Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory infections worldwide, including Thailand. This study aimed to assess clinical and economic burdens of RSV infections across different age groups in Thailand.
Method
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2021. Patients who tested at least one positive RSV were included and stratified into five age groups (< 2, 2–5, 5–18, 18–65, and > 65 years). Healthcare resource utilization, direct medical costs, and clinical outcomes were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Generalized linear models with gamma distributions and log link were used to model cost outcomes. Costs were reported in 2021 US dollars (USD), with 1 USD = 31.98 Thai Baht.
Results
A total of 2122 RSV-positive patients were identified, half of which (1097) were hospitalized. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) total hospitalization costs ranged from USD780 (IQR: USD488–USD1185) in those < 2 years to USD2231 (IQR: USD1250–USD4989) in those aged 65+ years. Case fatality rates among hospitalized patients also varied from 2.5% to 28.4% depending on age. Increased age, presence of comorbidities, and need for critical care were associated with higher hospitalization costs.
Conclusion
Among RSV-positive patients, younger children experienced the greatest burden, but poorer outcomes were observed in older adults. Higher costs were associated with older age, comorbidities and critical care needs. Understanding RSV economic burdens is crucial for assessing the cost-effectiveness and public health value of vaccination programs that prioritize at-risk groups to mitigate the public health impact.
{"title":"Real-World Assessment of Economic and Clinical Outcomes in Thai Patients With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Across Age Groups: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis","authors":"Win Khaing, Chia Jie Tan, Chanthawat Patikorn, Chonnamet Techasaensiri, Oraluck Pattanaprateep, Teerapon Dhippayom, Jackrapong Bruminhent, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk","doi":"10.1111/irv.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory infections worldwide, including Thailand. This study aimed to assess clinical and economic burdens of RSV infections across different age groups in Thailand.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2021. Patients who tested at least one positive RSV were included and stratified into five age groups (< 2, 2–5, 5–18, 18–65, and > 65 years). Healthcare resource utilization, direct medical costs, and clinical outcomes were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Generalized linear models with gamma distributions and log link were used to model cost outcomes. Costs were reported in 2021 US dollars (USD), with 1 USD = 31.98 Thai Baht.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 2122 RSV-positive patients were identified, half of which (1097) were hospitalized. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) total hospitalization costs ranged from USD780 (IQR: USD488–USD1185) in those < 2 years to USD2231 (IQR: USD1250–USD4989) in those aged 65+ years. Case fatality rates among hospitalized patients also varied from 2.5% to 28.4% depending on age. Increased age, presence of comorbidities, and need for critical care were associated with higher hospitalization costs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among RSV-positive patients, younger children experienced the greatest burden, but poorer outcomes were observed in older adults. Higher costs were associated with older age, comorbidities and critical care needs. Understanding RSV economic burdens is crucial for assessing the cost-effectiveness and public health value of vaccination programs that prioritize at-risk groups to mitigate the public health impact.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sy Duc Nguyen, Thi Huyen Trang Ngo, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Thien Hai Do
Background
Influenza is a common contagious respiratory virus that primarily causes respiratory tract infections. Neurological complications associated with influenza have also been reported, mainly in pediatric populations, and may be fatal.
Methods
A descriptive study evaluated pediatric patients who were diagnosed with severe influenza-associated neurological complications at the Tropical Pediatrics Center—Vietnam National Children's Hospital from October 2022 to February 2024.
Results
In this study involving 20 patients, 80% of children were under 5 years old; 70% of patients had a history of good health. All patients had not received an influenza vaccination within 12 months. The median time from onset to neurological symptoms was 1 day. The most common neurological complication was encephalitis (16/20 patients) with symptoms included altered consciousness and seizures. Most patients had elevated levels of ALT (60%), AST (90%), LDH (94%), and ferritin (69%) in serum. The imaging of brain damage on MRI and CT scans varied in patterns and locations. There was no difference in the timing of methylprednisolone treatment within and after 48 h. The mortality rate was 20%, with 45% of patients experiencing severe sequelae.
Conclusions
IANCs are severe with damage to both white matter and central gray matter and can occur in healthy children, emphasizing the importance of vaccination to reduce the risk.
{"title":"Severe Neurological Complications With Influenza in Vietnamese Children","authors":"Sy Duc Nguyen, Thi Huyen Trang Ngo, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Thien Hai Do","doi":"10.1111/irv.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza is a common contagious respiratory virus that primarily causes respiratory tract infections. Neurological complications associated with influenza have also been reported, mainly in pediatric populations, and may be fatal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A descriptive study evaluated pediatric patients who were diagnosed with severe influenza-associated neurological complications at the Tropical Pediatrics Center—Vietnam National Children's Hospital from October 2022 to February 2024.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study involving 20 patients, 80% of children were under 5 years old; 70% of patients had a history of good health. All patients had not received an influenza vaccination within 12 months. The median time from onset to neurological symptoms was 1 day. The most common neurological complication was encephalitis (16/20 patients) with symptoms included altered consciousness and seizures. Most patients had elevated levels of ALT (60%), AST (90%), LDH (94%), and ferritin (69%) in serum. The imaging of brain damage on MRI and CT scans varied in patterns and locations. There was no difference in the timing of methylprednisolone treatment within and after 48 h. The mortality rate was 20%, with 45% of patients experiencing severe sequelae.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IANCs are severe with damage to both white matter and central gray matter and can occur in healthy children, emphasizing the importance of vaccination to reduce the risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John McCauley, Maria Van Kerkhove, Laith Jamal Abu Raddad, Luke Meredith, Richard Brennan, Abdinasir Abubakar, Amal Barakat
<p>The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems globally, necessitating a rapid and robust response from all sectors, from public health to commerce. A key effort in response was the need for a substantial expansion in laboratory testing and diagnosis to monitor the spread of the virus and to provide critical data to support effective public health measures. The scale of the threat drove research and innovation in laboratory diagnostics and genomic surveillance, enhancing testing capabilities and providing technological support to countries that previously did not have access to the key capabilities for rapid detection of pathogens that are necessary to prevent the next outbreak from becoming a pandemic.</p><p>The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) comprises the Occupied Palestinian Territories and 21 member states: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. These countries have a diverse range of socio-economic and demographic conditions, and many are facing humanitarian crises caused by civil conflict and natural disasters. Despite these challenges, member states in the region, supported by national, regional, and international stakeholders, were able to mount variable but largely robust laboratory responses, increasing COVID-19 diagnostic and genomics capacity to covering 100% of the region [<span>1</span>]. This special issue provides an insight into the challenges faced in this rapid scale-up of capacity, as well as the extraordinary efforts taken to overcome them during the pandemic.</p><p>The key initiatives highlighted throughout this issue are now being redirected towards a sustainable laboratory network with the capacity to detect and respond to new and re-emerging pathogens that pose threats to public health in the region and globally, with the goal of preventing the next outbreak from becoming a pandemic. The investment in strengthening testing capacity, through molecular platforms such as PCR and genomics, that play a pivotal role in detecting and monitoring COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses, are now being expanded to include detection of priority pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential such as other respiratory pathogens (e.g., MERS-CoV), arboviruses (e.g., dengue), and hemorrhagic fevers (e.g. CCHF), which periodically threaten the region. These capacities are being strengthened and sustained through the development of and investment in national and regional strategies to support genomic surveillance in the region, with efforts underway to establish steering committees and technical working groups to sustain, standardize and enhance genomic sequencing in the region [<span>2</span>], as well as the continued expansion of quality assurance networks to ensure that laboratories continue to produce robust, reliable results to su
{"title":"Expansion of Laboratory Capacity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Future Strategies for Sustainability","authors":"John McCauley, Maria Van Kerkhove, Laith Jamal Abu Raddad, Luke Meredith, Richard Brennan, Abdinasir Abubakar, Amal Barakat","doi":"10.1111/irv.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems globally, necessitating a rapid and robust response from all sectors, from public health to commerce. A key effort in response was the need for a substantial expansion in laboratory testing and diagnosis to monitor the spread of the virus and to provide critical data to support effective public health measures. The scale of the threat drove research and innovation in laboratory diagnostics and genomic surveillance, enhancing testing capabilities and providing technological support to countries that previously did not have access to the key capabilities for rapid detection of pathogens that are necessary to prevent the next outbreak from becoming a pandemic.</p><p>The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) comprises the Occupied Palestinian Territories and 21 member states: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. These countries have a diverse range of socio-economic and demographic conditions, and many are facing humanitarian crises caused by civil conflict and natural disasters. Despite these challenges, member states in the region, supported by national, regional, and international stakeholders, were able to mount variable but largely robust laboratory responses, increasing COVID-19 diagnostic and genomics capacity to covering 100% of the region [<span>1</span>]. This special issue provides an insight into the challenges faced in this rapid scale-up of capacity, as well as the extraordinary efforts taken to overcome them during the pandemic.</p><p>The key initiatives highlighted throughout this issue are now being redirected towards a sustainable laboratory network with the capacity to detect and respond to new and re-emerging pathogens that pose threats to public health in the region and globally, with the goal of preventing the next outbreak from becoming a pandemic. The investment in strengthening testing capacity, through molecular platforms such as PCR and genomics, that play a pivotal role in detecting and monitoring COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses, are now being expanded to include detection of priority pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential such as other respiratory pathogens (e.g., MERS-CoV), arboviruses (e.g., dengue), and hemorrhagic fevers (e.g. CCHF), which periodically threaten the region. These capacities are being strengthened and sustained through the development of and investment in national and regional strategies to support genomic surveillance in the region, with efforts underway to establish steering committees and technical working groups to sustain, standardize and enhance genomic sequencing in the region [<span>2</span>], as well as the continued expansion of quality assurance networks to ensure that laboratories continue to produce robust, reliable results to su","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Clinical data on patients infected with influenza B Victoria (BV) after the approval of baloxavir is lacking.
Methods: This observational study of the Japanese 2023-2024 influenza season analyzed data from 25 outpatients with A(H1N1)pdm09, 36 with A(H3N2), and 65 with BV. Viral samples were collected before and after administering an antiviral (70 patients received baloxavir and 56 received a neuraminidase inhibitor), on days 1, 5, and 10. Isolated viruses after culturing were amplified using RT-PCR and sequenced to detect mutations of concern, including acidic protein (PA)-amino acid (AA) E23X/I38X for influenza A and M34X/I38X for BV. Fever and symptoms were tracked via self-reporting diaries.
Results: No PA-AA-substituted virus was detected from 126 pre-treatment samples. In the baloxavir cohort, one (7.1%, 1/14) PA I38F-substituted A(H1N1)pdm09 and two (11.1%, 2/18) PA I38T-substituted A(H3N2) viruses were isolated on day 5 but not on day 10. No (0%, 0/37) PA-AA-substituted BV was detected on day 5 or after. The virus isolation rate on day 5 was higher among patients with BV than with influenza A in both baloxavir (35.1% vs. 14.3% for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 16.7% for A(H3N2)) and oseltamivir-treated patients (44.4% vs. 0% for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 33.3% for A(H3N2)). Patients with PA-AA-substituted influenza A after baloxavir administration did not have longer fever duration than those without virus isolation or with wild-type virus on day 5, for both A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2).
Conclusions: Baloxavir-resistant variants were not detected in influenza BV before treatment, as with A. The emergence of PA-AA-substituted influenza A after baloxavir administration was temporal and did not cause prolonged symptoms. No baloxavir-resistant BV variants were observed after baloxavir administration.
{"title":"Virological and Clinical Outcomes of Influenza Outpatients Treated With Baloxavir, Oseltamivir, or Laninamivir in the 2023-2024 Season.","authors":"Takeyuki Goto, Naoki Kawai, Takuma Bando, Yoshio Takasaki, Shizuo Shindo, Tomonori Sato, Naoki Tani, Yong Chong, Hideyuki Ikematsu","doi":"10.1111/irv.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical data on patients infected with influenza B Victoria (BV) after the approval of baloxavir is lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational study of the Japanese 2023-2024 influenza season analyzed data from 25 outpatients with A(H1N1)pdm09, 36 with A(H3N2), and 65 with BV. Viral samples were collected before and after administering an antiviral (70 patients received baloxavir and 56 received a neuraminidase inhibitor), on days 1, 5, and 10. Isolated viruses after culturing were amplified using RT-PCR and sequenced to detect mutations of concern, including acidic protein (PA)-amino acid (AA) E23X/I38X for influenza A and M34X/I38X for BV. Fever and symptoms were tracked via self-reporting diaries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No PA-AA-substituted virus was detected from 126 pre-treatment samples. In the baloxavir cohort, one (7.1%, 1/14) PA I38F-substituted A(H1N1)pdm09 and two (11.1%, 2/18) PA I38T-substituted A(H3N2) viruses were isolated on day 5 but not on day 10. No (0%, 0/37) PA-AA-substituted BV was detected on day 5 or after. The virus isolation rate on day 5 was higher among patients with BV than with influenza A in both baloxavir (35.1% vs. 14.3% for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 16.7% for A(H3N2)) and oseltamivir-treated patients (44.4% vs. 0% for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 33.3% for A(H3N2)). Patients with PA-AA-substituted influenza A after baloxavir administration did not have longer fever duration than those without virus isolation or with wild-type virus on day 5, for both A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Baloxavir-resistant variants were not detected in influenza BV before treatment, as with A. The emergence of PA-AA-substituted influenza A after baloxavir administration was temporal and did not cause prolonged symptoms. No baloxavir-resistant BV variants were observed after baloxavir administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":"e70042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimberly Cheryl Chido Konono, Keiko Msusa, Samuel Mpinganjira, Adidja Amani, Charles Nyagupe, Michael Ngigi
The Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, a public-access database for sharing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomic sequencing data, has received significantly less data from African countries compared to the global total. Furthermore, the contribution of these data was infrequent and, for some countries, non-existent. The primary aim of this review is to identify the technological barriers to routine genomic surveillance in Africa. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant articles, and other eligible articles were identified from the reference list examination according to the PRISMA checklist. Eighty-four full-text articles were analysed for eligibility, and 49 published full-texted articles were included in the final qualitative analysis. The main technological barriers identified were limited genomic surveillance capacity, limited genomic sequencing infrastructure, lack of resources and skilled or trained scientists, and the high cost of importing, establishing, and maintaining a genomic sequencing facility. The Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative aims to improve genomic surveillance capacity across Africa, through resources, training, education, infrastructure, and regional sequencing centres. Furthermore, collaborations between African governments and international partners or national, private, and academic institutions are imperative to sustain genomic surveillance in Africa, and investment in genomic sequencing and research and development is paramount. Longer turnaround times interfere with global viral evolution monitoring and national implementation of effective policies to reduce the burden and disease. Establishing effective genomic surveillance systems guides public health responses and vaccine development for diseases endemic in Africa.
{"title":"Technological Barriers to Routine Genomic Surveillance for Vaccine Development Against SARS-CoV-2 in Africa: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Kimberly Cheryl Chido Konono, Keiko Msusa, Samuel Mpinganjira, Adidja Amani, Charles Nyagupe, Michael Ngigi","doi":"10.1111/irv.70047","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, a public-access database for sharing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomic sequencing data, has received significantly less data from African countries compared to the global total. Furthermore, the contribution of these data was infrequent and, for some countries, non-existent. The primary aim of this review is to identify the technological barriers to routine genomic surveillance in Africa. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant articles, and other eligible articles were identified from the reference list examination according to the PRISMA checklist. Eighty-four full-text articles were analysed for eligibility, and 49 published full-texted articles were included in the final qualitative analysis. The main technological barriers identified were limited genomic surveillance capacity, limited genomic sequencing infrastructure, lack of resources and skilled or trained scientists, and the high cost of importing, establishing, and maintaining a genomic sequencing facility. The Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative aims to improve genomic surveillance capacity across Africa, through resources, training, education, infrastructure, and regional sequencing centres. Furthermore, collaborations between African governments and international partners or national, private, and academic institutions are imperative to sustain genomic surveillance in Africa, and investment in genomic sequencing and research and development is paramount. Longer turnaround times interfere with global viral evolution monitoring and national implementation of effective policies to reduce the burden and disease. Establishing effective genomic surveillance systems guides public health responses and vaccine development for diseases endemic in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":"e70047"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wilma Grönroos, Petri Helenius, Maarit Valtonen, Matti Waris, Olli J. Heinonen, Olli Ruuskanen
Background
Viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are an important cause of illness in athletes. However, their impact on ice hockey players is unclear.
Method
We describe an outbreak of ARIs in a professional ice hockey team.
Results
Contrary to expected influenza, the 40-day outbreak was caused by 8 different respiratory viruses, that is, 2 different influenza A viruses, human coronavirus-NL63 (HCoV-NL63), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) A and B, 2 different rhinoviruses, enterovirus D68, and parainfluenza type 2 virus.
Conclusion
Only influenza A and HCoV-NL63 were possibly spread within the team thus suggesting an important contraction from the community. The burden of illness was substantial.
{"title":"An Outbreak of Respiratory Viral Infections in a Professional Ice Hockey Team","authors":"Wilma Grönroos, Petri Helenius, Maarit Valtonen, Matti Waris, Olli J. Heinonen, Olli Ruuskanen","doi":"10.1111/irv.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are an important cause of illness in athletes. However, their impact on ice hockey players is unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe an outbreak of ARIs in a professional ice hockey team.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contrary to expected influenza, the 40-day outbreak was caused by 8 different respiratory viruses, that is, 2 different influenza A viruses, human coronavirus-NL63 (HCoV-NL63), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) A and B, 2 different rhinoviruses, enterovirus D68, and parainfluenza type 2 virus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Only influenza A and HCoV-NL63 were possibly spread within the team thus suggesting an important contraction from the community. The burden of illness was substantial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142545286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabella M. Y. Cheung, Janine Paynter, David Broderick, Adrian Trenholme, Cass A. Byrnes, Cameron C. Grant, S. Qiu Huang, Nikki Turner, Peter McIntyre
Objective
Influenza reemerged after a 2020–2021 hiatus in 2022, but understanding the resurgence needs pre-COVID era surveillance. We compared age- and ethnicity-specific incidence of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from a hospital network in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2022 against a baseline, 2012–2019.
Methods
Annual and monthly influenza SARI incidence per 1000 persons by age and ethnic group between 2012 and 2022 was calculated using resident population as the denominator. The hospitals capture most severe illness of the resident population.
Results
Influenza SARI incidence was highest among <1 year olds (2.62; 95% CI: 1.84–3.61) during 2012–2019, lowest at 6–14 years, and did not significantly increase until 50–64 years (0.35; 95% CI: 0.27–0.45), reaching 1.19 (95% CI: 0.57–1.55) in those ≥75 years. In all age groups, incidence was at least threefold higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples. No influenza SARI was identified in 2020–2021. In 2022, despite an early peak, annual incidence (<65 years) was lower than baseline in all ethnic groups, but incidence (≥65 years) in Māori (2.06; 95% CI: 1.22–3.26) and Pacific (3.94; 95% CI: 2.97–5.13) peoples was higher in 2022 than most baseline years, whereas incidence in NMNP (0.22; 95% CI: 0.14–0.32) was lower than any baseline year.
Conclusion
After no influenza 2020–2021, Auckland had an early, high, narrow peak in 2022. Stratification by age and ethnicity revealed striking discrepancies in incidence among Māori and Pacific adults over 65 years compared with NMNP adults, with implications for targeted vaccination strategies.
{"title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) due to Influenza in Post-COVID Resurgence: Disproportionate Impact on Older Māori and Pacific Peoples","authors":"Isabella M. Y. Cheung, Janine Paynter, David Broderick, Adrian Trenholme, Cass A. Byrnes, Cameron C. Grant, S. Qiu Huang, Nikki Turner, Peter McIntyre","doi":"10.1111/irv.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza reemerged after a 2020–2021 hiatus in 2022, but understanding the resurgence needs pre-COVID era surveillance. We compared age- and ethnicity-specific incidence of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from a hospital network in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2022 against a baseline, 2012–2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Annual and monthly influenza SARI incidence per 1000 persons by age and ethnic group between 2012 and 2022 was calculated using resident population as the denominator. The hospitals capture most severe illness of the resident population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza SARI incidence was highest among <1 year olds (2.62; 95% CI: 1.84–3.61) during 2012–2019, lowest at 6–14 years, and did not significantly increase until 50–64 years (0.35; 95% CI: 0.27–0.45), reaching 1.19 (95% CI: 0.57–1.55) in those ≥75 years. In all age groups, incidence was at least threefold higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples. No influenza SARI was identified in 2020–2021. In 2022, despite an early peak, annual incidence (<65 years) was lower than baseline in all ethnic groups, but incidence (≥65 years) in Māori (2.06; 95% CI: 1.22–3.26) and Pacific (3.94; 95% CI: 2.97–5.13) peoples was higher in 2022 than most baseline years, whereas incidence in NMNP (0.22; 95% CI: 0.14–0.32) was lower than any baseline year.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After no influenza 2020–2021, Auckland had an early, high, narrow peak in 2022. Stratification by age and ethnicity revealed striking discrepancies in incidence among Māori and Pacific adults over 65 years compared with NMNP adults, with implications for targeted vaccination strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142545298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adjuvants use several mechanisms to boost immunogenicity and to modulate immune response. The strength of adsorption of antigen by adjuvants can be a determinant factor for significant improvement of immunopotentiation.
Methods
We expressed recombinant RBD-FC in PichiaPink Strain 4 and examined the vaccination of mice by vaccine formulation with different adjuvants (sodium alginate and aluminum hydroxide, alone and together).
Results
Sodium alginate significantly increased the immunogenicity and stability of RBD-FC antigen, so RBD-FC formulated with combined alginate and alum (AlSa) and sodium alginate alone showed higher antibody titer and stability. Immunogenicity of RBD-FC:AlSa was determined by serological assays including direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). High levels of IgGs and neutralizing antibodies were measured in serum of mice immunized with the RBD-FC:AlSa formulation. On the other hand, cytokines IL-10 and INF-γ were severely accumulated in response to RBD-FC:AlSa, and after 10 days, their accumulation was significantly declined, whereas IL-4 showed the highest and the lowest accumulation in response to alum and alginate, respectively.
Conclusions
Our data may suggest that combination of alum and sodium alginate has a better compatibility with RBD-FC in vaccine formulation.
{"title":"Improvement of RBD-FC Immunogenicity by Using Alum–Sodium Alginate Adjuvant Against SARS-COV-2","authors":"Mahboobeh Dehghan, Hossein Askari, Masoud Tohidfar, Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat, Fataneh Fatemi","doi":"10.1111/irv.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adjuvants use several mechanisms to boost immunogenicity and to modulate immune response. The strength of adsorption of antigen by adjuvants can be a determinant factor for significant improvement of immunopotentiation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We expressed recombinant RBD-FC in PichiaPink Strain 4 and examined the vaccination of mice by vaccine formulation with different adjuvants (sodium alginate and aluminum hydroxide, alone and together).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sodium alginate significantly increased the immunogenicity and stability of RBD-FC antigen, so RBD-FC formulated with combined alginate and alum (AlSa) and sodium alginate alone showed higher antibody titer and stability. Immunogenicity of RBD-FC:AlSa was determined by serological assays including direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). High levels of IgGs and neutralizing antibodies were measured in serum of mice immunized with the RBD-FC:AlSa formulation. On the other hand, cytokines IL-10 and INF-γ were severely accumulated in response to RBD-FC:AlSa, and after 10 days, their accumulation was significantly declined, whereas IL-4 showed the highest and the lowest accumulation in response to alum and alginate, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our data may suggest that combination of alum and sodium alginate has a better compatibility with RBD-FC in vaccine formulation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142545288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajay K. Sethi, Cristalyne Bell, Derek Norton, Maureen D. Goss, Shari Barlow, Guanhua Chen, Amra Uzicanin, Jonathan L. Temte
Background
Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is a driver of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding factors that contribute to secondary infection risks (SIRs) can define changing trends and inform public health policies.
Methods
The ORegon CHild Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) prospectively monitors respiratory viruses within the Oregon School District (OSD) in southcentral Wisconsin. Households with students who had ≥ 2 respiratory symptoms were eligible and opted to participate in ORCHARDS. Between October 28, 2020, and May 16, 2022, all household members provided self-collected nasal specimens on days 0, 7, and 14 for SARS-CoV-2 detection using real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We used logistic regression to investigate individual- and household-level characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Results
Overall, 127 households comprising 572 individuals (48% female; 52% male; 0.4% nonbinary; 77% ≥ 18 years) had at least one detection of SARS-CoV-2. The overall SIR was 47% and decreased over time (pre-Delta = 72% [95% CI: 58%–83%]; Delta = 51% [40%–63%]; and Omicron = 41% [36%–47%]). Odds of household transmission were 63% lower during the Omicron period compared with the pre-Delta period (OR = 0.36 [95% CI: 0.13–0.94] p = 0.037). Greater household density (members/bedroom) was significantly associated with household transmission during the Omicron period (OR = 6.8, [2.19–21.37] p = 0.001). Index case age, illness severity, and individual symptoms were not significantly associated with odds of household transmission.
Conclusions
Greater household density was associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but the risk declined over time with subsequent variants. Interplay between variants, prior infection, and individual/household factors may identify modifiable factors (e.g., behavior and vaccination) to reduce future transmission risk.
{"title":"Factors Associated With Transmission Across Three Waves of SARS-CoV-2 in a Prospective Community-Based Study of Households With School-Aged Children—Dane County, Wisconsin, 2020–2022","authors":"Ajay K. Sethi, Cristalyne Bell, Derek Norton, Maureen D. Goss, Shari Barlow, Guanhua Chen, Amra Uzicanin, Jonathan L. Temte","doi":"10.1111/irv.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is a driver of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding factors that contribute to secondary infection risks (SIRs) can define changing trends and inform public health policies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ORegon CHild Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) prospectively monitors respiratory viruses within the Oregon School District (OSD) in southcentral Wisconsin. Households with students who had ≥ 2 respiratory symptoms were eligible and opted to participate in ORCHARDS. Between October 28, 2020, and May 16, 2022, all household members provided self-collected nasal specimens on days 0, 7, and 14 for SARS-CoV-2 detection using real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We used logistic regression to investigate individual- and household-level characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 127 households comprising 572 individuals (48% female; 52% male; 0.4% nonbinary; 77% ≥ 18 years) had at least one detection of SARS-CoV-2. The overall SIR was 47% and decreased over time (pre-Delta = 72% [95% CI: 58%–83%]; Delta = 51% [40%–63%]; and Omicron = 41% [36%–47%]). Odds of household transmission were 63% lower during the Omicron period compared with the pre-Delta period (OR = 0.36 [95% CI: 0.13–0.94] <i>p</i> = 0.037). Greater household density (members/bedroom) was significantly associated with household transmission during the Omicron period (OR = 6.8, [2.19–21.37] <i>p</i> = 0.001). Index case age, illness severity, and individual symptoms were not significantly associated with odds of household transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Greater household density was associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but the risk declined over time with subsequent variants. Interplay between variants, prior infection, and individual/household factors may identify modifiable factors (e.g., behavior and vaccination) to reduce future transmission risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142545287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Liu, Jiuyang Xu, Cheng Wei, Yitian Xu, Chen Lyu, Mingzhi Sun, Ying Zheng, Bin Cao
Aims
Influenza virus infection may lead to fatal complications including multi-organ failure and sepsis. The influenza virus was detected in various extra-pulmonary organs in autopsy studies during the 2009 pandemic. However, limited research has been conducted on the presence of viral particle or viral components in the peripheral blood.
Methods and Results
We established a mouse model for severe H1N1 influenza. The bile and blood samples were collected over time and inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs. We detected live influenza virus in bile and blood samples in early infection. Immunofluorescence showed influenza viral components in the liver tissue. No live virus was isolated in the bile in mice intragastrically administered with influenza virus, indicating that the virus was spread from the blood stream. Targeted metabolomics analysis of bile acid and liver tissues showed that a secondary bile acid (3-dehydrocholic acid) was decreased after influenza H1N1 infection. Genes related with fatty acid metabolism and bile secretion pathways were down-regulated in liver after influenza virus infection.
Conclusion
Our study indicated that influenza virus viremia is present in severe influenza, and that the liver is a target organ for influenza viral sepsis.
{"title":"Detection of H1N1 Influenza Virus in the Bile of a Severe Influenza Mouse Model","authors":"Yan Liu, Jiuyang Xu, Cheng Wei, Yitian Xu, Chen Lyu, Mingzhi Sun, Ying Zheng, Bin Cao","doi":"10.1111/irv.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza virus infection may lead to fatal complications including multi-organ failure and sepsis. The influenza virus was detected in various extra-pulmonary organs in autopsy studies during the 2009 pandemic. However, limited research has been conducted on the presence of viral particle or viral components in the peripheral blood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We established a mouse model for severe H1N1 influenza. The bile and blood samples were collected over time and inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs. We detected live influenza virus in bile and blood samples in early infection. Immunofluorescence showed influenza viral components in the liver tissue. No live virus was isolated in the bile in mice intragastrically administered with influenza virus, indicating that the virus was spread from the blood stream. Targeted metabolomics analysis of bile acid and liver tissues showed that a secondary bile acid (3-dehydrocholic acid) was decreased after influenza H1N1 infection. Genes related with fatty acid metabolism and bile secretion pathways were down-regulated in liver after influenza virus infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study indicated that influenza virus viremia is present in severe influenza, and that the liver is a target organ for influenza viral sepsis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11502934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号