Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) was first identified in 1962 in pediatric patients with acute respiratory conditions in California, USA (US). From the 1970s to 2005, EV-D68 was underestimated due to limited data and serotyping methods. In 2014, the United States experienced outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children EV-D68 positive. WIN-like compounds (pleconaril, pocapavir, and vapendavir) bind to the virus capsid and have been tested against various enteroviruses (EVs) in clinical trials. However, these compounds encountered issues with resistance and adverse effects, which impeded their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Presently, the medical field lacks FDA-approved antiviral treatments or vaccines for EV-D68. Ongoing research efforts are dedicated to identifying viable therapeutics to address EV-D68 infections. This review explores the current advancements in antiviral therapies and potential therapeutics to mitigate the significant impact of EV-D68 infection control.
{"title":"Emerging Therapeutics in the Fight Against EV-D68: A Review of Current Strategies","authors":"Nida Kalam, Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam","doi":"10.1111/irv.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) was first identified in 1962 in pediatric patients with acute respiratory conditions in California, USA (US). From the 1970s to 2005, EV-D68 was underestimated due to limited data and serotyping methods. In 2014, the United States experienced outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children EV-D68 positive. WIN-like compounds (pleconaril, pocapavir, and vapendavir) bind to the virus capsid and have been tested against various enteroviruses (EVs) in clinical trials. However, these compounds encountered issues with resistance and adverse effects, which impeded their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Presently, the medical field lacks FDA-approved antiviral treatments or vaccines for EV-D68. Ongoing research efforts are dedicated to identifying viable therapeutics to address EV-D68 infections. This review explores the current advancements in antiviral therapies and potential therapeutics to mitigate the significant impact of EV-D68 infection control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the pandemic, a surveillance program to monitor COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers was established in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (FVG), Italy. The aim of our study was to measure the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection among nursing home employees by job title.
Methods
From March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2023, a retrospective population-based longitudinal study was conducted in 8880 nursing home employees. For each employee, all swabs up to the first positive result (n = 211.534) were considered. The study period was divided in six phases based on epidemic waves. Generalized estimated equations method for longitudinal binary data was applied with a time lag of a month, in each phase, obtaining an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence limit (95% CI) for each job category.
Results
In Phase 1 (1.3.2020–30.6.2020), compared with administrative assistants, jobs with high patient contact were at increased risk of infection: The OR and 95% CI were 3.52 (1.44–8.56) and 2.96 (1.15–7.66) in healthcare elementary occupation and physicians/nurses, respectively. Corresponding associations in Phase 2 (1.7.2020–31.1.2021) were 1.54 (1.18–2.02) and 1.41 (1.04–1.91). On the contrary, in Phase 6 (20.12.2021–31.3.2023) physicians/nurses were at a decreased risk (0.73 [0.58–0.91]).
Conclusions
In nursing homes, the risk of COVID-19 infection varied by job title and pandemic phase. Virus higher infectivity, probability of closer contact, and better adherence to infection prevention control may explain part of these differences. Stronger nursing home–specific surveillance in patients and employees should be extended worldwide to control this high global burden of disease communities.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Nursing Home Healthcare Workers: A Longitudinal Study in North-Eastern Italy","authors":"Valentina Rosolen, Diana Menis, Luigi Castriotta, Fabio Barbone, Francesca Larese Filon","doi":"10.1111/irv.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the pandemic, a surveillance program to monitor COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers was established in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (FVG), Italy. The aim of our study was to measure the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection among nursing home employees by job title.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2023, a retrospective population-based longitudinal study was conducted in 8880 nursing home employees. For each employee, all swabs up to the first positive result (<i>n</i> = 211.534) were considered. The study period was divided in six phases based on epidemic waves. Generalized estimated equations method for longitudinal binary data was applied with a time lag of a month, in each phase, obtaining an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence limit (95% CI) for each job category.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Phase 1 (1.3.2020–30.6.2020), compared with administrative assistants, jobs with high patient contact were at increased risk of infection: The OR and 95% CI were 3.52 (1.44–8.56) and 2.96 (1.15–7.66) in healthcare elementary occupation and physicians/nurses, respectively. Corresponding associations in Phase 2 (1.7.2020–31.1.2021) were 1.54 (1.18–2.02) and 1.41 (1.04–1.91). On the contrary, in Phase 6 (20.12.2021–31.3.2023) physicians/nurses were at a decreased risk (0.73 [0.58–0.91]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In nursing homes, the risk of COVID-19 infection varied by job title and pandemic phase. Virus higher infectivity, probability of closer contact, and better adherence to infection prevention control may explain part of these differences. Stronger nursing home–specific surveillance in patients and employees should be extended worldwide to control this high global burden of disease communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Megan E. Reller, Kayur Mehta, Eric D. McCollum, Salahuddin Ahmed, Jack Anderson, Arunangshu D. Roy, Nabidul Haque Chowdhury, Samir Saha, Lawrence H. Moulton, Mathuram Santosham, Abdullah H. Baqui
Background
Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) remain the leading infectious cause of death among children < 5 years, with viruses contributing to a large proportion of cases. Little is known about the epidemiology and etiology of viral ALRI in rural Bangladesh.
Methods
We enrolled 3- to 23-month-old children with ALRIs attending a subdistrict hospital outpatient clinic in Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Trained study physicians ascertained the cases and obtained nasopharyngeal swabs to detect 19 respiratory viruses by multiplex PCR using the Luminex Integrated System NxTAG Respiratory pathogen panel.
Results
Between August 2016 and September 2017, we enrolled 1477 children. Median age was 10 months; 58.1% were male. Forty-seven percent presented during autumn (mid-June to mid-October). About a third had temperature ≥ 101°F, 95.4% had cough in the previous 3 days, 72.0% had fast breathing, and 80.0% had chest indrawing. Alveolar consolidation occurred in 23.9%, and 4.4% were hypoxemic (saturation < 90% on room air). Nineteen percent required hospitalization; 79.1% of them were discharged within 48 h. A respiratory virus was identified in 81.8%, majority (75.8%) with single virus isolation. Rhinoenterovirus was most commonly identified (HRV/HEV, 37.9%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 20.2%) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV, 11.7%). Rhinoenterovirus was detected year-round; RSV was detected during August–November and hMPV during December–March.
Conclusions
Respiratory viruses were identified in a majority (82%) of children under 2 years of age presenting with ALRI in rural hospitals of Bangladesh. These findings have implications for future study and potentially for surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, vaccine program planning, and policy.
{"title":"Viral Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRI) in Rural Bangladeshi Children Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Megan E. Reller, Kayur Mehta, Eric D. McCollum, Salahuddin Ahmed, Jack Anderson, Arunangshu D. Roy, Nabidul Haque Chowdhury, Samir Saha, Lawrence H. Moulton, Mathuram Santosham, Abdullah H. Baqui","doi":"10.1111/irv.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) remain the leading infectious cause of death among children < 5 years, with viruses contributing to a large proportion of cases. Little is known about the epidemiology and etiology of viral ALRI in rural Bangladesh.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We enrolled 3- to 23-month-old children with ALRIs attending a subdistrict hospital outpatient clinic in Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Trained study physicians ascertained the cases and obtained nasopharyngeal swabs to detect 19 respiratory viruses by multiplex PCR using the Luminex Integrated System NxTAG Respiratory pathogen panel.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between August 2016 and September 2017, we enrolled 1477 children. Median age was 10 months; 58.1% were male. Forty-seven percent presented during autumn (mid-June to mid-October). About a third had temperature ≥ 101°F, 95.4% had cough in the previous 3 days, 72.0% had fast breathing, and 80.0% had chest indrawing. Alveolar consolidation occurred in 23.9%, and 4.4% were hypoxemic (saturation < 90% on room air). Nineteen percent required hospitalization; 79.1% of them were discharged within 48 h. A respiratory virus was identified in 81.8%, majority (75.8%) with single virus isolation. Rhinoenterovirus was most commonly identified (HRV/HEV, 37.9%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 20.2%) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV, 11.7%). Rhinoenterovirus was detected year-round; RSV was detected during August–November and hMPV during December–March.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory viruses were identified in a majority (82%) of children under 2 years of age presenting with ALRI in rural hospitals of Bangladesh. These findings have implications for future study and potentially for surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, vaccine program planning, and policy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Yi Tan, Nur Huda Khamis, Alvin Goh, Tania K. L. Mah, Benny Yeo, Jie Yin Ngan, Yichen Ding, Cui Lin, Sae-Rom Chae, Phoebe Lee, Zheng Jie Marc Ho
Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, genomic surveillance was crucial for monitoring virus spread and identifying variants. Effective surveillance helped understand transmission dynamics. Singapore had success in combating COVID-19 through its surveillance programmes. This paper outlines Singapore's strategy and its impact on public health during the transition to endemicity over 54 weeks from February 2022 to February 2023.
Methods
In May 2022, Singapore expanded its acute respiratory infections (ARI) surveillance to enhance COVID-19 detection. COVID-19–positive samples from ARI cases were sent to the National Public Health Laboratory for whole genome sequencing (WGS). WGS data informed public health actions based on transmission origins and case severity.
Results
Over 54 weeks, NPHL sequenced 18,918 (73%) samples. Analysis showed 29% imported and 71% local cases. Severe cases accounted for 12% and were mostly elderly, specifically those aged 80 years old and above. Variant analysis identified 11 predominant variants and 288 subvariants. Omicron BA.2, BA.5 and XBB were initially dominant, followed by increased variant heterogeneity. Severe cases mirrored these trends.
Conclusion
Genomic surveillance was integral in Singapore's COVID-19 response, guiding timely public health decisions. Effective variant tracking supported proactive measures. The experience underscores the importance of genomic surveillance for future pandemic preparedness and emerging disease detection, emphasising its role in shaping pandemic responses and global health.
{"title":"Singapore's COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Programme: Strategies and Insights From a Pandemic Year","authors":"Hao Yi Tan, Nur Huda Khamis, Alvin Goh, Tania K. L. Mah, Benny Yeo, Jie Yin Ngan, Yichen Ding, Cui Lin, Sae-Rom Chae, Phoebe Lee, Zheng Jie Marc Ho","doi":"10.1111/irv.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, genomic surveillance was crucial for monitoring virus spread and identifying variants. Effective surveillance helped understand transmission dynamics. Singapore had success in combating COVID-19 through its surveillance programmes. This paper outlines Singapore's strategy and its impact on public health during the transition to endemicity over 54 weeks from February 2022 to February 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In May 2022, Singapore expanded its acute respiratory infections (ARI) surveillance to enhance COVID-19 detection. COVID-19–positive samples from ARI cases were sent to the National Public Health Laboratory for whole genome sequencing (WGS). WGS data informed public health actions based on transmission origins and case severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over 54 weeks, NPHL sequenced 18,918 (73%) samples. Analysis showed 29% imported and 71% local cases. Severe cases accounted for 12% and were mostly elderly, specifically those aged 80 years old and above. Variant analysis identified 11 predominant variants and 288 subvariants. Omicron BA.2, BA.5 and XBB were initially dominant, followed by increased variant heterogeneity. Severe cases mirrored these trends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genomic surveillance was integral in Singapore's COVID-19 response, guiding timely public health decisions. Effective variant tracking supported proactive measures. The experience underscores the importance of genomic surveillance for future pandemic preparedness and emerging disease detection, emphasising its role in shaping pandemic responses and global health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major health concern, particularly for infants. In France, Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) was available from September 2023. We described RSV-associated LRTI hospitalisations during the 2023–2024 season among infants younger than six months born at the Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), and evaluated the effectiveness of Nirsevimab against RSV-LRTI hospitalisation.
Methods
This observational study included infants born and hospitalised at the HCL during the 2023–2024 season, along with pre-COVID-19 and 2022–2023 seasons. Information on Nirsevimab immunisation status, clinical and perinatal variables were collected through routine care. Infants' characteristics and incidence rate of hospitalisation per 100 births during 2023–2024 were compared with the historical periods overall and by delay between birth and the onset of the RSV season. Nirsevimab effectiveness was computed by the screening method.
Results
During the 2023–2024 season, 83 infants younger than six months were hospitalised with an RSV-associated LRTI. Compared with the historical periods (640 pre-COVID-19 and 123 in 2022–2023), these infants were older. Incidence rate for infants born during the period when immunisation was available were lower than the previous seasons; incidence rate ratios were 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33; 0.62) in 2023–2024 compared with pre-COVID-19 period and 0.53 (95%CI: 0.36; 0.77) compared with 2022–2023 season. Nirsevimab effectiveness was 78.3% (95%CI: 55.9; 89.5) with a coverage of 79.3% in the two main HCL maternities.
Conclusions
High Nirsevimab coverage and effectiveness were estimated in a real-world setting. A change in the age distribution of RSV-associated LRTI hospitalisations in 2023–2024 was noted compared with historical seasons.
{"title":"Changes in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalisations Epidemiology After Nirsevimab Introduction in Lyon, France","authors":"Cécile Chauvel, Côme Horvat, Etienne Javouhey, Yves Gillet, Juliette Hassenboehler, Claire Nour Abou Chakra, Corinne Ragouilliaux, Franck Plaisant, Dominique Ploin, Marine Butin, Jean-Sebastien Casalegno, Marta C. Nunes","doi":"10.1111/irv.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major health concern, particularly for infants. In France, Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) was available from September 2023. We described RSV-associated LRTI hospitalisations during the 2023–2024 season among infants younger than six months born at the Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), and evaluated the effectiveness of Nirsevimab against RSV-LRTI hospitalisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This observational study included infants born and hospitalised at the HCL during the 2023–2024 season, along with pre-COVID-19 and 2022–2023 seasons. Information on Nirsevimab immunisation status, clinical and perinatal variables were collected through routine care. Infants' characteristics and incidence rate of hospitalisation per 100 births during 2023–2024 were compared with the historical periods overall and by delay between birth and the onset of the RSV season. Nirsevimab effectiveness was computed by the screening method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the 2023–2024 season, 83 infants younger than six months were hospitalised with an RSV-associated LRTI. Compared with the historical periods (640 pre-COVID-19 and 123 in 2022–2023), these infants were older. Incidence rate for infants born during the period when immunisation was available were lower than the previous seasons; incidence rate ratios were 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33; 0.62) in 2023–2024 compared with pre-COVID-19 period and 0.53 (95%CI: 0.36; 0.77) compared with 2022–2023 season. Nirsevimab effectiveness was 78.3% (95%CI: 55.9; 89.5) with a coverage of 79.3% in the two main HCL maternities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High Nirsevimab coverage and effectiveness were estimated in a real-world setting. A change in the age distribution of RSV-associated LRTI hospitalisations in 2023–2024 was noted compared with historical seasons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Rayens, Jennifer H. Ku, Lina S. Sy, Lei Qian, Bradley K. Ackerson, Yi Luo, Julia E. Tubert, Gina S. Lee, Punam P. Modha, Yoonyoung Park, Tianyu Sun, Evan J. Anderson, Hung Fu Tseng
This retrospective cohort study evaluated the comparative vaccine effectiveness (cVE) of licensed standard-dose cell-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines in preventing influenza hospitalization among adults 18–64 years during the 2022–2023 season. The cohort included eligible Kaiser Permanente Southern California members who received ≥ 1 dose of influenza vaccine (n = 848,334). The adjusted cVE against influenza hospitalization was −10.1% (95% CI: −49.8%, 37.8%) in the 18- to 49-year-old cohort. In the 50- to 64-year-old cohort, the adjusted cVE was 14.9% (−33.8%, 52.1%). Cell-based and egg-based influenza vaccines conferred comparable protection against influenza hospitalization in adults 18–64 years of age in the 2022–2023 season.
{"title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines in Prevention of Influenza Hospitalization During the 2022–2023 Season Among Adults 18–64 Years","authors":"Emily Rayens, Jennifer H. Ku, Lina S. Sy, Lei Qian, Bradley K. Ackerson, Yi Luo, Julia E. Tubert, Gina S. Lee, Punam P. Modha, Yoonyoung Park, Tianyu Sun, Evan J. Anderson, Hung Fu Tseng","doi":"10.1111/irv.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This retrospective cohort study evaluated the comparative vaccine effectiveness (cVE) of licensed standard-dose cell-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines in preventing influenza hospitalization among adults 18–64 years during the 2022–2023 season. The cohort included eligible Kaiser Permanente Southern California members who received ≥ 1 dose of influenza vaccine (<i>n</i> = 848,334). The adjusted cVE against influenza hospitalization was −10.1% (95% CI: −49.8%, 37.8%) in the 18- to 49-year-old cohort. In the 50- to 64-year-old cohort, the adjusted cVE was 14.9% (−33.8%, 52.1%). Cell-based and egg-based influenza vaccines conferred comparable protection against influenza hospitalization in adults 18–64 years of age in the 2022–2023 season.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo Plaza, Andrea Santangeli, Tommaso Cancellario, Sergio Lambertucci
<p>In late 2020, the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (hereafter, H5N1) fired the most severe panzootic ever recorded, causing alarming mortalities in wildlife and domestic animals, with an increasing risk to humans [<span>1-4</span>]. Almost the entire world has been affected by H5N1; the virus has expanded to new regions such as the Americas and Antarctica for the first time in its evolutionary history [<span>3</span>]. However, no cases of H5N1 have been detected in Oceania to date [<span>5, 6</span>] (only one human case infected outside this continent has been reported [<span>7</span>]). Regions not affected by this virus are of epidemiological importance, as they provide insights about potential limiting factors for its spread (e.g., geographic barriers, environmental features, wild species traits and movement). Moreover, in those areas, there is still time to prepare efficient preventive and mitigation actions to reduce the impact of this pathogen, if we can identify potential pathways of virus arrival. Here, leveraging range maps of suitable host bird species, we suggest a potential pathway of H5N1 arrival to the Oceania region that could be important to consider under the current epidemiological behavior of this virus.</p><p>To assess possible pathways of H5N1 arrival to Oceania (specifically, Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania for this article), we performed a map of risk based on wild bird species already reported as infected by the virus anywhere in the world. These species could be considered suitable hosts of the virus. We integrated a list of H5N1-infected wild bird species reported in the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) database up to April 2024 [<span>3</span>] and Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research up to November 2024 (SCAR) [<span>8</span>], with species distributions primarily based on habitat maps (AOH) [<span>9</span>] and, when these were lacking, bird ranges provided by BirdLife International [<span>10</span>]. We removed records in which infected individuals were not identified at the species level and cases where individuals were kept in captivity. We obtained 345 unique wild bird species found infected by H5N1. To map the risk of H5N1 infection (i.e., areas where species reported as infected are distributed), we used the Additive Benefit Function (ABF) in Zonation v.5 [<span>11</span>].</p><p>Our risk map shows that Oceania presents a low risk compared with other regions, because it still does not host many species already reported as infected in the rest of the world (Figure 1A). However, more than 50 species that live in Oceania have already been infected in other regions (Table S1). Many of those species overlap their distributions in most of the coast of Australia and New Zealand, making this region of high risk (Figure 1B). Some key susceptible species reported infected in other regions (e.g., Antarctica and sub-Antarctic islands) such as Brown skuas (<i>Stercorarius antarcticus</i
{"title":"Potential Arrival Pathway for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 to Oceania","authors":"Pablo Plaza, Andrea Santangeli, Tommaso Cancellario, Sergio Lambertucci","doi":"10.1111/irv.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In late 2020, the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (hereafter, H5N1) fired the most severe panzootic ever recorded, causing alarming mortalities in wildlife and domestic animals, with an increasing risk to humans [<span>1-4</span>]. Almost the entire world has been affected by H5N1; the virus has expanded to new regions such as the Americas and Antarctica for the first time in its evolutionary history [<span>3</span>]. However, no cases of H5N1 have been detected in Oceania to date [<span>5, 6</span>] (only one human case infected outside this continent has been reported [<span>7</span>]). Regions not affected by this virus are of epidemiological importance, as they provide insights about potential limiting factors for its spread (e.g., geographic barriers, environmental features, wild species traits and movement). Moreover, in those areas, there is still time to prepare efficient preventive and mitigation actions to reduce the impact of this pathogen, if we can identify potential pathways of virus arrival. Here, leveraging range maps of suitable host bird species, we suggest a potential pathway of H5N1 arrival to the Oceania region that could be important to consider under the current epidemiological behavior of this virus.</p><p>To assess possible pathways of H5N1 arrival to Oceania (specifically, Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania for this article), we performed a map of risk based on wild bird species already reported as infected by the virus anywhere in the world. These species could be considered suitable hosts of the virus. We integrated a list of H5N1-infected wild bird species reported in the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) database up to April 2024 [<span>3</span>] and Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research up to November 2024 (SCAR) [<span>8</span>], with species distributions primarily based on habitat maps (AOH) [<span>9</span>] and, when these were lacking, bird ranges provided by BirdLife International [<span>10</span>]. We removed records in which infected individuals were not identified at the species level and cases where individuals were kept in captivity. We obtained 345 unique wild bird species found infected by H5N1. To map the risk of H5N1 infection (i.e., areas where species reported as infected are distributed), we used the Additive Benefit Function (ABF) in Zonation v.5 [<span>11</span>].</p><p>Our risk map shows that Oceania presents a low risk compared with other regions, because it still does not host many species already reported as infected in the rest of the world (Figure 1A). However, more than 50 species that live in Oceania have already been infected in other regions (Table S1). Many of those species overlap their distributions in most of the coast of Australia and New Zealand, making this region of high risk (Figure 1B). Some key susceptible species reported infected in other regions (e.g., Antarctica and sub-Antarctic islands) such as Brown skuas (<i>Stercorarius antarcticus</i","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142835459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluation of infectious virus titer is a challenge for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) clinical trials because of the labile nature of RSV and rapid loss of infectivity without proper specimen handling. However, there has been no rigorous investigation into RSV stability in clinical specimens.
Methods
RSV stability was investigated by evaluating virus titers and defined as titer variation from baseline within three standard deviations of our titration assay. RSV stability in viral transport medium (VTM) at 4°C and the effect of freezing method on stability were evaluated using RSV-A2 stock. RSV stability in nasal aspirates collected in VTM at 4°C was estimated by regression analysis of virus titers measured at several time points. Stability of these specimens stored at −80°C for 10–15 months after freezing by the method, which maintained RSV-A2 stability, was also assessed.
Results
Three standard deviations were calculated from our titration assay as 0.97 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL), and RSV stability was defined as variation of virus titer from baseline within 1.0 log10TCID50/mL. RSV-A2 in VTM at 4°C was stable for at least 120 h. Freezing at −80°C negatively affected virus stability, whereas freezing in liquid nitrogen or a dry ice-ethanol bath did not. RSV in nasal aspirates was stable for 2 days at 4°C and for 10–15 months at −80°C after snap freezing.
Conclusions
RSV in nasal aspirates in VTM was estimated to be stable for 2 days at 4°C and for approximately 1 year at −80°C.
{"title":"Stability of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Nasal Aspirate From Patients Infected With RSV","authors":"Atsuko Yamamoto, Yoko Hayasaki-Kajiwara, Takamichi Baba, Saori Okaga, Mayumi Kakui, Takao Shishido","doi":"10.1111/irv.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluation of infectious virus titer is a challenge for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) clinical trials because of the labile nature of RSV and rapid loss of infectivity without proper specimen handling. However, there has been no rigorous investigation into RSV stability in clinical specimens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>RSV stability was investigated by evaluating virus titers and defined as titer variation from baseline within three standard deviations of our titration assay. RSV stability in viral transport medium (VTM) at 4°C and the effect of freezing method on stability were evaluated using RSV-A2 stock. RSV stability in nasal aspirates collected in VTM at 4°C was estimated by regression analysis of virus titers measured at several time points. Stability of these specimens stored at −80°C for 10–15 months after freezing by the method, which maintained RSV-A2 stability, was also assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three standard deviations were calculated from our titration assay as 0.97 log<sub>10</sub> 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL), and RSV stability was defined as variation of virus titer from baseline within 1.0 log<sub>10</sub>TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL. RSV-A2 in VTM at 4°C was stable for at least 120 h. Freezing at −80°C negatively affected virus stability, whereas freezing in liquid nitrogen or a dry ice-ethanol bath did not. RSV in nasal aspirates was stable for 2 days at 4°C and for 10–15 months at −80°C after snap freezing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>RSV in nasal aspirates in VTM was estimated to be stable for 2 days at 4°C and for approximately 1 year at −80°C.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142835461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danielle Dias Conte, Raí André Silva Watanabe, Ana Paula Cunha Chaves, Felipe Alberto-Lei, Ana Helena Sita Perosa, Gabriela Barbosa, Nancy Bellei
This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of the emergence of new variants and the epidemiological scenario on hospitalization rates of unvaccinated children (0–12 years) in Brazil. The study included 1614 children admitted to a hospital between March 2020 and December 2022 but 101 (6.3%) of them testing positive for COVID-19 via RT-PCR. The frequency of COVID-19 cases increased from 7.5% in 2020 to 9.3% in 2022 with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Children over 5 years old with comorbidities accounted for most cases (69% [70/101]). Sickle cell anemia was the most frequent comorbidity (20%), and influenza-like illness (36% [36/101]) and decompensation of underlying disease (33% [33/101]) were the main reasons for hospitalization. Coinfection was detected in 11% of cases, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common viral pathogen (71%). Hospital readmission occurred in 26% of cases, with a higher frequency in children over 5 years old. The death rate was 1.9%, with comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease as risk factors. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize vaccination with monovalent Omicron XBB for high-risk groups, including children over 5 years old with comorbidities, to mitigate the impact of new variants and reduce severe disease outcomes.
{"title":"Impact of Variants, Epidemiological Trends, and Comorbidities on Hospitalization Rates of Unvaccinated Children in Brazil: A Retrospective Study (2020–2022)","authors":"Danielle Dias Conte, Raí André Silva Watanabe, Ana Paula Cunha Chaves, Felipe Alberto-Lei, Ana Helena Sita Perosa, Gabriela Barbosa, Nancy Bellei","doi":"10.1111/irv.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of the emergence of new variants and the epidemiological scenario on hospitalization rates of unvaccinated children (0–12 years) in Brazil. The study included 1614 children admitted to a hospital between March 2020 and December 2022 but 101 (6.3%) of them testing positive for COVID-19 via RT-PCR. The frequency of COVID-19 cases increased from 7.5% in 2020 to 9.3% in 2022 with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Children over 5 years old with comorbidities accounted for most cases (69% [70/101]). Sickle cell anemia was the most frequent comorbidity (20%), and influenza-like illness (36% [36/101]) and decompensation of underlying disease (33% [33/101]) were the main reasons for hospitalization. Coinfection was detected in 11% of cases, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common viral pathogen (71%). Hospital readmission occurred in 26% of cases, with a higher frequency in children over 5 years old. The death rate was 1.9%, with comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease as risk factors. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize vaccination with monovalent Omicron XBB for high-risk groups, including children over 5 years old with comorbidities, to mitigate the impact of new variants and reduce severe disease outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142835447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though receptor binding specificity is well established as a contributor to host tropism and spillover potential of influenza A viruses, determining receptor binding preference of a specific virus still requires expensive and time-consuming laboratory analyses. In this study, we pilot a machine learning approach for prediction of binding preference.
Methods
We trained a convolutional neural network to predict the α2,6-linked sialic acid preference of influenza A viruses given the hemagglutinin amino acid sequence. The model was evaluated with an independent test dataset to assess the standard performance metrics, the impact of missing data in the test sequences, and the prediction performance on novel subtypes. Further, features found to be important to the generation of predictions were tested via targeted mutagenesis of H9 and H16 proteins expressed on pseudoviruses.
Results
The final model developed in this study produced predictions on a test dataset correctly 94% of the time and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93. The model tolerated about 10% missing test data without compromising accurate prediction performance. Predictions on novel subtypes revealed that the model can extrapolate feature relationships between subtypes when generating binding predictions. Finally, evaluation of the features important for model predictions helped identify positions that alter the sialic acid conformation preference of hemagglutinin proteins in practice.
Conclusions
Ultimately, our results provide support to this in silico approach to hemagglutinin receptor binding preference prediction. This work emphasizes the need for ongoing research efforts to produce tools that may aid future pandemic risk assessment.
{"title":"Examining the Influenza A Virus Sialic Acid Binding Preference Predictions of a Sequence-Based Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Laura K. Borkenhagen, Jonathan A. Runstadler","doi":"10.1111/irv.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Though receptor binding specificity is well established as a contributor to host tropism and spillover potential of influenza A viruses, determining receptor binding preference of a specific virus still requires expensive and time-consuming laboratory analyses. In this study, we pilot a machine learning approach for prediction of binding preference.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We trained a convolutional neural network to predict the α2,6-linked sialic acid preference of influenza A viruses given the hemagglutinin amino acid sequence. The model was evaluated with an independent test dataset to assess the standard performance metrics, the impact of missing data in the test sequences, and the prediction performance on novel subtypes. Further, features found to be important to the generation of predictions were tested via targeted mutagenesis of H9 and H16 proteins expressed on pseudoviruses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The final model developed in this study produced predictions on a test dataset correctly 94% of the time and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93. The model tolerated about 10% missing test data without compromising accurate prediction performance. Predictions on novel subtypes revealed that the model can extrapolate feature relationships between subtypes when generating binding predictions. Finally, evaluation of the features important for model predictions helped identify positions that alter the sialic acid conformation preference of hemagglutinin proteins in practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ultimately, our results provide support to this in silico approach to hemagglutinin receptor binding preference prediction. This work emphasizes the need for ongoing research efforts to produce tools that may aid future pandemic risk assessment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11634464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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