Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-7-5-7
A. I. Orlov
.
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{"title":"Artificial intelligence, neural networks, big data, and mathematical research methods","authors":"A. I. Orlov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-7-5-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-7-5-7","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79106821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-35-41
V. O. Kopytskiy, E. Petrov
Bronze alloys, due to their resistance to mechanical abrasion and high corrosion resistance, are used for the manufacture of machine parts and mechanisms that are subject to friction during operation. We present the results of studying the effect of shock-wave loading on the structure and properties of bronze alloys of grades BrAZh9-4 and BrAMts9-2. Shock-wave loading experiments were carried out by throwing the flyer plate onto cylindrical samples and compressing by a sliding detonation wave. The method of throwing a flyer plate accelerated by the energy of an explosion is often used to determine the spall strength of materials and the method of compression by a sliding detonation wave is used to create a large dynamic pressure inside the material. It is shown that at a throwing speed of a flyer plate of 2.4 km/sec, the impact pressure of the plate with the sample is 15 – 16 GPa, which exceeds the bronze shear strength. Under indicated loading conditions, the hardness of bronze increases by 53 and 25% for BrAZh9-4 and BrAMts9-2, respectively. Studies of the microstructure using scanning electron and optical microscopy revealed multiple cracks and micropores present on the surface of transverse sections forming a zone of spall fracture and areas turning into bands of localized deformation. Moreover, it is shown that when the samples are loaded with a flyer plate in a clip and without it, a greater number of cracks and shear areas are observed. Compression by a sliding detonation wave with a different amount of explosive charge revealed small defects present in the structure at the grain boundaries. The results obtained can be used to developed technologies for modifying and restoring the properties of bronze parts subject to shock-wave destruction.
{"title":"Study of the effect of shock wave loading on the structure and properties of bronze alloys BrAZh9-4 and BrAMts9-2","authors":"V. O. Kopytskiy, E. Petrov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-35-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-35-41","url":null,"abstract":"Bronze alloys, due to their resistance to mechanical abrasion and high corrosion resistance, are used for the manufacture of machine parts and mechanisms that are subject to friction during operation. We present the results of studying the effect of shock-wave loading on the structure and properties of bronze alloys of grades BrAZh9-4 and BrAMts9-2. Shock-wave loading experiments were carried out by throwing the flyer plate onto cylindrical samples and compressing by a sliding detonation wave. The method of throwing a flyer plate accelerated by the energy of an explosion is often used to determine the spall strength of materials and the method of compression by a sliding detonation wave is used to create a large dynamic pressure inside the material. It is shown that at a throwing speed of a flyer plate of 2.4 km/sec, the impact pressure of the plate with the sample is 15 – 16 GPa, which exceeds the bronze shear strength. Under indicated loading conditions, the hardness of bronze increases by 53 and 25% for BrAZh9-4 and BrAMts9-2, respectively. Studies of the microstructure using scanning electron and optical microscopy revealed multiple cracks and micropores present on the surface of transverse sections forming a zone of spall fracture and areas turning into bands of localized deformation. Moreover, it is shown that when the samples are loaded with a flyer plate in a clip and without it, a greater number of cracks and shear areas are observed. Compression by a sliding detonation wave with a different amount of explosive charge revealed small defects present in the structure at the grain boundaries. The results obtained can be used to developed technologies for modifying and restoring the properties of bronze parts subject to shock-wave destruction.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78716682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-42-50
A. Staroverova, M. Tokmachev, N. B. Ferapontov
We present the results of measuring the volume of polyvinyl alcohol polymer granules crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in water and in aqueous solutions of KCl, MgCl2 and their mixtures, obtained by optical micrometry, and consider the main sources of errors in the measurement errors. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effect of the main sources of errors on the accuracy of determining the relative volumes of granules, as well as to search for techniques that can minimize the resulting measurement errors. The diameters of the granules were determined using specialized software implementing machine vision algorithms from the images obtained by optical microscopy. Their volumes were calculated using the formula for the volume of the ellipsoid of revolution. The maximum accuracy of volume determination is known to be achieved when the measured granule has a sphere shape. It is shown that deviation from this shape, for example, in case of an ellipsoid, gives errors in determining the third axis of the ellipsoid, invisible in the image, which creates an error in determining the relative volume of the granule. The instrument error is determined and a statistical estimate of the error attributed to the non-sphericity of the granules is given. It is shown that a typical instrument error in determining the relative volumes of granules is 0.4%. The non-sphericity of the measured granules increases the measurement error up to 3.5%. The error for a single granule can be reduced to 2.3% by combination of methodological techniques and statistical processing of the results, whereas and for an ensemble of at least 5 granules — up to 1.5%. The reproducibility of the properties of polymer granules in cyclic measurements was studied. It is shown that the degree of swelling the granules is reproduced with an error of 1%, which allows the sensor to be used repeatedly. The results obtained can be used in experiments and data processing for analytical applications.
{"title":"Determination of the error of measurements obtained by the optical micrometry","authors":"A. Staroverova, M. Tokmachev, N. B. Ferapontov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-42-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-42-50","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of measuring the volume of polyvinyl alcohol polymer granules crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in water and in aqueous solutions of KCl, MgCl2 and their mixtures, obtained by optical micrometry, and consider the main sources of errors in the measurement errors. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effect of the main sources of errors on the accuracy of determining the relative volumes of granules, as well as to search for techniques that can minimize the resulting measurement errors. The diameters of the granules were determined using specialized software implementing machine vision algorithms from the images obtained by optical microscopy. Their volumes were calculated using the formula for the volume of the ellipsoid of revolution. The maximum accuracy of volume determination is known to be achieved when the measured granule has a sphere shape. It is shown that deviation from this shape, for example, in case of an ellipsoid, gives errors in determining the third axis of the ellipsoid, invisible in the image, which creates an error in determining the relative volume of the granule. The instrument error is determined and a statistical estimate of the error attributed to the non-sphericity of the granules is given. It is shown that a typical instrument error in determining the relative volumes of granules is 0.4%. The non-sphericity of the measured granules increases the measurement error up to 3.5%. The error for a single granule can be reduced to 2.3% by combination of methodological techniques and statistical processing of the results, whereas and for an ensemble of at least 5 granules — up to 1.5%. The reproducibility of the properties of polymer granules in cyclic measurements was studied. It is shown that the degree of swelling the granules is reproduced with an error of 1%, which allows the sensor to be used repeatedly. The results obtained can be used in experiments and data processing for analytical applications.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88909401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-5-12
L. Y. Mezhevaya, M. N. Filippov, O. I. Lyamina, G. E. Mar’ina, A. Arkhipenko, V. B. Baranovskaya
Determination of impurities in Ta- and Nb-based materials is a necessary operation in supporting technological processes. The existing approaches involve the transfer of a sample into a solution with subsequent isolation of impurities. This procedure is rather complicated and takes a lot of time. For this reason, it is of interest to study the possibilities of direct analysis of solid-phase samples of materials, e.g., X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The usual scheme of X-ray fluorescence analysis, which involves the experimental construction of calibration characteristics for each element to be determined, requires using a large number of reference samples containing a rather wide range of impurities. We present the results of preliminary characterization of samples of technical-grade tantalum and niobium and products on their base. It is shown that for starting materials, only a significant absence of impurities can be determined using XPA, but even for sintered niobium hydride and Ta powder, XPA can be used as a method for rapid assessment of the composition. A SPECTROSCAN MAX GVM crystal-diffraction spectrometer can be used for analysis and a standard software that implements the fundamental parameter method (FPA) can be used for calibration. In this case, the obtained values of the content of impurities may differ by 1 – 2 orders of magnitude from the reference values. However, such an accuracy is often enough to correct technological processes. The limits of detecting impurities by XRF in Ta- and Nb-based materials are revealed: for elements determined by K-series (from Ti to Co), the detection limits lie in the range from 30 to 60 ppm, whereas for the elements determined by M-series (Ta) the detection limit is approximately 200 ppm and for L-series (Nb) the detection limit is in the range from 100 to 150 ppm.
钽基和铌基材料中杂质的测定是配套工艺过程中必要的操作。现有的方法包括将样品转移到溶液中，随后分离杂质。这个程序相当复杂，需要花费很多时间。因此，研究直接分析材料固相样品的可能性，例如x射线荧光分析(XRF)是很有意义的。通常的x射线荧光分析方案涉及到对每个待测定元素的校准特性进行实验构建，需要使用含有相当大范围杂质的大量参考样品。我们提出了技术级钽和铌样品及其基础产品的初步表征结果。结果表明，对于起始材料，XPA只能测定其明显不含杂质，但即使对于烧结的氢化铌和Ta粉，XPA也可以作为一种快速评估成分的方法。可使用SPECTROSCAN MAX GVM晶体衍射光谱仪进行分析，并可使用实现基本参数法(FPA)的标准软件进行校准。在这种情况下，所得的杂质含量值可能与参考值相差1 - 2个数量级。然而，这样的精度往往足以纠正技术过程。揭示了用XRF检测Ta基和Nb基材料中杂质的限限:对于k系列(从Ti到Co)测定的元素，检测限在30 ~ 60ppm范围内，而对于m系列(Ta)测定的元素，检测限约为200ppm，对于l系列(Nb)，检测限在100 ~ 150ppm范围内。
{"title":"Express X-ray fluorescent analysis of technical-grade tantalum and niobium: from raw materials to products","authors":"L. Y. Mezhevaya, M. N. Filippov, O. I. Lyamina, G. E. Mar’ina, A. Arkhipenko, V. B. Baranovskaya","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-5-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-5-12","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of impurities in Ta- and Nb-based materials is a necessary operation in supporting technological processes. The existing approaches involve the transfer of a sample into a solution with subsequent isolation of impurities. This procedure is rather complicated and takes a lot of time. For this reason, it is of interest to study the possibilities of direct analysis of solid-phase samples of materials, e.g., X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The usual scheme of X-ray fluorescence analysis, which involves the experimental construction of calibration characteristics for each element to be determined, requires using a large number of reference samples containing a rather wide range of impurities. We present the results of preliminary characterization of samples of technical-grade tantalum and niobium and products on their base. It is shown that for starting materials, only a significant absence of impurities can be determined using XPA, but even for sintered niobium hydride and Ta powder, XPA can be used as a method for rapid assessment of the composition. A SPECTROSCAN MAX GVM crystal-diffraction spectrometer can be used for analysis and a standard software that implements the fundamental parameter method (FPA) can be used for calibration. In this case, the obtained values of the content of impurities may differ by 1 – 2 orders of magnitude from the reference values. However, such an accuracy is often enough to correct technological processes. The limits of detecting impurities by XRF in Ta- and Nb-based materials are revealed: for elements determined by K-series (from Ti to Co), the detection limits lie in the range from 30 to 60 ppm, whereas for the elements determined by M-series (Ta) the detection limit is approximately 200 ppm and for L-series (Nb) the detection limit is in the range from 100 to 150 ppm.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89466830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-51-61
A. Kazantsev, O. Petrov, L. Sokov
The impact of residual stresses in a DN850 pipe (steel 10GN2MFA) with austenitic cladding, welding stresses in the mounting annular seam of the pipeline, and residual stresses arising in a curvilinear branch DN350 (steel 08Kh18N10T) during manufacture by plastic deformation on the opening and stability of through cracks is considered. Calculations of residual stresses are performed using the finite element method (FEM). It is shown that residual stresses cause a change in the size and shape of the outflow channel, the coolant flow rate, and the value of the J-integral at the crack tip. In case of short cracks and relatively low operating stresses, the crack edges can close on the inside of the pipe wall due to the action of residual stresses thus leading to a decrease or cessation of the leak. A reversed effect of residual stresses on extended cracks is observed at rather high operating stresses: change in the shape of the outflow channel (an increase in the opening of the crack edges on the outer surface of the pipe) leads to a decrease in the friction of the coolant flow against the crack edges and, hence, to an increase in the leak volume. The results of testing full-scale models of elements of a straight section of the pipeline with a welded seam and a curvilinear branch DN350 with artificially created defects by internal pressure and bending moment are presented. It is shown that local through cracks develop from initial defects, which remain stable at maximum design loads (normal operating conditions plus maximum design earthquake) which matches the calculation results and meets the requirements of the applicability of the concept of «leak before break».
{"title":"The impact of residual technological stresses on the opening and stability of through cracks in pipeline elements","authors":"A. Kazantsev, O. Petrov, L. Sokov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-51-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-51-61","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of residual stresses in a DN850 pipe (steel 10GN2MFA) with austenitic cladding, welding stresses in the mounting annular seam of the pipeline, and residual stresses arising in a curvilinear branch DN350 (steel 08Kh18N10T) during manufacture by plastic deformation on the opening and stability of through cracks is considered. Calculations of residual stresses are performed using the finite element method (FEM). It is shown that residual stresses cause a change in the size and shape of the outflow channel, the coolant flow rate, and the value of the J-integral at the crack tip. In case of short cracks and relatively low operating stresses, the crack edges can close on the inside of the pipe wall due to the action of residual stresses thus leading to a decrease or cessation of the leak. A reversed effect of residual stresses on extended cracks is observed at rather high operating stresses: change in the shape of the outflow channel (an increase in the opening of the crack edges on the outer surface of the pipe) leads to a decrease in the friction of the coolant flow against the crack edges and, hence, to an increase in the leak volume. The results of testing full-scale models of elements of a straight section of the pipeline with a welded seam and a curvilinear branch DN350 with artificially created defects by internal pressure and bending moment are presented. It is shown that local through cracks develop from initial defects, which remain stable at maximum design loads (normal operating conditions plus maximum design earthquake) which matches the calculation results and meets the requirements of the applicability of the concept of «leak before break».","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87851215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-62-75
E. V. Aniskovich, V. Moskvichev, A. P. Chernaev
The residual life of the runners of hydraulic turbines in the presence of operational defects is estimated. The main problems of the operation of hydraulic turbines associated with technological defects and exhaustion of the standard resource are described. The main requirements for initial data to be used in estimation of the residual resource and the requirements for predicting the residual resource of runners based on the results of surveys and analysis of their technical condition are specified. We have classified and briefly described the applied approaches and techniques used in estimation of the residual resource. The main damaging factors affecting the residual life of the runners are revealed: deformation aging of the metal, cavitation, corrosion and fatigue damage to the elements of runners. The most characteristic defects are divided into three groups: zones of cavitation erosion; corrosion-fatigue cracks; and weld defects. Particular attention is paid to corrosion-fatigue cracks identified using flaw detection. The mechanism of crack formation and the most probable location of the cracks in the runner are shown. Statistical data on the number of cracks at the onset of the runner operation and at the time of shutdown maintenance are presented. The main statistical parameters of the sample and the parameters of crack size distributions including the distribution law are determined. The distribution law is exponential for the crack length parameter; whereas for the crack opening width it is log-normal. The revealed multidirectional cracks are located at the surface, subsurface or inner layer of the metal. They arise from operational defects (ulcers, craters, undercuts or delamination) and grow during operation of the turbine units. We also present the design schemes of elements with cracks used for quantification of resources according to the criteria of fracture mechanics. The results of calculations for static and dynamic crack resistance are presented as the dependence of stress intensity factors on the crack size. The levels of the total accumulated damage to the runners, the values of the residual life at the stage of crack nucleation and development were determined for 11 hydraulic units in the «start-stop» and «working» cycles. The main conclusion is that the total operating time of the hydraulic turbine runners significantly exceeds the standard operating life, while the residual resource is insufficient for a further period of long-term operation.
{"title":"Assessment of the residual life of turbine runners with operational defectiveness","authors":"E. V. Aniskovich, V. Moskvichev, A. P. Chernaev","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-62-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-62-75","url":null,"abstract":"The residual life of the runners of hydraulic turbines in the presence of operational defects is estimated. The main problems of the operation of hydraulic turbines associated with technological defects and exhaustion of the standard resource are described. The main requirements for initial data to be used in estimation of the residual resource and the requirements for predicting the residual resource of runners based on the results of surveys and analysis of their technical condition are specified. We have classified and briefly described the applied approaches and techniques used in estimation of the residual resource. The main damaging factors affecting the residual life of the runners are revealed: deformation aging of the metal, cavitation, corrosion and fatigue damage to the elements of runners. The most characteristic defects are divided into three groups: zones of cavitation erosion; corrosion-fatigue cracks; and weld defects. Particular attention is paid to corrosion-fatigue cracks identified using flaw detection. The mechanism of crack formation and the most probable location of the cracks in the runner are shown. Statistical data on the number of cracks at the onset of the runner operation and at the time of shutdown maintenance are presented. The main statistical parameters of the sample and the parameters of crack size distributions including the distribution law are determined. The distribution law is exponential for the crack length parameter; whereas for the crack opening width it is log-normal. The revealed multidirectional cracks are located at the surface, subsurface or inner layer of the metal. They arise from operational defects (ulcers, craters, undercuts or delamination) and grow during operation of the turbine units. We also present the design schemes of elements with cracks used for quantification of resources according to the criteria of fracture mechanics. The results of calculations for static and dynamic crack resistance are presented as the dependence of stress intensity factors on the crack size. The levels of the total accumulated damage to the runners, the values of the residual life at the stage of crack nucleation and development were determined for 11 hydraulic units in the «start-stop» and «working» cycles. The main conclusion is that the total operating time of the hydraulic turbine runners significantly exceeds the standard operating life, while the residual resource is insufficient for a further period of long-term operation.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77773702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-76-82
D. Grinevich, I. V. Gulina, N. O. Yakovlev, D.-S. V. Dzandarov, A. A. Glagovskii, Y. V. Ermakova
A high-strength aluminum alloy 1933 being distinguished by good physicomechanical properties and high manufacturability is widely used in the most critical power aircraft structures, e.g., in a modern AN-148 SSJ aircraft. The alloy is used in production of various parts of articulated joints, thus making study of the durability of the alloy in a complex stress state a relevant goal. We present the results of static and dynamic tests of structurally similar samples (of two types) manufactured according to serial technology and corresponding to the shape of real eyelets of the airframe slats. Preliminary fatigue tests of standard samples (a strip with a hole) were performed to obtain the refined characteristics of the alloy in the T3 state. To analyze the mechanical behavior of the alloy with a different amplitude-frequency character of loading, the asymmetry of the loading cycle (R = 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 0.6; 0.76; 0.82) and exposure frequencies (10, 60, and 100 Hz) were varied. In is shown that an increase in the average stress of the loading cycle reduced the number of cycles before the destruction of the eyelets: a 2-fold increase in the average stress resulted in a drop in fatigue life by two orders of magnitude (for an amplitude of 5 kg/mm2).
{"title":"Study of the impact of fatigue loading on the durability of aircraft slat membrane eyelets","authors":"D. Grinevich, I. V. Gulina, N. O. Yakovlev, D.-S. V. Dzandarov, A. A. Glagovskii, Y. V. Ermakova","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-76-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-6-76-82","url":null,"abstract":"A high-strength aluminum alloy 1933 being distinguished by good physicomechanical properties and high manufacturability is widely used in the most critical power aircraft structures, e.g., in a modern AN-148 SSJ aircraft. The alloy is used in production of various parts of articulated joints, thus making study of the durability of the alloy in a complex stress state a relevant goal. We present the results of static and dynamic tests of structurally similar samples (of two types) manufactured according to serial technology and corresponding to the shape of real eyelets of the airframe slats. Preliminary fatigue tests of standard samples (a strip with a hole) were performed to obtain the refined characteristics of the alloy in the T3 state. To analyze the mechanical behavior of the alloy with a different amplitude-frequency character of loading, the asymmetry of the loading cycle (R = 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 0.6; 0.76; 0.82) and exposure frequencies (10, 60, and 100 Hz) were varied. In is shown that an increase in the average stress of the loading cycle reduced the number of cycles before the destruction of the eyelets: a 2-fold increase in the average stress resulted in a drop in fatigue life by two orders of magnitude (for an amplitude of 5 kg/mm2).","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87855614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-19-27
A. Belozerova, A. Mayorova, M. N. Bardina
The content of selenium and tellurium used in steels and alloys as alloying additives is strictly regulated by the current state standards. The methods of analysis used in state standards are often lengthy and laborious and do not provide their simultaneous determination. Development of alternative methods for the determination of selenium and tellurium in metallurgical materials using modern analytical equipment is an urgent goal. The method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES) is widely used in analysis of metallurgical materials. However, the components of the sample base can significantly affect the results of ICP-AES analysis. We present the results of theoretical and experimental study of the effect of the components of the base of samples of metallurgical materials (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, tungsten) on the spectral analytical lines of selenium and tellurium. Thermodynamic modeling was used for theoretical prediction of the processes occurring during atomization of the analyzed solutions in argon plasma. It is shown that matrix non-spectral noise on the selenium line is attributed to chromium (at chromium concentrations above 50 mg/dm3), whereas the matrix non-spectral noise on the tellurium line is not observed. It is also shown experimentally that the spectral lines of selenium and tellurium are not free from spectral overlaps attributed to macrocomponents (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper and tungsten). To reduce the limits of detection and improve the reliability of ICP-AES determination of selenium and tellurium, it is necessary to separate them from the components of the sample base.
{"title":"Study of matrix interference in the determination of selenium and tellurium in ICP-AES in metallurgical materials","authors":"A. Belozerova, A. Mayorova, M. N. Bardina","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-19-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-19-27","url":null,"abstract":"The content of selenium and tellurium used in steels and alloys as alloying additives is strictly regulated by the current state standards. The methods of analysis used in state standards are often lengthy and laborious and do not provide their simultaneous determination. Development of alternative methods for the determination of selenium and tellurium in metallurgical materials using modern analytical equipment is an urgent goal. The method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES) is widely used in analysis of metallurgical materials. However, the components of the sample base can significantly affect the results of ICP-AES analysis. We present the results of theoretical and experimental study of the effect of the components of the base of samples of metallurgical materials (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, tungsten) on the spectral analytical lines of selenium and tellurium. Thermodynamic modeling was used for theoretical prediction of the processes occurring during atomization of the analyzed solutions in argon plasma. It is shown that matrix non-spectral noise on the selenium line is attributed to chromium (at chromium concentrations above 50 mg/dm3), whereas the matrix non-spectral noise on the tellurium line is not observed. It is also shown experimentally that the spectral lines of selenium and tellurium are not free from spectral overlaps attributed to macrocomponents (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper and tungsten). To reduce the limits of detection and improve the reliability of ICP-AES determination of selenium and tellurium, it is necessary to separate them from the components of the sample base.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83955200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-46-55
N. Makhutov, M. Gadenin
Individual deformation diagrams of all materials on metal, non-metal, or composite base under static and cyclic load link stresses and strains. These diagrams are obtained in standard tensile, compression, torsion or bending tests of laboratory samples with the registration of forces and deformations of their working parts upon loading. The diagram for a single static deformation in the stress-strain coordinates in this case covers both the region of elastic deformations and the region of elastic-plastic deformation, when deformations are localized in the neck of the loaded sample up to the moment of its destruction at a critical stress level. It is shown that linear, fractional-linear and power approximation of the obtained deformation curve are widely used in the description of the obtained deformation diagrams. Direct experiments, the theory of dislocations and the statistical theory of strength confirm the priority of power approximation of considered diagrams. At the same time for all construction materials the generalized deformation diagram in relative coordinates is described by a single power equation with the individual hardening parameter which is determined experimentally or theoretically using the dependences linking data on the module of elasticity, yield stresses, strength, and ultimate plasticity of the material. Diagrams of a cyclic elastoplastic deformation in the form of loops of plastic hysteresis are recorded by analogy with static tension diagrams with «stress – strain» axes of in conditional and true relative values. The generalized deformation diagrams for a single static and cyclic loading form a scientific basis for construction of the generalized fatigue curve on the basis of deformation fracture criterion for a wide range of cycles to failure. An effective solution to the problems of strength and service life for the most complex engineering objects such as nuclear reactors, aircraft, rocket and space systems can be achieved through introduction of generalized deformation and fracture diagrams into consideration and corresponding calculations. Their significance will especially increase in the design and implementation of new unique science-intensive facilities.
{"title":"Study of the generalized curves of the static and cyclic deformation, damage and fracture","authors":"N. Makhutov, M. Gadenin","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-46-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-5-46-55","url":null,"abstract":"Individual deformation diagrams of all materials on metal, non-metal, or composite base under static and cyclic load link stresses and strains. These diagrams are obtained in standard tensile, compression, torsion or bending tests of laboratory samples with the registration of forces and deformations of their working parts upon loading. The diagram for a single static deformation in the stress-strain coordinates in this case covers both the region of elastic deformations and the region of elastic-plastic deformation, when deformations are localized in the neck of the loaded sample up to the moment of its destruction at a critical stress level. It is shown that linear, fractional-linear and power approximation of the obtained deformation curve are widely used in the description of the obtained deformation diagrams. Direct experiments, the theory of dislocations and the statistical theory of strength confirm the priority of power approximation of considered diagrams. At the same time for all construction materials the generalized deformation diagram in relative coordinates is described by a single power equation with the individual hardening parameter which is determined experimentally or theoretically using the dependences linking data on the module of elasticity, yield stresses, strength, and ultimate plasticity of the material. Diagrams of a cyclic elastoplastic deformation in the form of loops of plastic hysteresis are recorded by analogy with static tension diagrams with «stress – strain» axes of in conditional and true relative values. The generalized deformation diagrams for a single static and cyclic loading form a scientific basis for construction of the generalized fatigue curve on the basis of deformation fracture criterion for a wide range of cycles to failure. An effective solution to the problems of strength and service life for the most complex engineering objects such as nuclear reactors, aircraft, rocket and space systems can be achieved through introduction of generalized deformation and fracture diagrams into consideration and corresponding calculations. Their significance will especially increase in the design and implementation of new unique science-intensive facilities.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73396887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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