12 months. VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed SARI hospitalization among all adults was 72% (95% CI: 30%–89%) at 14–179-day postvaccination, and 26% (95% CI: −33%–59%) at 180–364 days. In adults ≥ 60 years, VE was 52% (95% CI:−31%–82%) at 14–179-day postvaccination, and −36% (95% CI: −190%–36%) at 180–364 days. VE against severe outcomes was 67% (95% CI: −14%–91%) at 14–179 days, and 17% (95% CI:−111%–67%) at 180–364 days.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination in Kosovo offered substantial protection against hospitalization and severe outcomes within 6 months, though confidence intervals were wide for some subgroups. Effectiveness waned after 6 months, highlighting the need for periodic booster doses.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Severe Outcomes in Kosovo, 2022–2024: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study","authors":"Besfort Kryeziu, Sandra Cohuet, Ariana Kalaveshi-Osmani, Zana Kaçaniku-Deva, Pranvera Kaçaniku-Gunga, Iris Finci, Miguel Angel Sanchez, James Humphreys, Naser Ramadani, Edita Haxhiu, Kostas Danis, Angela M. C. Rose, Isme Humolli, Mark A. Katz","doi":"10.1111/irv.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Few studies have evaluated COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in middle-income countries, particularly in eastern Europe. We aimed to estimate COVID-19 VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalizations and severe outcomes in Kosovo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a test-negative case–control study using data from Kosovo's severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance system from January 2022 to June 2024. We enrolled adult patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized with SARI. From all patients, we collected clinical data, vaccination history, and a nasopharyngeal specimen, which was tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were cases; those testing negative were controls. We estimated VE overall and against severe outcomes (requiring oxygen, intensive care admission, or in-hospital death) using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, calculating VE as (1–adjusted odds ratio) × 100.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We included 564 SARI patients; 218 (39%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Overall, 24% of SARI patients had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose in the previous 12 months. VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed SARI hospitalization among all adults was 72% (95% CI: 30%–89%) at 14–179-day postvaccination, and 26% (95% CI: −33%–59%) at 180–364 days. In adults ≥ 60 years, VE was 52% (95% CI:−31%–82%) at 14–179-day postvaccination, and −36% (95% CI: −190%–36%) at 180–364 days. VE against severe outcomes was 67% (95% CI: −14%–91%) at 14–179 days, and 17% (95% CI:−111%–67%) at 180–364 days.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination in Kosovo offered substantial protection against hospitalization and severe outcomes within 6 months, though confidence intervals were wide for some subgroups. Effectiveness waned after 6 months, highlighting the need for periodic booster doses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susanne Gerda Værnø, Francisco Oteiza, Maren Gillebo, Lise Beier Havdal, David Ngaruiya Mwaura, Øyvind Husby, Oddvar Solli, Kristian Lie, Christoffer Bugge
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as the primary cause of hospitalizations among children with lower respiratory tract infections in developed countries, placing a significant burden on both patients and healthcare systems. The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of maternal vaccination with the novel RSVpreF vaccine have been evaluated in a Phase III clinical trial, showing a decreased risk of severe infection in infants. Our study assesses the cost-effectiveness of the RSVpreF vaccine and seasonal variation of costs in a Norwegian setting.
Methods
A Markov model was used to estimate the clinical outcomes, costs, and quality-adjusted life years of a hypothetical cohort of Norwegian infants born during a single RSV season. A seasonal vaccination program with RSVpreF vaccine was compared to no intervention by means of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from extended healthcare and societal perspectives.
Results
A seasonal maternal vaccination program with RSVpreF in Norway is cost-effective from both a healthcare and societal perspective, given the Norwegian willingness-to-pay threshold range. The program could prevent 27% of the yearly RSV-associated hospital admissions, as well as 14% and 24% of the yearly RSV-associated primary care and outpatient visits. A 10% increase/decrease in hospitalization costs during the winter/summer months leads to a 26% reduction in the ICER from a healthcare perspective and turns the intervention into a dominant strategy from a societal one.
Conclusions
Based on the RSVpreF vaccine's list price in Norway, the seasonal vaccination program is cost-effective from both the healthcare and societal perspectives, considering a willingness-to-pay threshold of 500,000 NOK.
{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Maternal Vaccination Program Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Norway","authors":"Susanne Gerda Værnø, Francisco Oteiza, Maren Gillebo, Lise Beier Havdal, David Ngaruiya Mwaura, Øyvind Husby, Oddvar Solli, Kristian Lie, Christoffer Bugge","doi":"10.1111/irv.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as the primary cause of hospitalizations among children with lower respiratory tract infections in developed countries, placing a significant burden on both patients and healthcare systems. The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of maternal vaccination with the novel RSVpreF vaccine have been evaluated in a Phase III clinical trial, showing a decreased risk of severe infection in infants. Our study assesses the cost-effectiveness of the RSVpreF vaccine and seasonal variation of costs in a Norwegian setting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A Markov model was used to estimate the clinical outcomes, costs, and quality-adjusted life years of a hypothetical cohort of Norwegian infants born during a single RSV season. A seasonal vaccination program with RSVpreF vaccine was compared to no intervention by means of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from extended healthcare and societal perspectives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A seasonal maternal vaccination program with RSVpreF in Norway is cost-effective from both a healthcare and societal perspective, given the Norwegian willingness-to-pay threshold range. The program could prevent 27% of the yearly RSV-associated hospital admissions, as well as 14% and 24% of the yearly RSV-associated primary care and outpatient visits. A 10% increase/decrease in hospitalization costs during the winter/summer months leads to a 26% reduction in the ICER from a healthcare perspective and turns the intervention into a dominant strategy from a societal one.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on the RSVpreF vaccine's list price in Norway, the seasonal vaccination program is cost-effective from both the healthcare and societal perspectives, considering a willingness-to-pay threshold of 500,000 NOK.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Paula Couto, Jorge H. Jara, Miguel Descalzo, Marc Rondy, Stefano Tempia, Andrea Vicari
Objective
The objective of this study is to summarize the state of knowledge on the economic burden and cost of illness due to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).
Methods
We performed a scoping review across three databases (PubMed-Medline, Scielo, and Embase) without time restriction, including economic burden and cost-of-illness studies. We extracted and analyzed data on publication year, population, study type, perspective, costing techniques, and settings. We reported absolute and relative frequencies to summarize the results. Economic burden estimates were divided by the gross domestic product (GDP) for each country. Costs were converted into 2022 international dollars (PPP).
Results
Overall, 2638 articles were retrieved; we included 44 full texts from 16 LAC countries. Twenty-four (54.5%) studies focused on influenza, 16 (36.4%) on SARS-CoV-2, 3 (6.8%) on RSV, and 1 on ORV. Twenty two (50.0%) focused on cost-effectiveness (related to vaccination)/cost–benefit analysis, and 17 (38.6%) focused on cost of illness. Most studies (n = 33, 75.0%) were conducted from the third-party perspective. Fifty percent of the studies used a bottom-up costing technique and 29.6% top-down. Influenza direct medical costs ranged from I$6.6–I$300.3 for outpatients and I$62.8–I$222,920 for inpatients; for RSV from I$68.3–I$1292; and for SARS-CoV-2 between I$69.9 and I$38,039. The total annual costs of the influenza economic burden ranged between 0.0003% and 1.33% of the GDP.
Conclusion
This study showed variability in costing methods, perspectives, and types of studies among LAC countries. This variability underscores the need for standardized methodologies in future cost studies to ensure comparability and reliability of results.
{"title":"Economic Burden of Respiratory Viruses in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): A Scoping Literature Review","authors":"Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Paula Couto, Jorge H. Jara, Miguel Descalzo, Marc Rondy, Stefano Tempia, Andrea Vicari","doi":"10.1111/irv.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study is to summarize the state of knowledge on the economic burden and cost of illness due to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed a scoping review across three databases (PubMed-Medline, Scielo, and Embase) without time restriction, including economic burden and cost-of-illness studies. We extracted and analyzed data on publication year, population, study type, perspective, costing techniques, and settings. We reported absolute and relative frequencies to summarize the results. Economic burden estimates were divided by the gross domestic product (GDP) for each country. Costs were converted into 2022 international dollars (PPP).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 2638 articles were retrieved; we included 44 full texts from 16 LAC countries. Twenty-four (54.5%) studies focused on influenza, 16 (36.4%) on SARS-CoV-2, 3 (6.8%) on RSV, and 1 on ORV. Twenty two (50.0%) focused on cost-effectiveness (related to vaccination)/cost–benefit analysis, and 17 (38.6%) focused on cost of illness. Most studies (<i>n</i> = 33, 75.0%) were conducted from the third-party perspective. Fifty percent of the studies used a bottom-up costing technique and 29.6% top-down. Influenza direct medical costs ranged from I$6.6–I$300.3 for outpatients and I$62.8–I$222,920 for inpatients; for RSV from I$68.3–I$1292; and for SARS-CoV-2 between I$69.9 and I$38,039. The total annual costs of the influenza economic burden ranged between 0.0003% and 1.33% of the GDP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study showed variability in costing methods, perspectives, and types of studies among LAC countries. This variability underscores the need for standardized methodologies in future cost studies to ensure comparability and reliability of results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Influenza activity peaks in southern (59.62%) and northern China (57.60%) during the 2022/2023 season reached the highest levels in the past 10 years. The 2023/2024 season witnessed a longer duration of the winter–spring epidemic weeks and a higher disease burden compared with previous high-epidemic years. The A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and B/Victoria lineages alternated among the predominant circulating strains from the 2022/2023 season to the 2024/2025 season. After the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 seasons of disruption and fluctuation, influenza in the 2024/2025 season has reverted to its previous epidemic pattern.
{"title":"Changing Epidemiological Pattern and Higher Disease Burden of Influenza in China, 2022 to 2025","authors":"Hairu Yu, Qing Wang, Boer Qi, Jie Qian, Weizhong Yang, Luzhao Feng","doi":"10.1111/irv.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Influenza activity peaks in southern (59.62%) and northern China (57.60%) during the 2022/2023 season reached the highest levels in the past 10 years. The 2023/2024 season witnessed a longer duration of the winter–spring epidemic weeks and a higher disease burden compared with previous high-epidemic years. The A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and B/Victoria lineages alternated among the predominant circulating strains from the 2022/2023 season to the 2024/2025 season. After the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 seasons of disruption and fluctuation, influenza in the 2024/2025 season has reverted to its previous epidemic pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos G. Grijalva, Jesse O. Wrenn, Jonathan E. Schmitz, Karen F. Miller, Adrienne Baughman, Ian D. Jones, James D. Chappell, Natasha B. Halasa, Paul W. Blair, Yuwei Zhu, H. Keipp Talbot, Jonathan D. Casey, Fatimah S. Dawood, Diya Surie, Wesley H. Self, for the Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network
We estimated the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations in US adults 1 year prior to RSV vaccine introduction. The overall annual incidence rate of RSV-associated hospitalization was 31.47 (95% CI: 21.89–43.97) per 100,000 adults. Rates were 10-fold and 17-fold higher among adults 60 to 74 years and ≥ 75 years compared with adults 18 to 49 years old. This prospective assessment demonstrated the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations among adults, with the highest hospitalization rates among adults ≥ 60 years old, in the year prior to RSV vaccine introduction.
{"title":"Incidence Rates of RSV-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults in Middle Tennessee, United States, October 2022 Through September 2023","authors":"Carlos G. Grijalva, Jesse O. Wrenn, Jonathan E. Schmitz, Karen F. Miller, Adrienne Baughman, Ian D. Jones, James D. Chappell, Natasha B. Halasa, Paul W. Blair, Yuwei Zhu, H. Keipp Talbot, Jonathan D. Casey, Fatimah S. Dawood, Diya Surie, Wesley H. Self, for the Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network","doi":"10.1111/irv.70150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We estimated the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations in US adults 1 year prior to RSV vaccine introduction. The overall annual incidence rate of RSV-associated hospitalization was 31.47 (95% CI: 21.89–43.97) per 100,000 adults. Rates were 10-fold and 17-fold higher among adults 60 to 74 years and ≥ 75 years compared with adults 18 to 49 years old. This prospective assessment demonstrated the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations among adults, with the highest hospitalization rates among adults ≥ 60 years old, in the year prior to RSV vaccine introduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorin Adams, Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett, Jia Le Lee, James Bazire, Giulia Dowgier, Agnieszka Hobbs, Chloë Roustan, Annabel Borg, Christine Carr, Silvia Innocentin, Louise M. C. Webb, Callie Smith, Philip Bawumia, Nicola Lewis, Nicola O'Reilly, Svend Kjaer, Michelle A. Linterman, Ruth Harvey, Mary Y. Wu, Edward J. Carr
Background
Influenza remains a significant threat to human and animal health. Assessing serological protection against influenza has relied upon haemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assays, which are used to gauge existing immune landscapes, seasonal vaccine decisions and in systems vaccinology studies. HAI assays were first described in the 1940s. Here, we adapt our high-throughput live virus microneutralisation (LV-N) assay for SARS-CoV-2, benchmark against HAI assays, and report serological vaccine responsiveness in a cohort of older (> 65 yo) community dwelling adults.
Methods
Influenza-specific antibody responses were assessed in 73 individuals, before and after receipt of the adjuvanted 2021–22 Northern Hemisphere quadrivalent vaccine. We performed both HAI and LV-N assays against all four viruses represented in the vaccine [A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2), IVR-215 (A/Victoria/2570/2019-like) (H1N1)pdm09, B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage), B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)], using sera drawn before vaccination [range: d-82 to d-5], and days 7 [d6–10] and 181 [d156–200] after vaccination. We compared serological responses within each assay and between assays.
Results
Both the traditional HAI assay and our high-throughput live virus microneutralisation identified vaccine-induced boosts in antibody titres. We found population-level concordance between the two assays (Spearman's correlation coefficient range 0.49–0.88; all p ≤ 1.4 × 10−5). The improved granularity of microneutralisation was better able to estimate fold changes of responses and quantify the inhibitory effect of pre-existing antibody.
Conclusions
Our high-throughput method offers an alternative approach to assess influenza-specific serological responses with improved resolution, with the potential to improve the annual assessment of existing antibody landscapes, to improve new vaccine strain evaluation, and to offer a step-change in systems vaccinology, and a facet of laboratory-based pandemic preparedness.
{"title":"Improved Resolution of Influenza Vaccination Responses With High-Throughput Live Virus Microneutralisation","authors":"Lorin Adams, Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett, Jia Le Lee, James Bazire, Giulia Dowgier, Agnieszka Hobbs, Chloë Roustan, Annabel Borg, Christine Carr, Silvia Innocentin, Louise M. C. Webb, Callie Smith, Philip Bawumia, Nicola Lewis, Nicola O'Reilly, Svend Kjaer, Michelle A. Linterman, Ruth Harvey, Mary Y. Wu, Edward J. Carr","doi":"10.1111/irv.70140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza remains a significant threat to human and animal health. Assessing serological protection against influenza has relied upon haemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assays, which are used to gauge existing immune landscapes, seasonal vaccine decisions and in systems vaccinology studies. HAI assays were first described in the 1940s. Here, we adapt our high-throughput live virus microneutralisation (LV-N) assay for SARS-CoV-2, benchmark against HAI assays, and report serological vaccine responsiveness in a cohort of older (> 65 yo) community dwelling adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza-specific antibody responses were assessed in 73 individuals, before and after receipt of the adjuvanted 2021–22 Northern Hemisphere quadrivalent vaccine. We performed both HAI and LV-N assays against all four viruses represented in the vaccine [A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2), IVR-215 (A/Victoria/2570/2019-like) (H1N1)pdm09, B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage), B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)], using sera drawn before vaccination [range: d-82 to d-5], and days 7 [d6–10] and 181 [d156–200] after vaccination. We compared serological responses within each assay and between assays.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both the traditional HAI assay and our high-throughput live virus microneutralisation identified vaccine-induced boosts in antibody titres. We found population-level concordance between the two assays (Spearman's correlation coefficient range 0.49–0.88; all <i>p</i> ≤ 1.4 × 10<sup>−5</sup>). The improved granularity of microneutralisation was better able to estimate fold changes of responses and quantify the inhibitory effect of pre-existing antibody.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our high-throughput method offers an alternative approach to assess influenza-specific serological responses with improved resolution, with the potential to improve the annual assessment of existing antibody landscapes, to improve new vaccine strain evaluation, and to offer a step-change in systems vaccinology, and a facet of laboratory-based pandemic preparedness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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