Paloma Encinas, Antonio Lalueza-Blanco, Ana Isabel García-Vaquero, Martha I. Nelson, Adolfo García-Sastre, Gustavo del Real
Swine influenza A viruses (SIVs) pose a zoonotic risk, with variants detected in humans in Europe. This study evaluated the efficacy of the 2021/2022 seasonal influenza vaccine against SIVs. Forty-six postvaccination human sera were tested via hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against Spanish SIV genotypes. Seroprotection rate (SPR, HI titer ≥ 40) was 76% (95% CI: 64–88) and 91% (95% CI: 83–99) for human vaccine strains H1 and H3, respectively. SPRs were 67% (95% CI: 53–81) for pandemic swine H1, 64% (95% CI: 50–78) for human seasonal-like H1, 17%–46% for Eurasian avian-like H1, 15% (95% CI: 5–25) for human seasonal-like H3 from the 1970s, and 83%–93% for human seasonal-like H3 from the 2000s SIVs.
{"title":"Seasonal Influenza Vaccine 2021/2022 Provides Limited Cross Reactivity Against Contemporary Swine Influenza A Virus Strains in Spain","authors":"Paloma Encinas, Antonio Lalueza-Blanco, Ana Isabel García-Vaquero, Martha I. Nelson, Adolfo García-Sastre, Gustavo del Real","doi":"10.1111/irv.70158","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Swine influenza A viruses (SIVs) pose a zoonotic risk, with variants detected in humans in Europe. This study evaluated the efficacy of the 2021/2022 seasonal influenza vaccine against SIVs. Forty-six postvaccination human sera were tested via hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against Spanish SIV genotypes. Seroprotection rate (SPR, HI titer ≥ 40) was 76% (95% CI: 64–88) and 91% (95% CI: 83–99) for human vaccine strains H1 and H3, respectively. SPRs were 67% (95% CI: 53–81) for pandemic swine H1, 64% (95% CI: 50–78) for human seasonal-like H1, 17%–46% for Eurasian avian-like H1, 15% (95% CI: 5–25) for human seasonal-like H3 from the 1970s, and 83%–93% for human seasonal-like H3 from the 2000s SIVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrica Castellana, Alessandra Picelli, Emma Papini, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Jojanneke van Summeren, Marco Del Riccio, Saverio Caini
Background
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) circulates globally, yet its seasonal dynamics remain incompletely defined. Here, we describe the global timing, amplitude and duration of hMPV outbreaks, comparing the pre- versus post-COVID-19 periods.
Methods
Surveillance data for hMPV were retrieved from WHO FluNet from Week 1/2016 until Week 26/2025. We examined the epidemic peak timing, amplitude and duration across seasons and latitudes and compared patterns in 2016–2019 with those in 2021–2025.
Results
Over the study period, approximately 145,000 hMPV detections were reported to the WHO FluNet database from a total of 54 countries worldwide. Among the 15 countries with sufficient data to analyse seasonality, the epidemic timing aligned with geographic latitude, with the peak occurring in June–September in the Southern Hemisphere, February–April in the Northern Hemisphere, while the timing was variable across the intertropical belt. The amplitude of the peak varied across countries, with some countries characterized by single, well-defined peaks and others with more widespread epidemics throughout the season. The median epidemic duration was 19.5 weeks (range 15–36). After the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, marked shifts in timing and amplitude were observed, with delays or dislocations in several countries compared with pre-pandemic seasons.
Conclusions
In this analysis of global surveillance data for hMPV (extended until June 2025), we highlighted latitudinal gradients in hMPV circulation, with disruptions associated with COVID-19. Our findings emphasize the importance of sustained, type-specific global surveillance to inform public health strategies and to characterize the post-COVID-19 global seasonality patterns of hMPV.
{"title":"Human Metapneumovirus Circulation and Seasonality on a Global Scale, 2016–2025: Changes in Patterns and Epidemic Timing in the Pre- Versus Post-COVID-19 Era","authors":"Enrica Castellana, Alessandra Picelli, Emma Papini, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Jojanneke van Summeren, Marco Del Riccio, Saverio Caini","doi":"10.1111/irv.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) circulates globally, yet its seasonal dynamics remain incompletely defined. Here, we describe the global timing, amplitude and duration of hMPV outbreaks, comparing the pre- versus post-COVID-19 periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surveillance data for hMPV were retrieved from WHO FluNet from Week 1/2016 until Week 26/2025. We examined the epidemic peak timing, amplitude and duration across seasons and latitudes and compared patterns in 2016–2019 with those in 2021–2025.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over the study period, approximately 145,000 hMPV detections were reported to the WHO FluNet database from a total of 54 countries worldwide. Among the 15 countries with sufficient data to analyse seasonality, the epidemic timing aligned with geographic latitude, with the peak occurring in June–September in the Southern Hemisphere, February–April in the Northern Hemisphere, while the timing was variable across the intertropical belt. The amplitude of the peak varied across countries, with some countries characterized by single, well-defined peaks and others with more widespread epidemics throughout the season. The median epidemic duration was 19.5 weeks (range 15–36). After the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, marked shifts in timing and amplitude were observed, with delays or dislocations in several countries compared with pre-pandemic seasons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this analysis of global surveillance data for hMPV (extended until June 2025), we highlighted latitudinal gradients in hMPV circulation, with disruptions associated with COVID-19. Our findings emphasize the importance of sustained, type-specific global surveillance to inform public health strategies and to characterize the post-COVID-19 global seasonality patterns of hMPV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145767861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vardhini Ganesh, Justin Iampietro, Saranya Sridhar, Ana P. Goncalvez
Background
Licensed influenza vaccines primarily target hemagglutinin (HA)-related immunity, but neuraminidase (NA)-based immunity is gaining attention as an independent correlate of protection. Inactivated influenza vaccines contain unspecified quantities of residual NA, with limited understanding of the resulting antibody induction and durability.
Methods
We conducted a systematic literature review across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Trialtrove to identify studies reporting NA-related immunity following influenza vaccination. Primary outcomes included pre-existing and post-vaccination NA-inhibiting (NAI) antibody titers.
Results
Analysis of 40 articles, predominantly examining split-virus vaccines, revealed NAI antibody titers increased 5–7-fold at days 8–30 post-vaccination compared to baseline across all three NA (sub)types. NAI antibody geometric mean titers showed greater variability against N1 and N2 than against influenza B virus NAs. No significant differences in pre-vaccination and post-vaccination NAI antibody titers were observed between adults (18–64 years) and the elderly (≥ 65 years) for the N1 subtype. However, statistical differences were observed post-vaccination (days 8–30) between these age groups for N2 (p = 0.04) and NB (p = 0.01) (sub)types. NAI antibody responses remained durable, persisting at 2–16-fold above pre-vaccination levels through days 91–180.
Conclusion
Current influenza vaccines induce durable NAI responses in adults for up to 6 months. These findings provide valuable insights into pre-vaccination and post-vaccination responses to residual NA, which can guide future vaccine development strategies. Enhanced understanding of NA immunogenicity should inform public health approaches to improve global influenza prevention and control.
{"title":"Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review","authors":"Vardhini Ganesh, Justin Iampietro, Saranya Sridhar, Ana P. Goncalvez","doi":"10.1111/irv.70192","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 <p>Licensed influenza vaccines primarily target hemagglutinin (HA)-related immunity, but neuraminidase (NA)-based immunity is gaining attention as an independent correlate of protection. Inactivated influenza vaccines contain unspecified quantities of residual NA, with limited understanding of the resulting antibody induction and durability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 <p>We conducted a systematic literature review across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Trialtrove to identify studies reporting NA-related immunity following influenza vaccination. Primary outcomes included pre-existing and post-vaccination NA-inhibiting (NAI) antibody titers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 <p>Analysis of 40 articles, predominantly examining split-virus vaccines, revealed NAI antibody titers increased 5–7-fold at days 8–30 post-vaccination compared to baseline across all three NA (sub)types. NAI antibody geometric mean titers showed greater variability against N1 and N2 than against influenza B virus NAs. No significant differences in pre-vaccination and post-vaccination NAI antibody titers were observed between adults (18–64 years) and the elderly (≥ 65 years) for the N1 subtype. However, statistical differences were observed post-vaccination (days 8–30) between these age groups for N2 (<i>p</i> = 0.04) and NB (<i>p</i> = 0.01) (sub)types. NAI antibody responses remained durable, persisting at 2–16-fold above pre-vaccination levels through days 91–180.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 <p>Current influenza vaccines induce durable NAI responses in adults for up to 6 months. These findings provide valuable insights into pre-vaccination and post-vaccination responses to residual NA, which can guide future vaccine development strategies. Enhanced understanding of NA immunogenicity should inform public health approaches to improve global influenza prevention and control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145714233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Houssein H. Ayoub, Hiam Chemaitelly, Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Background
The true extent of the severity and fatality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. This study provides an approximate estimate of the global disease burden from the pandemic.
Methods
A cohort study followed the Qatari population from the onset of the pandemic to March 18, 2024, to estimate the age-specific incidence rates of severe, critical, and fatal COVID-19, classified according to World Health Organization criteria. A mathematical model then utilized these rates to generate regional and global estimates of COVID-19 severity and fatality.
Results
The incidence rate of any severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 throughout the pandemic was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.07–1.19) per 1000 person-years, while that of fatal COVID-19 alone was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.09–0.13) per 1000 person-years. Globally, the number of severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 cases was estimated at 61.9 million (95% UI: 55.0–69.9 million), while the number of fatal COVID-19 cases alone was estimated at 11.3 million (95% UI: 7.8–17.4 million). Both estimates showed large regional variations. Most severe, critical, and fatal COVID-19 cases occurred during the pre-Omicron phase of the pandemic.
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound global impact on morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the critical need for preparedness for future pandemics.
{"title":"Global Estimates of COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality: A Cohort Study and Mathematical Model Analysis","authors":"Houssein H. Ayoub, Hiam Chemaitelly, Laith J. Abu-Raddad","doi":"10.1111/irv.70154","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The true extent of the severity and fatality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. This study provides an approximate estimate of the global disease burden from the pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A cohort study followed the Qatari population from the onset of the pandemic to March 18, 2024, to estimate the age-specific incidence rates of severe, critical, and fatal COVID-19, classified according to World Health Organization criteria. A mathematical model then utilized these rates to generate regional and global estimates of COVID-19 severity and fatality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The incidence rate of any severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 throughout the pandemic was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.07–1.19) per 1000 person-years, while that of fatal COVID-19 alone was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.09–0.13) per 1000 person-years. Globally, the number of severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 cases was estimated at 61.9 million (95% UI: 55.0–69.9 million), while the number of fatal COVID-19 cases alone was estimated at 11.3 million (95% UI: 7.8–17.4 million). Both estimates showed large regional variations. Most severe, critical, and fatal COVID-19 cases occurred during the pre-Omicron phase of the pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound global impact on morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the critical need for preparedness for future pandemics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145654017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily K. Horn, David Singer, Alison Booth, Hai Nguyen, Cynthia Saiontz-Martinez, Ariel Berger
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines are approved in the United States (US) among adults ≥ 60 years of age (YoA). Understanding disparities in risk factors (RFs) for severe RSV disease by social determinants of health is crucial for equitable RSV vaccination among at-risk adults. We investigated diagnosed/undiagnosed RF prevalence, age at RF diagnosis/identification, and association of key characteristics with RF diagnosis/identification among US adults.
Methods
We analyzed 2011–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to calculate RF prevalence and mean age at RF diagnosis/identification. Multivariable regression models were developed to estimate associations between characteristics and RF diagnosis/identification. Results were weighted to reflect the US noninstitutionalized adult population ≥ 20 YoA.
Results
After weighting, the analysis included a sample of 233,118,491 adults. Overall, 28.0% had ≥ 1 diagnosed RF (12.8% pulmonary; 9.2% cardiovascular; 14.1% endocrine/metabolic). Undiagnosed diabetes and renal disease were identified in 3.7% and 12.5% of adults, respectively. Among those with ≥ 1 diagnosed RF, mean age at RF diagnosis was 40.1 years and 60.0% were diagnosed before 50 YoA. Increasing age, belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group, and lower income were significantly associated with having ≥ 1 RF.
Conclusions
Approximately one in four adults had ≥ 1 diagnosed RF for RSV, with most diagnosed before 50 YoA. Adults in racial and ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups were more likely to have RFs and be diagnosed at younger ages. Efforts are needed to ensure all US adults at increased risk for severe RSV disease have access to RSV vaccination.
{"title":"Prevalence and Age at Diagnosis of Risk Factors for Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Among US Adults: An Analysis of 2011–2020 NHANES Data","authors":"Emily K. Horn, David Singer, Alison Booth, Hai Nguyen, Cynthia Saiontz-Martinez, Ariel Berger","doi":"10.1111/irv.70181","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines are approved in the United States (US) among adults ≥ 60 years of age (YoA). Understanding disparities in risk factors (RFs) for severe RSV disease by social determinants of health is crucial for equitable RSV vaccination among at-risk adults. We investigated diagnosed/undiagnosed RF prevalence, age at RF diagnosis/identification, and association of key characteristics with RF diagnosis/identification among US adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed 2011–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to calculate RF prevalence and mean age at RF diagnosis/identification. Multivariable regression models were developed to estimate associations between characteristics and RF diagnosis/identification. Results were weighted to reflect the US noninstitutionalized adult population ≥ 20 YoA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After weighting, the analysis included a sample of 233,118,491 adults. Overall, 28.0% had ≥ 1 diagnosed RF (12.8% pulmonary; 9.2% cardiovascular; 14.1% endocrine/metabolic). Undiagnosed diabetes and renal disease were identified in 3.7% and 12.5% of adults, respectively. Among those with ≥ 1 diagnosed RF, mean age at RF diagnosis was 40.1 years and 60.0% were diagnosed before 50 YoA. Increasing age, belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group, and lower income were significantly associated with having ≥ 1 RF.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Approximately one in four adults had ≥ 1 diagnosed RF for RSV, with most diagnosed before 50 YoA. Adults in racial and ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups were more likely to have RFs and be diagnosed at younger ages. Efforts are needed to ensure all US adults at increased risk for severe RSV disease have access to RSV vaccination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145648436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vânia Gaio, Camila Henriques, Miguel Lança, Rita Marques, Raquel Marques, Marta Rodrigues, Sofia Almeida, Beatriz Sousa, Margarida Freitas, Diana Amaral, Sara Ferreira, Inês Azevedo, Madalena von Hafe, Rafaela Gonçalves, Regina Viseu, Teresa Bandeira, Carolina Constant, Madalena Malato, Inês Carvalho, Jorge Rodrigues, Margarida Farinha, Teresa Nunes, Teresa Graça, Sofia Gomez, Sara Soares, João Farela Neves, Paulo Paixão, Inês Piscalho, Ana Loureiro, Cristina Freitas, José Alves, Diana Soares, Paulo Lopes, Ausenda Machado, Raquel Guiomar, Ana Paula Rodrigues, VigiRSV Group
We assessed Nirsevimab effectiveness (NE) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalisation in eligible children (< 2 years) using a test-negative case–control design within the VigiRSV network (weeks 43/2024 to 16/2025). Among 341 participants (median age: 2 months; 91.2% without known chronic condition), 137 (40.2%) tested RSV-positive. Adjusted NE against RSV-related hospitalisation was 78.5% (95%CI: 59.3–89.0). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. These findings support Nirsevimab's effect in a predominantly healthy infant population and contribute to informing public health decisions for RSV immunisation.
我们评估了nirseimab对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）相关住院治疗的有效性(
{"title":"Nirsevimab Effectiveness Against RSV-Related Hospitalisations in Children Under 24 Months: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study in Portugal, 2024–2025","authors":"Vânia Gaio, Camila Henriques, Miguel Lança, Rita Marques, Raquel Marques, Marta Rodrigues, Sofia Almeida, Beatriz Sousa, Margarida Freitas, Diana Amaral, Sara Ferreira, Inês Azevedo, Madalena von Hafe, Rafaela Gonçalves, Regina Viseu, Teresa Bandeira, Carolina Constant, Madalena Malato, Inês Carvalho, Jorge Rodrigues, Margarida Farinha, Teresa Nunes, Teresa Graça, Sofia Gomez, Sara Soares, João Farela Neves, Paulo Paixão, Inês Piscalho, Ana Loureiro, Cristina Freitas, José Alves, Diana Soares, Paulo Lopes, Ausenda Machado, Raquel Guiomar, Ana Paula Rodrigues, VigiRSV Group","doi":"10.1111/irv.70186","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assessed Nirsevimab effectiveness (NE) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalisation in eligible children (< 2 years) using a test-negative case–control design within the VigiRSV network (weeks 43/2024 to 16/2025). Among 341 participants (median age: 2 months; 91.2% without known chronic condition), 137 (40.2%) tested RSV-positive. Adjusted NE against RSV-related hospitalisation was 78.5% (95%CI: 59.3–89.0). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. These findings support Nirsevimab's effect in a predominantly healthy infant population and contribute to informing public health decisions for RSV immunisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145648504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Humphreys, Nathalie Nicolay, Toon Braeye, Izaak Van Evercooren, Christian Holm Hansen, Ida Rask Moustsen-Helms, Chiara Sacco, Massimo Fabiani, Jesús Castilla, Iván Martínez-Baz, Ausenda Machado, Patricia Soares, Rickard Ljung, Nicklas Pihlström, Esther Kissling, Anthony Nardone, Susana Monge, Sabrina Bacci, Baltazar Nunes, VEBIS-EHR working group
Background
After a period of low SARS-CoV-2 activity, viral circulation increased in Europe from May 2024, driven by immune-evasive KP sublineages of the JN.1 variant. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the XBB.1.5 dose administered in autumn 2023 against COVID-19-related hospitalisations and deaths in individuals 65 years of age or older during this period.
Methods
We conducted a multi-country cohort study across six EU nations in the VEBIS-EHR network using linked electronic health records. VE against COVID-19-related hospitalisation and death during June–August 2024 was estimated using Cox regression in a two-stage analysis, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and prior vaccination history.
Results
Among individuals 65–79 and ≥ 80 years old, respectively, VE of the XBB.1.5 dose ≥ 6 months post administration was 13% (95% CI: −12% to 33%) and 7% (95% CI: −7% to 19%) against hospitalisation and 39% (95% CI: −7% to 65%) and 3% (95% CI: −23% to 23%) against deaths.
Conclusions
XBB.1.5 vaccination provided minimal residual protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes among adults aged ≥ 65 years more than 6 months after vaccination, during the summer 2024 period of increased SARS-CoV-2 activity.
{"title":"Effectiveness of the 2023 Autumn XBB.1.5 COVID-19 Booster During Summer 2024 in the EU/EEA: A VEBIS Electronic Health Record Network Study","authors":"James Humphreys, Nathalie Nicolay, Toon Braeye, Izaak Van Evercooren, Christian Holm Hansen, Ida Rask Moustsen-Helms, Chiara Sacco, Massimo Fabiani, Jesús Castilla, Iván Martínez-Baz, Ausenda Machado, Patricia Soares, Rickard Ljung, Nicklas Pihlström, Esther Kissling, Anthony Nardone, Susana Monge, Sabrina Bacci, Baltazar Nunes, VEBIS-EHR working group","doi":"10.1111/irv.70198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70198","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After a period of low SARS-CoV-2 activity, viral circulation increased in Europe from May 2024, driven by immune-evasive KP sublineages of the JN.1 variant. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the XBB.1.5 dose administered in autumn 2023 against COVID-19-related hospitalisations and deaths in individuals 65 years of age or older during this period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a multi-country cohort study across six EU nations in the VEBIS-EHR network using linked electronic health records. VE against COVID-19-related hospitalisation and death during June–August 2024 was estimated using Cox regression in a two-stage analysis, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and prior vaccination history.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among individuals 65–79 and ≥ 80 years old, respectively, VE of the XBB.1.5 dose ≥ 6 months post administration was 13% (95% CI: −12% to 33%) and 7% (95% CI: −7% to 19%) against hospitalisation and 39% (95% CI: −7% to 65%) and 3% (95% CI: −23% to 23%) against deaths.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>XBB.1.5 vaccination provided minimal residual protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes among adults aged ≥ 65 years more than 6 months after vaccination, during the summer 2024 period of increased SARS-CoV-2 activity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon D. Pollett, Emily Hone, Stephanie A. Richard, Kat Schmidt, Mark P. Simons, Michele Wayman, Jennifer Rothenberg, Vivian Hogan, Robert J. O'Connell, Timothy H. Burgess, Daniel Ewing, Appavu K. Sundaram, Anthony C. Fries, Drake H. Tilley, Rhonda E. Colombo
We performed epidemiological, genetic, and antigenic characterization of an influenza A/H3N2 outbreak in a congregate setting of young adults with high vaccination rates. We noted substantial duty-days lost, rapid spread, and vaccine antigenic divergence. The risk of influenza in healthy vaccinated adults underscores the need to develop universal influenza vaccines.
{"title":"The Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Strain Antigenicity of an Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Outbreak Among Vaccinated US Navy Midshipmen","authors":"Simon D. Pollett, Emily Hone, Stephanie A. Richard, Kat Schmidt, Mark P. Simons, Michele Wayman, Jennifer Rothenberg, Vivian Hogan, Robert J. O'Connell, Timothy H. Burgess, Daniel Ewing, Appavu K. Sundaram, Anthony C. Fries, Drake H. Tilley, Rhonda E. Colombo","doi":"10.1111/irv.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We performed epidemiological, genetic, and antigenic characterization of an influenza A/H3N2 outbreak in a congregate setting of young adults with high vaccination rates. We noted substantial duty-days lost, rapid spread, and vaccine antigenic divergence. The risk of influenza in healthy vaccinated adults underscores the need to develop universal influenza vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heather J. Whitaker, Freja C. M. Kirsebom, Katie Hassell, Catherine Quinot, Julia Stowe, Katja Hoschler, Maria Zambon, Nick J. Andrews, Conall H. Watson, Jamie Lopez Bernal
Background
Linkage of national, healthcare data can provide greater resolution of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza subtypes, as well as the relative effectiveness of different vaccine types and the effects of waning on VE. We present 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 end-of-season VE against hospitalisation with laboratory confirmed influenza for England.
Methods
A test-negative design was used to estimate VE against hospitalisation. Cases and controls were identified within national laboratory surveillance systems and linked to hospital admission data. Vaccine histories were obtained from England's vaccine register. We combined results on VE by vaccine type over the two seasons using a meta-analysis.
Results
One hundred thousand five hundred eighty-one (28,565 positive) and 113,494 (21,243 positive) samples were eligible for inclusion in 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The overall VE for children aged 2–17 years was 67% (95% CI, 63%–70%) in 2022/2023 and 56% (95% CI, 51%–60%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 18–64, VE was 34% (95% CI, 30%–38%) in 2022/2023 and 38% (95% CI, 34%–42%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 65+ years, VE was 25% (95% CI, 21%–29%) in 2022/2023 and 18% (95% CI, 14%–22%) in 2023/2024. We found no significant difference in VE by vaccine type. We found evidence of reduced VE against influenza A in adults 9 weeks or more post vaccination compared with 2–8 weeks post vaccination.
Conclusions
Vaccine protection against influenza hospitalisation was seen in all age groups, with strong protection for children. Adult protection could be strengthened by vaccination closer to the time of expected influenza circulation. Linkage of routine healthcare data provided us with a sufficiently large data set to estimate differences in VE by vaccine type and timing after vaccination.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines and Duration of Protection Against Hospitalisation in England: 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 Seasons","authors":"Heather J. Whitaker, Freja C. M. Kirsebom, Katie Hassell, Catherine Quinot, Julia Stowe, Katja Hoschler, Maria Zambon, Nick J. Andrews, Conall H. Watson, Jamie Lopez Bernal","doi":"10.1111/irv.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Linkage of national, healthcare data can provide greater resolution of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza subtypes, as well as the relative effectiveness of different vaccine types and the effects of waning on VE. We present 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 end-of-season VE against hospitalisation with laboratory confirmed influenza for England.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A test-negative design was used to estimate VE against hospitalisation. Cases and controls were identified within national laboratory surveillance systems and linked to hospital admission data. Vaccine histories were obtained from England's vaccine register. We combined results on VE by vaccine type over the two seasons using a meta-analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred thousand five hundred eighty-one (28,565 positive) and 113,494 (21,243 positive) samples were eligible for inclusion in 2022/2023 and 2023/2024, respectively. The overall VE for children aged 2–17 years was 67% (95% CI, 63%–70%) in 2022/2023 and 56% (95% CI, 51%–60%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 18–64, VE was 34% (95% CI, 30%–38%) in 2022/2023 and 38% (95% CI, 34%–42%) in 2023/2024. For adults aged 65+ years, VE was 25% (95% CI, 21%–29%) in 2022/2023 and 18% (95% CI, 14%–22%) in 2023/2024. We found no significant difference in VE by vaccine type. We found evidence of reduced VE against influenza A in adults 9 weeks or more post vaccination compared with 2–8 weeks post vaccination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vaccine protection against influenza hospitalisation was seen in all age groups, with strong protection for children. Adult protection could be strengthened by vaccination closer to the time of expected influenza circulation. Linkage of routine healthcare data provided us with a sufficiently large data set to estimate differences in VE by vaccine type and timing after vaccination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145626480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Demographic analysis is required to thoroughly evaluate the mortality impact of COVID-19 in Japan that cannot be captured by epidemiological surveillance.
Methods
A hierarchical time-varying regression model was applied to prefectural life table data in Japan during 2000–2019. Pre-pandemic baseline mortality rates and death counts during 2020–2022 were projected by this model to evaluate the mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality during 2020–2022.
Results
Nationally, the observed mortality rates were higher than projected rates among those aged 10–29 years and lower for ages 1–9 and > 80 years in 2020. During 2021 and 2022, mortality rates consistently increased for most age groups, with substantial regional heterogeneity in those aged < 14 years. Consistently, the neutral gaps between the observed and projected life expectancy across prefectures in 2020 turned negative in most prefectures during 2022. In 2022, the negative gap in life expectancy ranged from a substantial shortening of −1.50 years (95% prediction interval [PI]: −1.82, −1.16) in Okinawa to a slight shortening of −0.21 years (95% PI: −0.65, 0.22) in Tottori. Excess deaths per population also grew consistently in all prefectures during 2020–2022; Miyazaki yielded the largest estimate at 177.4 (95% PI: 144.9, 210.2) per 100,000 population.
Conclusions
Our framework highlights the usefulness of life table data for evaluating the mortality impact caused by an event such as the pandemic. Our estimates, adjusted by pre-pandemic demographic trends, revealed the massive mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across a wide age range.
{"title":"Demographic Analysis of Mortality Changes Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan, 2020–2022","authors":"Yuta Okada, Hiroshi Nishiura","doi":"10.1111/irv.70196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Backgrounds</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demographic analysis is required to thoroughly evaluate the mortality impact of COVID-19 in Japan that cannot be captured by epidemiological surveillance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A hierarchical time-varying regression model was applied to prefectural life table data in Japan during 2000–2019. Pre-pandemic baseline mortality rates and death counts during 2020–2022 were projected by this model to evaluate the mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality during 2020–2022.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nationally, the observed mortality rates were higher than projected rates among those aged 10–29 years and lower for ages 1–9 and > 80 years in 2020. During 2021 and 2022, mortality rates consistently increased for most age groups, with substantial regional heterogeneity in those aged < 14 years. Consistently, the neutral gaps between the observed and projected life expectancy across prefectures in 2020 turned negative in most prefectures during 2022. In 2022, the negative gap in life expectancy ranged from a substantial shortening of −1.50 years (95% prediction interval [PI]: −1.82, −1.16) in Okinawa to a slight shortening of −0.21 years (95% PI: −0.65, 0.22) in Tottori. Excess deaths per population also grew consistently in all prefectures during 2020–2022; Miyazaki yielded the largest estimate at 177.4 (95% PI: 144.9, 210.2) per 100,000 population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our framework highlights the usefulness of life table data for evaluating the mortality impact caused by an event such as the pandemic. Our estimates, adjusted by pre-pandemic demographic trends, revealed the massive mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across a wide age range.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145626481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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